Adventure

Travel Guide
Standard
F E B R U A R Y 2 0 2 1

© ATTA / Hassen Salum

 INTRODUCTION
It is important to note that since 2008, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has carried
out a related effort to issue specific standards for adventure travel and as of this writing there are four ISO
standards related to adventure travel:

• ISO 21102 Adventure Travel - Leaders Personnel Competence

Adventure travel has grown rapidly in recent decades with an estimated four out of ten travelers from
• ISO 21101 Adventure Travel - Safety Management Systems
Europe and the Americas incorporating an adventure activity as the main activity of their last trip [1]. This
• ISO 21103 Adventure Travel - Information for Participants
rapid growth has led to an increase in demand for professional adventure travel guides and, in turn, the
• ISO 20611 Adventure Travel - Good Practices in Sustainability
need for accessible, clear and universal adventure travel guide qualifications and performance standards.

While the ATGS strives to be in alignment with ISO, the ATGS and ISO play separate roles in adventure
Adventure travel guides are central to the delivery of professional, responsible and memorable adventure
travel. The ATGS is written to cover the much broader skill set required to become an adventure travel
travel experiences. They manage safety and risk and ensure the overall quality of the participant
guide and is user friendly to novices and professionals alike. ISO is better applied in the development of
experience. For many participants, guides are their primary point of contact while traveling in a destination.
protocols for governments and for companies to adhere to those protocols.
In such, guides represent the needs and interests of communities and ecosystems where adventure
travel activities occur, and have a responsibility to ensure that potential negative impacts are minimized
To increase the useability of this document, however, several references are made to specific applicable
or avoided altogether. Adventure travel guides have a critical role to play in sharing unbiased educational
sections of ISO for governments and regulators, and readers are encouraged to refer to source documents
content about local sustainability issues including wildlife conservation, cultural preservation, and the global
for further guidance.
climate emergency. Guides demonstrate best practices for participants and highlight the positive aspects of
sustainable travel, such as increasing economic and conservation benefits to local communities.
THE ROLE OF ADVENTURE TRAVEL GUIDES
The growing importance of adventure travel guiding as a profession, at both local and global levels,
make standards and qualifications necessary to provide high-quality adventure travel guiding services. A Throughout history, humans have relied on guides to safely lead them from one place to another through
comprehensive standard provides pathways for guides to improve and increase their skills and thereby unfamiliar territory. Today, adventure travel guides play many additional roles in the services they provide
elevate the quality and impact of their work and the services they provide. to people. Guides not only help participants reach a destination, they facilitate immersion in its natural
and cultural history. They are responsible for addressing social, environmental, safety and sanitary issues
There are a number of important guidelines, certifications and standards that are currently available to in their services. At its core, a guide’s role entails accompanying participants on physically and emotionally
tourism guides, for example those developed by organizations such as the International Organization for transformative journeys during which they may experience new activities and challenges.
Standardization, [2] The Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics [3] and the National Association for
Interpretation [4] Interpretive Guide certification program. In addition, a growing number of destinations, To address these shifts and to acknowledge the multiple skills a professional adventure guide shall possess
for example South Africa [5], Costa Rica [6] and Brazil [7], have developed standards and in some cases in order to carry out high-quality guiding services, the ATGS working group identified the three core
regulations that specify the competencies necessary to achieve certification as an adventure guide. In responsibilities and five core competencies of adventure guides as summarized below and detailed in
addition, guide associations exist in many destinations and may provide their own training and operating the following sections of the ATGS.
standards for specific activities. Finally, in many cases, informal adventure activity guidelines are established
locally and are not subject to globally recognized standards or certification programs.

The Adventure Travel Guide Standard (ATGS) serves to complement and strengthen all such systems,
however the revised guidelines and recommendations presented here, while drawing upon elements of
existing systems, are focused specifically on the roles and responsibilities of adventure travel guides.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

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 THE CORE RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADVENTURE TRAVEL GUIDES THE CORE COMPETENCIES OF ADVENTURE TRAVEL GUIDES
To fulfill these three core responsibilities, an adventure travel guide must possess specific skills and
qualifications. Adventure travel is extremely diverse in terms of geography, cultural context and types of
activities. The following five competencies have been identified by guides and adventure travel experts
around the world as essential for adventure travel guides regardless of geography or activities:

1. Sustainability
2. Technical Skills
3. Safety and Risk Management
4. Customer Service and Group Management
5. Natural and Cultural History Interpretation

This document describes and provides examples to illustrate each of these five core competencies.

HOW TO APPLY AND USE THE ATGS

SUSTAINABILITY
In an effort to bring together the diverse competencies of an adventure travel guide into one integrated
document, in 2015 the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) convened the Adventure Travel Guide
Adventure travel depends upon vibrant, resilient communities, ecosystems and landscapes. Adventure
Standard working group to develop a comprehensive Adventure Travel Guide Standard (ATGS). The
travel participants expect to participate in adventure travel activities in places that are protected from
ATGS was first drafted between November 2014 and December 2015 by a group of adventure travel
negative social and environmental impacts and that their contributions to the local economy enhance that
professionals from 16 countries, including guides, business owners and tour operators and is now
goal. As a result, adventure travel guides play a fundamental role in safeguarding the environmental, social
governed by an all volunteer Governance Board (see Governance Board).
and economic sustainability of the communities and ecosystems where guiding and related adventure
activities take place.
The first ATGS was released in February 2016 and according to the guidelines is to be reviewed and revised
every 5 years, first by the ATGS Governance Board, and then through a public comment period. This is the
SAFETY second version, revised between August 2019 and October 2020 and released to the public in November
2021. This version expands upon the foundation of the first and includes updated information regarding
There are inherent risks in adventure travel. Adventure travel guides must be trained to minimize risks and biosecurity protocols and sustainability practices, among others.
ensure safety to participants, local partners and communities. In addition, adventure travel guides must
also be trained in appropriate First Aid and incident response protocol in accordance with employer, activity The ATGS is a tool and resource to be used by adventure travel guides, adventure travel operators and
and destination requirements. other entities concerned with the quality and sustainability of guiding services. Principally, this tool is
designed for adventure travel guides to measure their own competencies and identify strengths and
weaknesses, and it can also be useful for adventure travel operators to evaluate the skills of their guides
QUALITY & MEANING
and the need for guide training programs and professional development opportunities.

Travel can impact destinations in both positive and negative ways. While tourism makes important The ATGS is not enforced or regulated in any way by the ATGS Governance Board, the Adventure Travel
contributions to local economies, the increasing threats and impacts of climate change have called into Trade Association or any other organization. Governments, destination managers, and company owners
question the very act of traveling for recreation. We are moving into an era where to travel just for fun is may refer to the ATGS when evaluating the quality and performance of their own guides and determining
viewed as insufficient and therefore traveling must seek a higher purpose. At the same time, participants’ appropriate training and professional development programs. Guide associations and governments may

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

expectations of quality services and experiences have been elevated due in part to the availability of choose to create their own regulations based upon the ATGS; this document is not intended, nor should be
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

on-line information about potential adventure activities and participant review systems. These customer used, to supersede local or national regulations.
service considerations in adventure travel combined with the increased emphasis on sharing meaningful
experiences have expanded the responsibilities of guides and their role in meeting the expectations of Adventure travel is a sector of growing importance in a rapidly changing world where tourism is being called
participants. into question. The intersection of guides and participants engaged in adventure activities in a context of
increasing risks from climate change, globalized health risks pandemics, and unpredictable social conditions
require highly qualified adventure travel guides. This is the ultimate goal of this document.
4 5
 1. SUSTAINABILITY
The rapid growth of global travel in recent decades has also
contributed to an increase in impacts both positive and negative
from travel. According to a study published in 2018, tourism accounts
for 8% of global emissions, with air travel being a major component
[1]. Development for tourism can also lead to urban sprawl and
the destruction of critical wildlife habitats. Irresponsible destination
management can have a devastating impact on local communities and
residents.

Intricately interwoven, the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis

are no longer disputable. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased
25% in the last 50 years, and species are being lost at 1000 times their
natural rate. According to the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (IUCN), we are witnessing the greatest mass extinction crisis
since dinosaurs disappeared from our planet 65 million years ago [2].

However, sustainably carried out adventure travel can be a positive

force as well. In many parts of the world, tourism offers the financial
incentive that persuades communities and governments to halt
destructive development, like mining, intensive agriculture or logging.

© ATTA / Josiah Holwick

Besides tourism having a role in securing environmental protection, the most responsible experiences Sustainability in adventure travel must be fundamental for all travel companies, and guides are on the
recognise that local communities must be empowered, too. Operators should strive to not only equip local front lines of enacting sustainable tourism. Guides help in the design, implementation and monitoring of
people with the skills and resources to deliver meaningful travel experiences, but to ensure that tourism sustainability practices throughout a company’s operations and activities, as well as monitoring service
revenue remains in the local economy. partners such as hotels and restaurants, porters, cooks and other guides.

Having less of an impact is no longer enough. To be truly sustainable, our travel experiences must The Future of Tourism Coalition [4] has produced some very useful guiding principles that all stakeholders
contribute to solving environmental and societal problems.
can use as a reference in adopting sustainable practices. Whereby service partners are required to commit
to sustainable activities, guides should be trained to understand and deliver sustainable experiences, and

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Local and global sustainability is increasingly on the minds of both “on the ground” adventure travel
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

participants should be informed about the importance of sustainability and sustainable conduct.
providers and local communities. Participants are becoming more and more discerning about engaging
with travel companies and experiences that exercise a “leave no trace” policy and are making a concerted
effort to address the environmental, social and economic concerns. To see these issues in a broader For adventure travel guides addressing sustainability, this section of the ATGS seeks to support and
context, please review the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals.[3] further enhance sustainable adventure travel practices within their purview and provide a baseline set of
sustainable practices that can be pursued and broadened.

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 2. Adventure travel guides shall minimize harmful impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems and the
SUSTAINABILITY DEFINITION
natural environment

The meanings, understandings and expressions of sustainability vary greatly among participants, operators
Adventure travel often occurs in sensitive urban, rural and wilderness settings. Adventure travel guides
and agencies. The chosen definition of sustainability used in this document aligns with the International
share responsibility for ensuring that adventure activities minimize harm to the landscapes, biodiversity and
Organization for Standardization’s ISO 20611:2018 Adventure Travel - Good Practices for Sustainability [5]
ecosystems where activities take place.

To paraphrase the ISO standard, sustainability refers to human actions and activities that seek to meet the
Pollution from unmanaged waste, over-tourism, habitat encroachment and damage to ecosystems and
needs of present-day populations and ecosystems without compromising the needs of future generations
infrastructure are just a few examples of how adventure travel activities can contribute to harmful impacts
and that take into account environmental, social and economic practices and their impacts.
on the environment.

The ISO 20611 is a useful source of basic guidelines on how adventure travel guides and operators can
a. Adventure travel guides shall be informed of and trained in locally or internationally recognized
design and implement sustainable adventure travel practices. The ATGS document enriches the guidance
guidelines for minimizing harmful impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems and climate. Training must
provided by the ISO standard with long-term, on-the-ground experiences of adventure travel guides and
be geographically and culturally appropriate to the setting where adventure travel guiding and
operators from around the world, who daily face a multitude of challenges and opportunities for pursuing
activities take place.
the goals of sustainable tourism.

Example: The Leave No Trace Seven Principles from The Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics [8] are
SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE TRAVEL COMPETENCIES international guiding principles for minimizing impacts in diverse rural and wilderness settings as well as
in cultural heritage sites:
In adventure travel, five competencies are essential for adventure travel guides to follow in order to
contribute to sustainability goals. • Plan Ahead and Prepare
• Travel and Camp on Durable Ground
1. Adventure travel guides shall respect the human rights of all participants in adventure travel • Dispose of Waste Properly
activities • Leave What You Find
• Minimize Campfire Impacts
Adventure travel can contribute to respect for human rights in many ways. Adventure travel guides come • Respect Farm Animals & Wildlife
into contact with many communities, families and individuals while carrying out their responsibilities and • Be Considerate of Others
can set an example to participants and hosts alike by modeling respect for the rights of all humans engaged
in adventure experiences. © 1999 by the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: www.LNT.org.
Leave No Trace offers training programs for guides, operators and participants and manages an
a. Adventure travel guides shall abide by all local and international human rights guidelines. international network of trainers.

Example: Indigenous Peoples and the Travel Industry: Global Good Practice Guidelines [6]

b. Without placing themselves or guests in danger, adventure travel guides shall document and
report to supervisors any illegal and unethical activity that breaches human rights in their areas
of work including vendors and partners engaging in activities such as child labor, forced labor,
human and sex trafficking and uncompensated or under-compensated labor.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Example: Child Welfare and the Travel Industry: Global Good Practice Guidelines[7]
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 b. Adventure travel guides shall be informed about the local indicators of climate change and the Wildlife viewing:
impacts of changes on ecosystems and communities as well as any increased risks the changes
might cause to the safe and sustainable execution of adventure travel activities. a. Adventure travel guides shall adopt recognised standards for wildlife viewing or accreditation.

Example: Links between local on the ground impacts and wider issues, Example: WCA’s Global Guidelines for Responsible Whale Watching[16]
(eg climate change [9]) should be understood and communicated to participants.
b. Adventure travel guides shall maintain an appropriate distance between the animals and
c. Adventure travel guides shall monitor participant and local host practices and provide positive participants, with no contact with, or feeding of free-roaming animals in the wild.
recommendations when changes or improvements can be made.
Example: not feeding wild primates to increase viewing opportunity or handling wild caiman during
Example: Research local destination and tourism board updates for the areas your tour will visit and be jungle treks.
prepared to report issues and recommendations to authorities.
c. Adventure travel guides shall ensure neither they nor the participants box-in, provoke, or chase
d. Adventure travel businesses and guides shall make every effort to eliminate single use plastic wild animals. The use of animal call-back recordings should be used sparingly, if at all, and never
items from the experiences they deliver. with endangered species. [17]

Example: For how hotels & accommodation providers can reduce single-use plastic without d. Adventure travel guides shall monitor wildlife wellbeing and any signs of viewing-induced
compromising the participant experience see Travel Without Plastic [10] disturbance, reporting observed bad practice to the park ranger (or equivalent).

Example: Travelers Against Plastic [11] is an outreach initiative which aims to educate global Example: encroaching on mother with offspring, splitting herd animals, heightened aggression, etc.
participants about the harmful impacts of using disposable plastics and therefore encourage them to
travel prepared. Captive and working animal protocol:

3. Adventure travel guides shall protect animal welfare and report animal abuse a. Adventure travel guides shall ensure any animal sanctuaries and rescue centres visited are not
breeding, commercially trading or exploiting animals.
Animal welfare refers to the physical and mental state of an animal as regards its attempts to cope with its
environment. Understanding the needs of animals and how tourism can impact on their welfare is key to Example: Use in hands-on activity or ‘selfies’, swim-with activity, etc.
identifying and managing the associated risk. [12]
b. Adventure travel guides shall ensure they and their participants do not engage in activities
Animals, from butterflies to baboons and great blue whales are a popular part of many adventure travel where animals are provoked, required to perform unnatural behaviour, abused, or killed for
experiences and, when managed appropriately, can enhance the experience, improve education around entertainment purposes.
biodiversity and aid conservation. However, studies have indicated that some activities can result in poor
welfare of animals, threaten their survival and place people at risk. Furthermore, some cultural practices Example: Used in circus-style performance or shows, ‘canned’ hunting, bull-running, etc.
can pose severe animal welfare concerns, such as bullfighting and bull running and the trade and sale of
dog and cat meat. [13] c. Adventure travel guides shall report any observed abusive activity to their employers and/or to
relevant national authorities.
The Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) has produced the Animal Welfare Guidelines [14] that
provide animal welfare guidance for the travel industry, including advice against certain “Unacceptable” d. Adventure travel guides shall ensure that loads should be equivalent to the animal’s size and
practices, encouraging travel businesses to work with their suppliers to raise standards”. Similarly the ability and that riding behaviour is non-abusive, equipment is properly fit, and animals have

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) has adopted wildlife interaction and animal welfare safeguards
regular rest periods.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

in the GSTC-Destinations Criteria. [15]

Example: no more than one adult on an equine or camel.

In addition to maintaining high standards in animal welfare, ANIMONDIAL, the animal welfare in tourism
specialist, advises the following safeguards: Example: Donkey Sanctuary - Welfare Guidelines in Pictures [18]

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 4. Respect local and international accords on illegal wildlife and cultural artifact trade and report The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) encourages all parties within the travel and tourism sector
violations to sign up to the Buenos Aires (BA) Declaration on Illegal Wildlife Trade [23] and Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT)
Zero Tolerance Policy. This will demonstrate a commitment to ending illegal wildlife trade and to protect
Illegal trafficking of people, wildlife and cultural artifacts is not only undermining many of the heritage sites biodiversity.
and economies that tourism relies on, but also causes permanent cultural and ecological damage. Artefacts
such as traditional carvings, textiles, pottery and antiques make attractive gifts, however they may be stolen, 5. Adventure travel guides shall inform participants and partners on best practices for sustainable
illegally excavated or looted. The impact is irreversible with countries and local people being denied their travel in adventure destinations
heritage and cultural identities.
Adventure travel guides are participants’ closest contact during adventure activities, and it is the guide’s
While the motives and results of reporting and stopping illegal trade are clear, the travel and tourism sector responsibility to adequately inform them of sustainability practices before, during and after their activities
can do more to help stop such practices. For example, research and reporting demonstrate that tourism together. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of adventure travel guides to enforce such practices in the
can facilitate the purchase and trade of illegal wildlife products [19]. Furthermore, when unregulated, event that participants are not willing to do so, have forgotten or otherwise are not respecting the practices.
trafficked wildlife may carry zoonotic disease and is often linked to global pandemics, including SARS, Careful planning will provide a more enjoyable experience for sustainability conscious visitors without
Covid-19 and others. [20] further compounding their impacts such as over-tourism and pollution.

Adventure travel guides are often exposed to such illicit activities in the communities where they work by a. Adventure travel guides shall be informed of the standard for practicing sustainable travel in
both host communities and participants themselves and can be unwilling or unknowing participants in the all destinations where they carry out adventure travel activities. In the Mckinsey report [24], the
same. As stewards of human rights and the environment, adventure travel guides share a responsibility World Travel and Tourism Council describe over tourism indicators as:
to report illegal trade and ensure that participants do not engage in such practices, either knowingly or
unknowingly. All observed wildlife violations should be reported to the CITES Management Authority in each • Alienating local residents
national government [21] (or equivalent). • Overcrowded infrastructures
• Damage to nature / environment
a. Adventure travel guides shall be familiar with local and international legislation and penalties for • Degraded tourist experiences
trafficking protected artifacts and biodiversity, including foods that may contain illegal products. • Threats to culture and heritage

Example: Guides use resources such as the WWF Illegal Plant and Wildlife Trade website [22], and b. Adventure travel guides shall include standards for participating in sustainable adventure
familiarise themselves with endemic plant species, local souvenirs, foods and their origins and ethics. activities during briefings and during activity.

b. Adventure travel guides shall advise participants before buying or consuming something that Example: Choose off-peak times for groups to visit; adjust schedules to avoid cruise ship calls;
is or may contribute to unsustainable exploitation and/or extinction or represents significant recommend under-visited locations to visit, eat and shop; engage participants through community led
cultural loss. tours; minimise bucket-list natural attractions in itineraries.

Example: Live animals, coral and plants, taken from the wild, are often sold on to attractions, hotels, or c. Adventure travel guides shall report unsustainable practices to supervisors and other guides
even participants. and collaborate to identify opportunities for implementing more sustainable practices.

c. Adventure travel guides shall instruct participants to avoid taking plants or seeds found on trails Example: Knowledge of local or national DMOs and Tourism Boards where unsustainable practices can
and visited sites and to avoid taking pottery, lithic elements and flakes from archaeological sites. be reported.

Example: Guidelines for behaviour at sensitive sites are made available to participants, tour operators

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

and guides before and at the time of the visit.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

d. Adventure travel guides shall be familiar with the local and national authorities to whom illicit
activities can be denounced.

Example: Attractions, accommodation providers or roadside stalls may trade in wildlife parts and
products in souvenirs, decoration, clothing or jewellery etc

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 2. TECHNICAL
SKILLS & FIRST AID
Adventure travel guides shall possess multiple competencies
in both activity specific and universal technical skills related to
leading adventure activities in diverse environments. The specific
competencies and skills a guide should obtain will vary depending
on the activities and the conditions a guide guides in. A number of
training and certification standards and protocols exist for some
adventure activities, however, not all activities or universal technical
skills have defined protocol or certifications. It is ultimately up to
the guide to be aware of what protocols exist and in their absence,
or when they are not applicable to local conditions, to develop and
document protocols.

This section of the Adventure Travel Guide Standard provides

guidance on both the activity specific and universal technical
competencies that adventure travel guides should possess as well as
references on where to pursue some of the competency certification,
when required and/or available to guides. Because of the wide range
of activities adventure travel guides take part in, it is impossible to
be inclusive of all technical aspects a guide will need competency
© ATTA
in. It is the responsibility of adventure travel guides to recognize the
limitations of their technical skills and the activities that they lead and
refrain from guiding outside of their abilities.
c. First Aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a
minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from
Technical Competency and First Aid Definitions worsening, or to promote recovery. The type of First Aid provided for participants varies greatly
among adventure activities and the availability of advanced medical care. Guides should be up-to-
a. Activity specific technical skills refers to abilities that adventure travel guides shall possess in date and, when required, appropriately certified in First Aid and/or Wilderness Medicine protocols
order to safely and professionally carry out a specific adventure activity with participants, fellow based upon the activities and locations they guide in.
guides, staff and local community members.

Technical Skills and First Aid Competencies: Activity Specific

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Example: specific training for white water rafting, skiing, diving or rock climbing.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

1. Adventure travel guides shall possess adequate and current activity-specific technical skills for
b. Universal technical skills refers to competencies that all adventure travel guides shall possess,
regardless of the location and the activity they are leading. The common reference for companies the adventure activities they lead.

and governments is ISO 21102 [1] which is also useful for guides. The ATGS was created
specifically for adventure travel guides. a. Adventure travel guides shall possess activity-specific technical skills, in order to carry out
adventure activities with participants.
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 b. Adventure travel guides shall undertake local, current, activity-specific certifications where c. Adventure travel guides shall be informed and aware of the risks in the environments and
available. activities they lead, prepared to assume leadership and respond to stress and hazards.

c. Due to the risks associated with adventure activities, it is important for the safety of participants, Example: In trekking areas with volcanic activity, guides shall be familiar with this natural phenomenon
operators, and destinations that guides possess technical competency. In cases where the activity and possess knowledge of its dynamics as well as having access to information and updates from local
is regulated by a local, national or global governing body, guides shall ensure competency through authorities.
activity-specific certification.
d. Adventure travel guides shall possess and execute sound and fair judgment when considering
Example: British Canoeing certifications are required throughout the UK for canoe and kayak guides.[2] program changes, need for assistance or cancellation of activities.

Example: the International Rafting Federation provides certification for white water rafting in different Example: For highly weather dependent activities, such as sea kayak expeditions, guides shall assess if
craft.[3] the group is experienced enough to continue paddling on the open sea, if they should get closer to the
coastline, if they should get off the water, or even if rescue services should be activated.
d. In cases where technical competency certification does not exist or is not required, competency
measures and protocols must be formally determined, documented, updated, incorporated and e. Adventure travel guides shall know and follow the protocols that ensure the greatest
demonstrated by guides and communicated to participants. protection of themselves, participants and local communities, as dictated by law, adventure
activity certification or local practices.
Example: Guide managers develop in-house, site-specific technical training for guides
Example: An adventure travel company may have a maximum group size procedure that is greater than
Example: Snowshoe hiking guide reviews and incorporates avalanche response protocols as conditions regulations or local customs for the location. The smaller group size dictated by the local regulation
and/or protocols require. supersedes the company protocol.

2. Adventure travel guides shall possess understanding of and ability to explain, follow and enforce 3. Adventure travel guides shall possess the authority and ability to use and/or operate activity-
safety protocols (see also Section 3 - Safety and Risk Management) related equipment and vehicles during adventure activities.

Ensuring the safety of all participants during adventure activities is a key responsibility of adventure travel Using technical and safety equipment and motorized vehicles is part of an adventure travel guides’
guides. Each adventure activity has its own risks and associated safety protocols and guides greatly reduce responsibilities. Many adventure activities use specific equipment and can also require travel to remote
the chances of accidents by knowing and following safety protocols and making sure participants are areas where knowledge of vehicle operation and repair is essential. Competence in the use and
informed about these protocols as well. maintenance of equipment and vehicles instills confidence in participants, decreases risks and potential
damage to the environment and to the equipment and vehicles themselves.
a. Adventure travel guides shall observe safety protocols specific to the location, company and
activities. These procedures and reports can include but are not limited to: a. Adventure travel guides shall possess current training and licenses (if applicable) specific to the
• Risk Inventory, Analysis and Treatment (RIAT) operation of equipment and vehicles. Certifications and licenses may be determined by local laws,
• Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) standards or company protocol.
• Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
• Local protocols and required certifications Example: where operating vehicles is a part of guiding duties, it should be ensured that local driving
rules recognize the guide’s professional driving license.
b. Adventure travel guides shall be prepared physically and emotionally to lead adventure activity.
b. Adventure travel guides shall possess the skills for maintaining equipment for safe use and

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Example: On a bicycle touring trip, guides shall be physically able to cover a given daily distance and reporting evidence of defects and arranging for repairs and replacements.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

at the same time attend to other aspects of guiding such as weather conditions, technical challenges,
equipment use and repair and participants’ needs and expectations. Example: Guides shall ensure that all inputs (gasoline, oil, cleaning substances) are used in a manner
consistent with avoiding environmental contamination and/or harming participants and local
communities.

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 Technical Skills and First Aid Competencies: Universal Skills 3. Adventure travel guides shall possess knowledge of and ability to monitor weather and climate
conditions
Universal Technical skills are those that apply in all adventure travel guiding regardless of location or the
activity. Adventure travel guides shall possess the skills for monitoring and interpreting weather conditions.
Knowledge, such as common weather patterns and the ability for modifying adventure activities in
1. Adventure travel guides shall possess appropriate First Aid and Wilderness Medicine training and accordance with weather conditions is essential to the role of providing safe and satisfying adventure
certification based upon international protocol activities.

The often-remote nature of adventure travel trips combined with the presence of various degrees of a. Adventure travel guides shall demonstrate knowledge of sources of information about
physical activity makes it important that adventure travel guides are trained in First Aid and Wilderness weather conditions (internet, radio, locals, observations) and have ability to predict likely weather
Medicine competencies. conditions.

a. Recognizing that training and certification requirements will vary by region, adventure activity Example: High mountain climbing and trekking guides demonstrate competency by checking local and
and local laws and customs, adventure travel guides shall possess a First Aid certification based regional weather prior and during climbing activities and monitoring wind and cloud conditions.
on a recognized protocol.
b. Adventure travel guides shall be aware of changing weather patterns due to climate change and
Example: Training and certification includes CPR and scenario-based training in outdoor settings where how these changes will impact adventure activities.
adventure activities take place. Certification programs include but are not limited to Standard First Aid
and CPR, Wilderness First Aid, Wilderness First Responder, and Wilderness EMT. Example: Mountaineering seasons are changing in certain locations due to shrinking glaciers.

b. Protocols: To date, the accepted protocol is that of the Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) [4] c. Adventure travel guides shall demonstrate knowledge of weather-related emergency response
and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) [5]. Other standards exist but protocols.
must align with these protocols.
Example: Guides are aware of alternative routes and local or operator emergency response contact
• For remote care refer to WMS protocols information.
• For ‘Standard’ first aid refers to ILCOR standards for your region.
d. Adventure travel guides shall demonstrate knowledge of the history of natural phenomena in
2. Adventure travel guides shall possess orienteering and navigation skills according to activity the area, and use it to showcase local content.

An adventure travel guide shall possess skills to understand and interpret the natural and geographic Example: Be prepared to state when the last eruption of a volcano occurred and point out the landscape
characteristics of the locations where adventure activities take place. Furthermore, guides shall be skilled at features produced during this event.
using navigation tools and technologies.

a. Adventure travel guides shall possess and apply skills in route finding and navigation.

Example: Guides can orient maps and charts, understand scale, legends, grid references and/or latitude
and longitude. Guides can identify features, read contour lines, take and follow a compass bearing,
estimate distance traveled and identify a safe, practical route.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

b. Adventure travel guides shall be able to use maps, charts and other materials with participants
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

to provide interpretation of the natural and cultural landscapes where adventure activities take
place.

Example: Conducting briefings with participants using a topographical map to show them what kind
of terrain and difficulties to be expected, places for water refill, lunch spots and to address participants’
concerns and questions.

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 3. SAFETY & RISK
MANAGEMENT
Risk is a central component of adventure travel. Not only are
adventure travel activities often of higher risk due to the settings
and skills requirement, but also participants in adventure travel
deliberately seek out risk as a part of their experience. This places
adventure travel guides in a unique position as they purposefully
engage in risky activities.

While adventure activities vary greatly in risk level, adventure travel

companies and guides share the responsibility to ensure safe
operation of adventure activities. Guides are ultimately those who
must directly monitor and respond to program execution and are
responsible for managing safety in the field.

Safety and risk management in adventure travel requires a multi-tiered

strategy involving outfitters, the environment, the local community, the
activity, the guides and the activity participants.

ISO 21101 Adventure Travel - Safety Management Systems -

Requirements [1] is an important reference for adventure travel
© ATTA
guides seeking to strengthen approaches to the implementation and
maintenance of safety management systems. This document outlines
the global consensus on Safety and Risk Management for Adventure
Safety and Risk Management Competencies
Travel.

Safety and Risk Management Definition 1. Adventure travel guides shall be aware of best practice to ensure the safety of all participants
during adventure activities.
Safety and risk management in adventure travel refers to the process of identifying and preparing for
safety and risks in adventure activities and cultural and physical environments and applying appropriate a. Adventure travel guides shall be trained in best practice for the activity they are leading and
preventative measures and response procedures in the event of injury, illness or fatality.
should be involved, and participate, in relevant professional member associations related to the

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

activity they guide to stay abreast of procedural updates.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Examples: IRF for rafting, IFMGA for mountaineering and attending Safety and Risk Management
Conferences or courses.

20 21
 b. Adventure travel guides shall keep updated information about the equipment they are using 4. Adventure travel guides shall use the 3-step Risk Assessment methodology called RIAT (Risk
as well as the location they are taking their participants. Adventure activity safety procedures and Inventory, Analysis and Treatment):

equipment evolve constantly, and guides should engage and remain current on the updates from
Step 1: Risk inventory - Identify and list risks associated with the adventure activity
the technical communities that govern protocol.

Step 2: - Risk analysis - Analyze both the likelihood and the consequences of each risk in
Examples: Adhering to a protocol for bicycle maintenance.
the inventory. Determine which risks are acceptable versus those that are not. This level of
acceptance may vary from activity, destination, season or company.
2. Adventure travel guides shall be prepared for predictable and unpredictable risk as well as
objective and subjective risks
Step 3: Risk treatment - Risks that are not acceptable have to be treated. This treatment
happens through providing training for guides, safety briefings to participants, adequate gear
a. Leading participants on adventure travel activities requires dynamic risk management practices
and communication throughout the activity. This treatment reduces the initial risk analysis to an
for both predictable factors, such as those associated with equipment and logistics as well as
acceptable level.
unpredictable factors, such as the expertise of participants and the weather conditions.

5. Adventure travel guides shall be knowledgeable about company specific protocol

b. Risks can be objective, such as environmental hazards, or subjective, such as participant
perception of risks. Often, the risk of an activity is more complicated than participants are
a. Be familiar with and understand the risks of the adventure travel activities and itineraries they
prepared for or external conditions change unexpectedly.
lead and be prepared for hazardous conditions,

c. Guides should be prepared to support participants who are hesitant to proceed and help them
b. Be aware of and trained in the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of the company where
reconsider their perception of risk to more accurately reflect the actual risk.
they work and if the outfitter does not use one, be an active force to create one.

Example: A participant is hesitant to embark upon a canoe trip because of fear of drowning. The guide
c. Be aware of and trained in the use of an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) or Emergency Response
can explain the proper use and function of the safety equipment, such as a PFD, as well as safety
Plan (ERP).
procedures to reinsure the participant.

d. Submit a trip report (TRP) after each trip and identify any nonconformity with procedures in an
d. As Adventure Travel frequently takes place in natural or remote areas, guides should have a
Incident & Accident Report (IAR).
clear channel of communication with emergency response as well as a trusted source to check
updates on the local conditions and any restrictions that may arise.
e. These IAR’s may result in changes to SOP and/or EAP protocols. Guides shall ensure they are
up to date with any changes.
3. Adventure travel guides shall be trained in and follow a safety and risk management system.

a. Local conditions and the risks of adventure activities will greatly inform safety and risk
management protocols used by guides and their participants. ISO 21101 provides guidance on
the use of a Safety Management System (SMS).

b. In cases where an adventure travel operator uses an SMS, guides shall be trained accordingly.
It is very important for all people involved in the activity to use the same shared protocols for
operation and action plan in case of an accident.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

c. In case the guide works on their own or the operator does not operate a Safety Management
System, the guide shall refer to the best practices described in the ISO 21101 and apply this to
their independent guiding competencies.

22 23
 6. Adventure travel guides shall have the leadership and the authority to respond to safety risks
and emergency response

a. Guides shall be physically and emotionally prepared to carry out emergency response when
needed in accordance with governing protocols.

b. Guides shall use informed and effective decision-making in a manner that results in the desired
outcome and inspires confidence in others.

c. Guides should have the judgment and initiative to know when to cancel activities, change the
program, or seek for assistance.

d. Guides shall know how to avoid, evaluate and care for medical problems in adventure travel
settings. (see Technical Skills & First Aid competency)

7. Adventure travel guides shall be informed of, trained in and able to communicate and enforce
health and sanitary protocols

As with all risks associated with travel, the risk of disease and illness can be managed and minimized
through developing and following appropriate protocol.

a. Guides shall follow a dynamic risk assessment approach, possibly needing to redesign the
experience to help protect participants, staff and the general community when dealing with a
disease outbreak.

Example: The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic required companies to quickly develop health and sanitary
protocol to minimize risk of exposure by participants.

b. Guides shall follow any required screening protocol to prevent the spread of communicable
diseases or illnesses. Protocol should apply to all participants, staff and guides.

Example: Prior to embarking on a tour, participants are given a survey to make sure they do not have
symptoms of a virus that is being screened for.

c. In the event a participant is showing symptoms of a communicable disease or illness, guides

shall be prepared to follow company protocol or government requirements for removing the
participant from the tour.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

24 25

© ATTA / Border Free Travels

 4. CUSTOMER
SERVICE & GROUP
MANAGEMENT
Customer service is the act of taking care of a participant’s needs by
delivering professional, helpful, high quality service and assistance
before, during, and after the experience. Adventure travel guides are
a part of the tourism service sector and provide services that often
go beyond those provided by educators or facilitators of adventure
activities. A guide’s empathy, patience, flexibility, creativity and
resourcefulness will help participants connect with places and people,
improving their travel experience and contributing to the positive
impacts on all stakeholders.

Customer service in an adventure guiding situation differs from a

classic hospitality service situation, such as a restaurant or hotel.
Customer service for an adventure travel guide is complicated due to
the frequent objective of adventure trips to push participants outside
of their comfort zone - mentally, physically or culturally. Furthermore,
the adventure travel guide must seek equilibrium between the crucial
and seemingly competing aspects of providing great customer service © ATTA
while also keeping our participants, communities and environment
safe.

The challenge with this competency is, unlike other competencies such as Technical Skills & First Aid, there
A guide thus has to balance safety, sustainability, and both individual and group needs, including varying
are very few formal customer service protocols for adventure travel, and no universal certification program
physical abilities and skill levels, within the service philosophy that “the customer is always right.” While we
for adventure travel guides. Each company and guide must develop training that takes into account the
want our participants to feel that their needs are being met and that they are being well taken care of, in
actuality, if the “customer is always right”, our participants might return with injuries or frustrated by not concepts outlined in this competency as well as specific needs for the unique settings where guides provide

having been able to perform well during the adventure. service.

High-quality and detail-oriented customer service and group management are key functions of adventure Competent adventure travel guides must prepare for and respond to a wide range of customer service

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

travel companies and adventure travel guides. Adventure participants are as diverse as the adventures requirements before, during and after adventure activities. It is of primary importance that participants
they seek and guides are required to navigate a wide range of needs, expectations and ability levels while
feel safe, included, comfortable with expressing both fears and joy and that their experience has been
adhering to and modeling sustainable best practices, taking into account safety and risk management
fulfilling and worth the investment of time and money. Providing excellence in customer service and group
protocols and providing interpretation of natural and cultural landscapes.
management translates into satisfied participants, positive reviews and feedback for guides and companies.

26 27
 Customer Service and Group Management Definitions d. Finally, communication techniques are also essential for conveying content and concepts as
outlined in the Natural and Cultural History Competency. For many adventure participants, the
Customer service is a multi-faceted aspect of a participant’s adventure travel experience. It involves sensory, stories about the place where adventure activities take place are as important as the activity itself
emotional, and cognitive reactions created by participants prior to, during and after their experience. When and guides should strive to learn and share them with participants in an engaging, participatory
all aspects of the participants’ experience are positive, these reactions can elevate engagement, motivation, manner.
loyalty and the improved reputation of the tour operator.
Colin Shaw (2007) stresses the importance of emotions in customer experience. 2. Adventure travel guides shall strive to learn the interests, expectations and varying abilities of
their participants and personalize their tours to meet those interests
“A customer experience is about a number of things. It is about a physical customer experience…..
Critically it is also about emotions - how a customer feels. Our research shows that 50% of a customer
a. Guides shall listen to participants in order to understand their expectations of the experience,
experience is about emotions” [1]
both at the start and throughout the adventure activity. Guides shall strive to exceed participants’

Group management refers to managing relationships among and between participants and local expectations and shall consider what is important to each participant within a group experience.
communities and landscapes such that the spirit and actions of adventure activity participants and
providers is positive and affirming and avoids negative interactions and impacts on people and the Example: During the Welcome briefing, ask each participant to introduce themselves and briefly describe
environment. their expectations as well as previous adventure travel experience.

“In the case of nature-based tourists, the attributes that affect visitor satisfaction…... include
Example: After learning that a participant is a geologist, incorporate the geological history of the
communication, interpretation, knowledge, minimal impact messages, a sense of authenticity,
destination during the tour.
quality customer service, emphasis on learning, interacting with the group, interesting commentary,
organisation, group management, activity skills and assistance of visitors” [2]
3. Adventure travel guides shall employ management techniques that maximize quality and
Customer Service and Group Management Competencies consistency of service and experience for all participants

1. Adventure travel guides shall be skilled verbal and non-verbal communicators a. Adventure travel guides often work with groups of participants who do not know each other
before joining the adventure activities. How individuals are treated in a one-on-one setting is not
a. Adventure travel guides are responsible for communicating safety, sustainability and logistics
the same as how they are treated in a group setting, where needs for the whole group might
information to participants. This information is usually provided during an introductory briefing,
conflict with those of individuals. The art of group management is to make these decisions without
however this communication is not limited to formal settings. Information will need to be
having to overtly deny a group member in favor or other members.
reinforced during adventure activities using techniques that acknowledge cultural and linguistic
diversity, such as props and other visual materials.
Example: one member of your group may have signed up for your trip hoping for a more strenuous
Example: Conduct daily briefings on the tour that include logistics information, such as the itinerary, hike. However, if the group as a whole is not prepared for that activity level, or by doing a longer hike
and required gear, sustainability protocol, and highlights of the day. would require taking out another activity on the itinerary, you may have to make a decision that benefits
the larger group, but conflicts with one of the members of the group.
b. It is important for all participants to fully understand the concepts presented and aligned
with your company’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and its Safety Management System,
Example: one of the activities involves a wine tasting and one of the participants has a sulphite allergy
outlined in greater detail under the Safety and Risk Management Competency.
and can’t participate. The guide arranges a parallel activity where the participant is able to taste each
grape variety, using fresh clusters, thus being able to experience grape variety differences.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

c. Non-verbal communication is also a key skill. Being able to “read” participants’ facial and body
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

language is essential when preparing for and undertaking adventure activities and for diagnosing
health concerns.

Example: Before returning to camp at the end of a difficult hike, gather the group in a circle so everyone
can hear you and inform the group that the majority of accidents happen in the late afternoon when
hikers are tired and hungry and less focused on safety.

28 29
 4. Adventure travel guides shall proactively identify issues and conflicts and respond to complaints 6. Additional customer service considerations exist in adventure travel settings, and must be
through mediation, solutions or changes to programs and by providing aftercare and opportunities incorporated into guide practices
for feedback.
a. During adventure activities, guides have the added responsibility to monitor the physical health
a. Adventure travel guides strive to solicit and respond to recommendations, special requests and overall well-being of all participants, including hydration and appetite, body temperature and
and complaints in a constructive, balanced and complete manner, through listening, analysis, overall comfort, mood and spirit.
discussion and solution identification and implementation. Conditions involving complaints
or conflict should be resolved and monitored in the moment and throughout the activity by Example: Check prior to each activity that the participants are wearing/carrying the appropriate
addressing the participant’s concerns directly. If an issue cannot be resolved immediately, inform clothing, right amount of water and other items listed on the gear list for the activity (where not provided
the participant how and when you will be able to address the issue for them. by the outfitter). Check in with them during the activity to remind them to hydrate, snack and ask how
they are feeling.
Example: Some of the group members have an invasive attitude when taking photographs of the local
community and consider there is no problem with this even if the guide explained respectful behaviour. b. A guide is often expected to establish and manage contacts and interactions with external
The guide facilitates (and translates if needed) a conversation between the group and the local parties such as local tour guides, drivers, and other suppliers. These relationships require
community so they can explain what they think about being photographed, and maybe all can take customer service as well, and must be balanced with the priority of the participant.
photos of each other.
Example: Ensure regular communication with drivers and local suppliers, keeping them updated of any
5. Adventure travel guides shall manage the compounding needs of participants as outlined in changes to the schedule, feedback from the participants (both critical or positive) and show them that
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - Basic, Safety, Psychological and Self Actualization needs their part in the participants’ tour experience is important.

a. Truly transformational and life changing travel results in self actualization and is the peak of
self transcendence. You cannot reach the highest levels without first obtaining the lower levels.
Participants will not leave transformed and inspired to help others if they were hungry and cold,
or if they did not feel welcomed by the group. Guides often confuse “problem” or “challenging”
participants with those who just haven’t had their lower level needs met.

Example: Carry extra water, snacks and warm clothing and offer them to participants to avoid them
being irritable and grumpy.

Example: Keep watch to see if any group members seem isolated or not joining in with the group, or to
see if any of the group members seem unhappy with any aspects but not able to verbalise this - i.e. shy
or under confident.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

30 31
 5. NATURAL &
CULTURAL
HISTORY
INTERPRETATION
Adventure travel guides are expected to be knowledgeable about
the natural and cultural history of the destinations where they work.
Participants are interested in learning about the people, wildlife and
landscapes where they engage in adventure activities and guides must
be able to share relevant content with them. The ability to connect a
participant to the destination through engaging content provides an
opportunity for inspiration and transformational growth.

Knowledge of natural and cultural history varies greatly among

adventure travel guides, as do the interests of their participants.
Depending on their background, training and personal interests, some
guides will be more knowledgeable about birds, for example, while
© ATTA / Hassen Salum
others will be knowledgeable about geology. Whatever their expertise,
guides should be prepared to share their knowledge of the physical
environment, the history of human activity, past and contemporary
“Interpretation is not so much experience explained, as explanation experienced”[1]
politics, environmental issues, economics, art, culture, folklore, cuisine
and whatever is relevant to the story of the destination.
Adventure travel guides have a responsibility and crucial role in the long term sustainability of the cultures,
communities and environments where they guide. Because adventure travel guides are often the primary
Knowing names, dates and species is not enough. Adventure travel guides must also possess the ability contact for participants, they fill a role as “advocate” for the environment and the local community.
to communicate their knowledge in a way that engages and educates participants. Meaningful content
delivery techniques can be used in both formal settings, such as a daily briefing or at an attraction, as well Therefore, interpretive content and delivery should aim to:
as in informal communications such as during meals and casual conversation. Guides are most effective

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

sharing content in a manner that is approachable and digestible for participants. A key to success is relating 1. Enhance participants’ understanding and valuing of sites, communities, cultures and
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

the content to the lives and realities of the participants. environments;

2. Influence and monitor participants’ behaviors, en route, on site and at destinations;
3. Foster participants post-visit, pro-environmental and pro-heritage conservation attitudes and
behaviours. [2]

32 33
 Natural and Cultural History Interpretation Definitions 3. Adventure travel guides’ interpretation should be provocative, inspiring, and engaging.

Natural and cultural history refers to the diverse sets of knowledge about the biological, ecological and a. Guides shall incorporate participatory activities to help participants connect intellectually and
cultural characteristics of a particular place; past, present, and future. Examples of natural history include emotionally to the content, rather than only listen and learn facts.
the distribution of forest types across a landscape and the diversity of fish species in a particular water
body. Examples of cultural history include artistic styles and materials unique to a place and the evolution Example: After describing the two important trees found in the forest, give participants free time to try to
of a musical genre in a certain city or country. find one and describe to the group what they found.

Sam Ham (2013) describes interpretation as the following: b. Guides should strive to inspire participants to want to learn more about the subject and be able
to apply it back home.
“Interpretation is a mission-based approach to communication aimed at provoking in audiences the
discovery of personal meaning and the forging of personal connections with things, places, people and Example: Encourage participants to continue the adventure when they return home by learning their
concepts.”[3] local natural and cultural history.

Natural and Cultural History Interpretation Competencies c. Interpretation is an artform as well as a technique, guides should always aspire to improve their
craft.
1. Adventure travel guides shall possess knowledge about local natural and cultural history and
contemporary society in the destinations where they guide. Example: Take a class on wildflowers found in your area.

a. Content should be relevant to the destination, season and interest of the participant(s) on the 4. Adventure travel guides shall inform participants of relevant local practices and current events
trip. prior to contact with individuals and communities.

Example: A guide should have knowledge of native flora and fauna that is likely to be observed on a trip. a. Guides should use intercultural communication skills, such as the use of culturally appropriate
language when referring to local communities and facilitating interactions with participants.
Example: A guide working in an area where a political issue has been in the news, should have enough
knowledge to answer basic questions about this issue from participants. Example: Communicate with those you would like participants to meet and arrange a time for your
group to visit and engage with them. Prepare them for the content of the interaction and if appropriate
2. Adventure travel guides shall employ content delivery techniques to share knowledge and offer to compensate them for their time spent with participants
respond to participant questions in an engaging manner.
Example: Prepare group participants for the context of individuals they will be meeting and the culture
a. Content delivery techniques should balance the sharing of information while also providing an in which they exist. Remind participants that it is our privilege to visit and not our purpose to change or
enjoyable and engaging experience and supplemental materials such as props and special guests. modify these communities.

Example: Use stories and anecdotal tales to share content and concepts.

Example: Thematic interpretation [3] is a methodology many guides employ because of its ability to
focus content in an organized and enjoyable manner.

b. A guide’s content should be at the appropriate level for participants to comprehend and deliver

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

in such a way that all participants can hear, understand and participate in the exchange.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Example: Have the group form a circle so all participants can see and hear you

34 35
 5. Adventure travel guides should deliver authentic, balanced and unbiased content.

a. To provide participants the opportunity to truly get to know the destination, it is important to
share more challenging content that accurately and authentically reflects the diverse perspectives
and realities of local people as well as the facts relevant to an issue.

Example: In addition to presenting scientific research or proven facts, also incorporate multiple local
viewpoints and perspectives when discussing controversial subject matter from a place, e.g., dams or
forestry operations

b. As a representative of a place, it is likely that participants will want to know the guide’s opinion
on a subject. Guides can use their viewpoint as an example of a distinct viewpoint to stoke
discussion, but not as an attempt to convince people of their position.

Example: Park managers are planning to release an extirpated predator back into a National Park.
Local ranchers are opposing this due to the potential impact on their livestock. The guide believes
releasing this predator will improve the overall ecosystem and shares this perspective while also pointing
out reasons for the ranchers’ position.

6. Adventure travel guides should deliver personalised interpretation that increases the potential
for transformative experiences [4].

a. Guides shall learn the interests of participants and match content to these interests to increase
relevance for the participant.

Example: During the van ride to the first day’s activities, the guide asks participants what was the
favorite trip they’ve taken, and why was it their favorite.

b. Guides shall connect the travel experience to personal aspirations that participants have in
their life.

Example: Guides can build in time and space for debriefing challenging parts of a trip and connect the
experience to how it applies to future personal or professional growth.

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

36 37

© ATTA / Charley Voorhis

 6. GOVERNANCE
1. The Adventure Travel Guide Standard (“ATGS”) is governed by
a volunteer group of guides and adventure travel professionals
(Governance Board). Its purpose is to ensure and oversee the
ongoing maintenance of the ATGS as well as to disseminate the
ATGS to relevant parties. The responsibilities of the governance
board include the following:

a. Conducting outreach throughout the world to inform and

educate businesses, trade groups and governments about
the ATGS

b. Assisting in efforts to implement the ATGS

i. Through consulting with businesses and
governments
ii. Through certifications and licenses administered by
other organizations and governments

c. Considering feedback and suggestions regarding the ATGS

d. Periodically updating the ATGS

i. Annually, basic changes in formatting, language, and
updating can be performed
ii. Every term a published update will be agreed upon © ATTA / Border Free Travels
1. Each term shall be 5 years or as determined
by the board
2. Board Meetings iii. Board membership is open to all industry participants. Members may nominate
themselves or be nominated by another person and are accepted to the group by a simple
Governance Board Structure majority of current board members and on a rolling basis until each position is filled.

1. In an effort to incorporate both geographic and sector diversity to the governing board, the iv. Once all the positions for a region are filled, new applicants will be considered on an
following structure, positions and terms have been decided upon: annual basis.

a. Board Composition v. A nominating committee will be convened to lead recruitment efforts, manage

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

i. The board is made up of representatives from the adventure travel community. nominations, and submit a slate of potential board members for the full board to vote on
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

ii. There should be at least one professional guide for each large geographic sector (as annually
detailed below). Outbound tour operators that operate in a specific part of the world, even b. Term
if they are not based in that location, can be accepted. i. Each representative agrees to serve a term of five years
ii. After the term has expired the board member can request to serve an additional term.
1. A simple majority of current board members is required to approve an
extension request.
38 39
 Leadership and Voting Geographic Membership Goals

1. The board will, at a minimum, have the following officers: President and Secretary. The board can 1. In order to have broad geographic representation from the global adventure travel industry,
choose to also elect a Treasurer and Vice President. governance board member seats will be filled using the following regional proportions:

a. The President must have served on the board actively for a minimum of 2 years and will serve a. North and Central America: Minimum 1 position / Maximum 3 positions per region
as president for five years i. Canada and United States
i. The President’s duties are to lead the board to fulfil its vision and mission and long-term ii. Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean
goal setting
ii. Unless a treasurer is elected, the President will also oversee finances along with the b. Africa: Minimum 1 position / Maximum 2 positions per region
Secretary (when / if there are any) i. Northern Africa (Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt)
iii. The President will lead the executive committee (see below) ii. West and Central Africa (Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone,
Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon,
b. The Secretary must have served on the board actively for a minimum of 1 year and will serve as Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, Central African Republic, Cape Verde, São
secretary for five years Tomé and Príncipe).
i. The Secretary’s duties are to maintain and keep notes from board and executive committee iii. East Africa (Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Eritrea,
meetings and to keep track of periodical edits made to the ATGS Djibouti, Rwanda, Burundi)
iv. Southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Malawi,
2. The board will convene an Executive Committee to facilitate regular operations of the Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros)
organization and to make routine decisions not requiring the oversight of the full board.
c. South America: Minimum 1 position / Maximum 3 positions per region
a. Members of the Executive Committee will include all elected officers, the immediate past i. Northern and Eastern South America (Brazil, Columbia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname,
President and up to five other members of the board assigned to serve specific roles French Guiana)
ii. Western and Southern South America (Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay,
b. Non officer executive committee members will serve one-year terms (up to five consecutive Uruguay)
terms) and are responsible for making operational decisions for the organization
i. Existing executive committee members will nominate and vote on successors to the d. Europe: Minimum 1 position / Maximum 3 positions per region
committee i. UK and Ireland
1. Vacancies will be filled to continue out the term ii. Scandinavia and the Baltic (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greenland, Denmark,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
3. The executive committee will make all decisions except for the following which will be voted on iii. Western Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland,
by the full board: Germany, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Andorra)
a. Organizational leadership iv. Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Balkans, Bulgaria, Greece,
i. President, Secretary and other officers Romania, Hungary, Turkey, Moldavia, Belarus, Ukraine)
ii. Updates to the ATGS
iii. Members of the board e. Asia: Minimum 1 position / Maximum 3 positions per region
1. After the nominating committee has done outreach to seek nominations for i. Middle East (Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Kurdistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
vacant board seats, and makes a recommendation of a proposed slate, the Oman, UAE)
full board will vote to approve new members ii. Northern Asia (Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan)

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

iii. Central and Southern Asia (Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

b. Each member has one vote, all votes are equal Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
i. Simple majority (50% +1 vote) for all votes wins except updating the ATGS iv. East Asia (North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China)
ii. Super majority (75% +1 vote) for updating ATGS wins v. Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia)
c. Voting can take place during in-person or online meetings, or via approved polling methods
(determined by executive committee) f. Oceania: Minimum 1 position / Maximum 2 positions per region

40
i. A quorum of 35% of approved board members must be obtained in order for a decision i. Australia and Papua New Guinea 41
to become valid ii. New Zealand, Antarctica and Polynesia
 REFERENCES AND FURTHER
[5] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (2018) ISO 20611:2018 Adventure Travel
— Good Practices For Sustainability [Online] Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/68548.html
[Accessed 13 July 2020]

READING: [6] INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY: GLOBAL GOOD PRACTICE GUIDELINES [Online] Available
from: https://planeterra.org/about-us/publications/indigenous-people-and-the-travel-industry-global-good-
practice-guidelines/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
INTRODUCTION
[7] CHILD WELFARE AND THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY: GLOBAL GOOD PRACTICE GUIDELINES [Online] Available from:
REFERENCES
https://planeterra.org/about-us/publications/child-welfare-and-the-travel-industry-full-implementation-
[1] ADVENTURE TRAVEL TRADE ASSOCIATION & GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY (2013) Adventure Travel
guide/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
Market Study ATTA

[8] LEAVE NO TRACE CENTER FOR OUTDOOR ETHICS [Online] Available from: https://lnt.org/ [Accessed 13
[2] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION [Online] Available from: https://www.iso.org/
July 2020]
home.html [Accessed 13 July 2020]

[9] ADVENTURE TRAVEL TRADE ASSOCIATION & INTREPID TRAVEL (2020) The State of Climate Action in the
[3] LEAVE NO TRACE CENTER FOR OUTDOOR ETHICS [Online] Available from: https://lnt.org/ [Accessed 13
Adventure Travel Industry [Online] Available from: https://www.adventuretravel.biz/research/the-state-of-
July 2020]
climate-action-in-the-adventure-travel-industry [Accessed 13 July 2020]

[4] NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR INTERPRETATION [Online] Available from: https://www.interpnet.com/

[10] TRAVEL WITHOUT PLASTIC [Online] Available from: https://www.travelwithoutplastic.com/ [Accessed 13
[Accessed 13 July 2020]
July 2020]

[5] FIELD GUIDES ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH AFRICA [Online] Available from: https://www.fgasa.co.za/
[11] TRAVELERS AGAINST PLASTIC [Online] Available from: https://www.travelersagainstplastic.org/
membership/qualifications [Accessed 13 July 2020]
[Accessed 13 July 2020]

[6] LA MINISTRA DE ECONOMÍA, INDUSTRIA Y COMERCIO Y LA MINISTRA DE TURISMO DE COSTA RICA

[12] ANIMONDIAL (2019) Animal Welfare in Tourism Starter Kit [Online] Available from: https://animondial.
(2018) Decreto de Guías de Turismo Alcance Instituto Costarricense de Turismo
com/animal-welfare-starter-kit [Accessed 13 July 2020]

[7] ASSOCIAÇãO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TéCNICAS (2005) Turismo de aventura - Condutores -

[13] FOUR PAWS [Online] Available from: https://dogcatmeat.four-paws.org/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
Competência de pessoal [Online] Available from: http://www.sistemafaemg.org.br/agenteturismo/
Legisla%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20do%20Agente%20de%20Turismo%20Rural/NBR/15285-competencias-de-
[14] ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH TRAVEL AGENTS (ABTA) (2019) Animal Welfare Guidelines [Online] Available
pessoal.pdf [Accessed 19 July 2020]
from: https://www.abta.com/industry-zone/raising-standards-in-the-industry/animals-in-tourism [Accessed
13 July 2020]
1- SUSTAINABILITY
[15] GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE TOURISM COUNCIL (2019) GSTC Destinations Criteria (GSTC-D) [Online] Available
REFERENCES: from: https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-criteria/gstc-destination-criteria/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
[1] LENZEN, M. ET AL. (2018) The Carbon Footprint of Global Tourism Nature Climate Change [Online] Available
from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141-x [Accessed 13 July 2020] [16] WORLD CETACEAN ALLIANCE (2019) Global Guidelines [Online] Available from: https://
worldcetaceanalliance.org/certification/global-guidelines/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
[2] INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

[Online] Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Accessed 13 July 2020] [17] Sibley Guides (2011) The Proper Use of Playback in Birding [Online] Available from: https://www.
sibleyguides.com/2011/04/the-proper-use-of-playback-in-birding [Accessed 13 July 2020]
[3] UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS [Online] Available from: https://www.un.org/
sustainabledevelopment/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]

[4] FUTURE OF TOURISM COALITION Guiding principles [Online] Available from: https://www.futureoftourism.
org/guiding-principles [Accessed 13 July 2020]
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 [18] THE DONKEY SANCTUARY (2016) Welfare Guidelines in Pictures [Online] Available from: http://imlil.org/ KING, L. J. (2015). The role of tour operators in delivering a Leave No Trace program: a case study of Algonquin
wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Welfare-Guidelines-in-Pictures.pdf [Accessed 13 July 2020] Provincial Park. Leisure/Loisir, 39(1), 107-134.[MF1]

[19] OXFORD MARTIN PROGRAMME ON THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE (2018) [Online] Available from: MARION, J. (2014). Leave No Trace in the outdoors. Stackpole Books.[MF2]
https://www.illegalwildlifetrade.net/2018/07/27/consuming-wildlife-how-can-we-change-tourists-behaviour/
[Accessed 13 July 2020] MARION, J. L., LEUNG, Y. F., EAGLESTON, H., & BURROUGHS, K. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation
ecology research findings on visitor impacts to wilderness and protected natural areas. Journal of Forestry,
[20] ANIMODIAL [Online] COVID-19: Time to review our interaction with animals Available from: 114(3), 352-362.
https://animondial.com/covid-19-time-to-review-our-interaction-with-animals [Accessed 13 July 2020]
NEWSOME D., MOORE S.A., DOWLING R.K. (2013) Natural Area Tourism - Ecology, Impacts and Management
[21] CITES - NATIONAL CITES AUTHORITIES [Online] Available from: https://cites.org/eng/cms/index.php/ Aspects of Tourism 58, Channel View Publications
component/cp [Accessed 13 July 2020]
SERNARI, C., & LEUNG, Y. F. (2013). Going global: Rethinking the cross-cultural transfer of minimal impact
[22] WORLD WILDLIFE FUND Illegal Plant and Wildlife Trade [Online] Available from: https://wwf.panda.org/ education programs in protected areas. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 31(2).[MF1]
our_work/wildlife/problems/illegal_trade/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
TAFF, B. D., BENFIELD, J., MILLER, Z. D., D’ANTONIO, A., & SCHWARTZ, F. (2019). The Role of Tourism Impacts
[23] WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL (2018) Buenos Aires (BA) Declaration on Illegal Wildlife Trade on Cultural Ecosystem Services. Environments, 6(4), 43.
[Online] Available from: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/summits/buenos-aires-2018/wttc-buenos-aires-
declaration-with-signatures.pdf [Accessed 13 July 2020] WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION AND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (2017), Tourism
and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, UNWTO, Madrid [Online] Available from: https://
[24] WORLD TRAVEL & TOURISM COUNCIL AND MCKINSEY COMPANY (2017) Coping With Success - www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419401 [Accessed 13 July 2020]
Managing overcrowding in Tourism Destinations, WTTC [Online] Available from: https://www.wttc.org/
priorities/sustainable-growth/destination-stewardship/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]

2- TECHNICAL SKILLS
FURTHER READING: REFERENCES:
BALLANTYNE R. & PACKER J. (2013) International Handbook on Ecotourism Edward Elgar Publishing [1] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (2013) ISO 21102:2013 Adventure Travel
— Leaders — Personnel competence [Online] Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/54859.html
BRAME R. & COLE D. (2011) Soft Paths: Enjoying the Wilderness Without Harming It. NOLS Library: Stackpole [Accessed 13 July 2020]
Books
[2] BRITISH CANOEING [Online] Available from: https://www.britishcanoeingawarding.org.uk/ [Accessed 13
BUCKLEY R. (2004) Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism CAB International July 2020]

FENNELL D.A. (2015) Ecotourism Routledge [3] INTERNATIONAL RAFTING FEDERATION [Online] Available from: http:// https://www.internationalrafting.
com/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
FLETCHER R. (2014) Romancing The Wild - Cultural Dimensions of Ecotourism Duke University Press
[4] WILDERNESS MEDICAL SOCIETY (2015) [Online] Available from: https://www.wms.org/ [Accessed 13 July
GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE TOURISM COUNCIL (2016) GSTC Industry Criteria for Tour Operators. GSTC [Online] 2020]
Available from: https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-criteria/gstc-industry-criteria-for-tour-operators/

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

[Accessed 13 July 2020] [5] INTERNATIONAL LIAISON COMMITTEE ON RESUSCITATION (2015) [Online] Available from: https://www.
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

ilcor.org/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]

LEUNG Y., SPENCELEY A., HVENEGAARD G. & BUCKLEY R. (eds.) (2018). Tourism and visitor management
in protected areas: Guidelines for sustainability. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 27, Gland,
Switzerland: IUCN.

44 45
 FURTHER READING: WATKINSON M. (2012) The Ten Principles Behind Great Customer Experiences Financial Times Publishing
There is a large body of further reading on Technical skills and leadership for different activities, from
different parts of the world. The following are illustrative examples. WORLD TRAVEL AND TOURISM COUNCIL (2015) Global Talent Trends and Issues for the Travel and Tourism
Sector [Online] Available from: https://www.academia.edu/29790275/Global_Talent_Trends_and_Issues_for_
BRITISH CANOE UNION (2002) Canoe and Kayak Handbook: Handbook of the British Canoe Union 3rd Ed. the_Travel_and_Tourism_Sector [Accessed 13 July 2020]
Pesda Press
5- NATURAL AND CULTURAL INTERPRETATION
BRITISH CYCLING [ONLINE] Mountain Bike Leadership Available from: https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/
mtbleadership [Accessed 13 July 2020] REFERENCES:
[1] VAN MATRE S. (2009) Interpretive Design and the Dance of Experience Institute for Earth Education
LONG S. (2014) Hillwalking: The Official Handbook of the Mountain Training Walking Schemes 3rd Ed. Mountain
Training UK [2] WEILER B. & BLACK R. (2015) Tour Guiding Research - Insights, Issues and Implications Aspects of Tourism
62, Channel View Publications
PETER L. (2011) Rock Climbing: Essential Skills & Techniques: The Official Handbook of the Mountaineering
Instructor, Single Pitch, Climbing Wall and Climbing Wall Leading Award Schemes 2nd Ed. Mountain Training UK [3] HAM S.H. (2013) Interpretation - Making a Difference on Purpose Fulcrum

[4] THE TRANSFORMATIONAL TRAVEL COUNCIL [Online] Available from: https://www.transformational.

3- SAFETY & RISK MANAGEMENT
travel/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]
REFERENCES:
[1] INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ISO 21101:2014 adventure travel — Safety FURTHER READING:
Management Systems. Requirements [Online] Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/54857.html COLQUHOUN F. (ED.) (2005) Interpretation Handbook and Standard - Distilling the essence [Online] Available
[Accessed 13 July 2020] from: https://www.doc.govt.nz/get-involved/run-a-project/our-procedures-and-sops/interpretation-
handbook-and-standard/ Department of Conservation, New Zealand
FURTHER READING:
ATTARIAN A. (2012) Risk Management in Outdoor and Adventure Programs: Scenarios of Accidents, Incidents, LUDWIG T. (2015) The Interpretive Guide – Sharing Heritage with People Bildungswerk Interpretation
and Misadventures Human Kinetics Australia
MITCHELL J. & RYLAND P. (2017) Natural interpretation: a brief guide to the interpretation of nature and wildlife
LEEMON, D., METTENBRINK K.B., AND SCHIMELPFENIG T. (2019) Risk Management for Outdoor Leaders. Association for Heritage Interpretation, Best Practice Guidelines 13 [Online] Available from: http://eprints.
2nd. Ed. National Outdoor Leadership School bournemouth.ac.uk/29728/ [Accessed 13 July 2020]

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (2016) ISO 21101:2016 adventure travel — Safety NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR INTERPRETATION (2019) Interpretation Standards: A Pathway Towards
Management Systems. A Practical Guide for SMEs [Online] Available from: https://www.iso.org/publication/ Excellence [Online] Available from: https://interpretationstandards.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/
PUB100405.html [Accessed 13 July 2020] standards-2019.pdf [Accessed 13 July 2020]

NEWSOME D., MOORE S.A., DOWLING R.K. (2013) Natural Area Tourism - Ecology, Impacts and Management
4- GROUP MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER SERVICE Aspects of Tourism 58, Channel View Publications

REFERENCES:
SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE & FORESTRY COMMISSION SCOTLAND (2015) Wildlife Interpretation
[1] SHAW C. (2007) The DNA of Customer Experience - How Emotions Drive Value. Palgrave Macmillan
Guidelines Sharing Good Practice Programme SNH/FCS [Online] Available from: https://www.nature.scot/

Adventure Travel Guide Standard

wildlife-interpretation-guidelines-snh-fcs-april-2015 [Accessed 13 July 2020]
Adventure Travel Guide Standard

[2] WEILER B. & BLACK R. (2015) Tour Guiding Research - Insights, Issues and Implications Aspects of Tourism 62,
Channel View Publications
U.S. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (2007) Foundations of Interpretation Curriculum Content Narrative NPS
Interpretive Development Program [Online] Available from: https://www.nps.gov/idp/interp/101/
FURTHER READING:
FoundationsCurriculum.pdf [Accessed 13 July 2020]
HUDSON S. & HUDSON L. (2017) Customer Service for Hospitality and Tourism (2nd Ed.) Goodfellow
Publishers Limited

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