Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Introduction
considered to travel from point to another
along str-
A
light wave can be one a
·
,
night line joining them
.
-
Ray of Light and a bundle of such rays called beam of light.
The path is called
·
Study of light is called Optics and classified into 2 types : Ray Optics
The branch of .
-
and
Wave Optics.
Ray Optics -
:
·
Light is considered as Ray which travels in straight Line
.
It works on
following assumption :-
·
-
Rectilinear Propogation of light i e Light
. .
ray travels in a
straight line .
-
Law of Reflection
-
Law of Refraction
-
Physical Independence of light i.e . two
light rays are
totally independent of each
other .
Reflection of Light : -
·The
phenomenon of changing the path of light without any change in medium
.
way of light falls any object light from that object bounces back
·
When a on ,
Law of Reflection : -
i) The incident rays Reflected ray and the normal to reflecting surface at the
,
point of incidence all Lie in the same plane.
,
ii) The angle of refraction (v) is equal to the angle of incidence (i) ; Li=Lv
.
For normal incidence Li=0 and LV=0 Hence a ray of light falling normally on ,
a mirror retraces its path on reflection
,
.
Spherical Mirrors :
It is a mirror whose
reflecting surface is a
part of hollow sphere
. They are
of two types :
-
Mirror's formula :1
There is
following simple relation between the distance u of object from the mirror
the distance v of the from the mirror and focal length image of the mirror:
i += =
1
This equation is known as Mirror formula and is valid for both concave and mirrors
,
whether the image formed is real or virtual
. However the quantities must
,
be
substituted with
proper signs .
Derivation of mirror's formula : -
·
O
"!
COMC :- D Cm T : -
B = x +0 -
0 y = B+ 0 Pip'
7
(exterior angle 0 =
y - B
-
② P
IC 18 Y
angle property)
1.
Property) (exterior )
ja
. .
I
,
p
From eq0 : -
↓te
x+0
B =
L k V-
B = 2 + (Y B) -
k r-
B+B = x + Y ku -
2B = 2+ y
-
O
3
In COMP : -
In O CMP : - In DIMP : -
=tand=
-
O
U
ButanB=Mp-5 -
Yo tuny =
MP -0
Put 4 , 5 , 6 in B
2) P :
Fr =+(n +) +
we know that : -
R =
2f (f &] =
t
- *+ =
Linear Magnification : -
The ratio of height of the image (hi) formed by a
spherical mirror to
the height of the object (h) is called the linear magnification produced
mirror It is denoted
by spherical .
by m i. .
e
.
m>1 (1 Enlarge)
->
M =i m<1
([+Diminished)
h m - ⑦ Erect & Virtual
m -> O Inverted & Real
concave -> m :
fire/-ive
conven->m : five
(always)
i) When a light goes from one medium to another, the frequency of light does not change. However, the speed
of light and wavelength of light change.
ii) The intensity of the refracted ray is less than that of the incident ray. It is because there is partial
reflection and absorption of light at the surface.
and eq
adding eqD
S
-M
m.
) + (ty ] ) Mc Mi)
- Y =
-
-
- (-
=
-= ( 1) (t ) -
↓ (Mc 1) ( * 2) ⑤
-
- = -
Here ,
y = 0 & v =
f
+ *] G
+ ( 1) (
-
Mc
-
-
=
.
Compare 3 and Q : -
# =* - * -> Lens formula
Magnification of lens : -
The image formed by a lens may be larger than object or smaller than the object
or the same size .
"The ratio of
"
size (hi) of the
image and size (hol of object
m =
hi
In NABC and DA'B'c similar : -
are
=
-hi=
== m
Combination of thin lenses - :
When two or more lenses are used either in contact or with a
gap bet" them
.
Two or more are combined to : -
i) Increase the magnification of the image .
ii) Increase the sharpness of final image
iii) Make image erect w r to object . . .
iv) Increase the field of view
.
If
for 1st lens :-
+
fi -t -
D
·
for 2nd lens : -
* = -
② a
add eqD and
+* =
Y- + + Y -
Magnification of Combined
* * + =
T + - -
fe
lenses : -
m = m , X M2XMsX---
:
we know -
= *
-
* -
g I
Equate
Fe F E
+
Power of a lens :-
The power of lens is reciprocal of its focal length
.
P
(S[Unit : Dioptred)
=
Here , Power of a conver lens is positive.
Power of a concave lens is
negative.
p =
(M 1) -
( )
Optical Instruments
Visual Angle : -
It is the angle subtended by an
object image
or at the
eye. It decreases
with increasing distance of object or
image from the .
eye
>
• A simple microscope is a magnifying glass that has a double convex lens with a short
focal length. The examples of this kind of instrument include the hand lens and reading
lens. When an object is kept near the lens, then its principal focus with an image is
produced, which is erect and bigger than the original object.
• The formed image is virtual and cannot be projected on a screen like a real image
The term compound refers to the usage of more than one lens in the microscope. Also, the
compound microscope is one of the types of optical microscopes. The other type of optical
microscope is a simple microscope. The difference between simple and compound microscope is that a
simple microscope uses only one lens while the compound microscope uses more than one lens.
An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument which is used to see heavenly bodies like moon, sun,
stars etc. The image of the heavenly body formed by the telescope subtends a large visual angle at
the eye so that the object appears bigger to the eye.
Construction: It consists of two convex lenses mounted coaxially at the outer ends of two sliding
metallic tubes. The lens facing the object is called objective lens O and has large focal length and
large aperture. The other lens through which the image of the distant object is observed is called
eyepiece E and has small focal length and small aperture. The distance between the two lenses can be
adjusted by using rack and pinion arrangement.
