Web Designing (Unit 5)

 Web Hosting
Web Hosting is a service that allows hosting/post-web-server applications (website or web page)
on a computer system through which web-browser clients can have easy access to electronic
content on the Internet.

Web Server or Web Host is a computer system that provide web hosting. When Internet user’s
want to view your website, all they need to do is type your website address or domain into their
browser. The user’s computer will then connect to your server and your web pages will be
delivered to them through the browser.

Basically, the web hosts allow the customers to place documents, such as HTML pages, graphics,
and other multimedia files, etc. onto a special type of computer called a web server. It provides a
constant and high-speed connection to the backbone of the Internet.

Getting web hosting is a crucial part of having a website live on the internet. The “hosting” aspect
of web hosting is a service that companies offer where they’ll store your website’s files, which
can then be accessed by a web browser.

These files are essentially stored on a giant computer, known as a server.

 What Is Website Hosting?

When you purchase a web hosting service, you are essentially buying yourself space to store your
website’s files. These files can then be accessed by a web browser, in order for your website to be
live on the internet.

Web hosting is offered by various service providers who have the necessary technology to
properly store your site’s files. By signing up for a hosting service you’re essentially renting space
on a server that their web hosting companies own and manage.

Since most people or even businesses don’t have servers of their own, they rent out server space
from a third-party web hosting company.

A server is a physical computer that runs 24/7, so your site’s files can always be accessed without
interruption in service. These servers are loaded with the necessary hardware and software that
your website needs to function.

Your web host is responsible for things like server maintenance, security, and running the right
software, so the files on the server can be readily accessed by a website browser, like Google
Chrome or Firefox.

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  How Does Web Hosting Work?

Your website is just a collection of different files. When you create a website you need a place to
store all of these files. That place is your hosting company’s server.

On this server, you’ll store your website’s media, files, databases, and anything else required to
properly render your website. Exactly how much storage you have will depend on the hosting
plan you choose (more on this below).

If you’re just getting started online, then you’ll probably just be renting a portion of a server that
you’re sharing with other websites. As your storage and traffic needs increase, then you may
need to scale up to renting an entire physical server or at least using the resources of one, with a
cloud or VPS server.

When you sign up for a web hosting package, you’ll usually get access to the server via a
solution like cPanel. This makes it easy to upload your files to the server. Or, you can install a
CMS like WordPress to easily build out your site.

In order to have a fully functioning website, you’ll also need to register a domain name. Once
you purchase this, you’ll point it towards your server, which lets the web browser know that this
is where your files are located.

Then, when a person types in your domain name or clicks on a link to your site, the web browser
gets the files from the server and displays them for the viewer. All of this should happen in a few
seconds or less. If this process takes too long, then you either need to speed up your website or
consider switching hosts entirely.

 Types of Web Hosting Services

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 Free Hosting

This is a free non-paid web hosting service. This type of hosting is available with many
prominent sites that offer to host some web pages for no cost, like Hostinger.

 Advantages:
o Free of cost
o Use websites to place advertisements. banners and other forms of advertising media.

 Disadvantages:
o Customer support is missing
o Low bandwidth and lesser data transfer
o No control over your website

 Shared Hosting

Shared hosting is easily the most common form of hosting. It’s also probably the most suitable
style of hosting for a lot of website owners. With a shared hosting plan, you’re sharing the physical
server environment with dozens to hundreds of other websites. And sometimes even more.

However, the server is partitioned, so your site is secure from other websites using the same server.
Since you’re effectively splitting server resources with other users of the same server your costs
will be very low. Websites that have low to moderate traffic levels will be fine using a shared host.

 Advantages of Shared Hosting

Affordability: - Since the cost is divided among many users, shared hosting is the most affordable
hosting solution.

Easy management: - Shared hosting providers usually offer a control panel, helping you easily
set up and manage websites. At Hostinger, our custom-made hPanel comes with a minimalistic
design, simple navigation, and a detailed overview of each setting. The interface of hPanel, a
custom-made control panel by Hostinger

Simple maintenance: - With shared hosting, the web host handles the technical aspects, including
server maintenance tasks such as software installation and updates. You can focus on web design,
search engine optimization (SEO), marketing campaigns, and content creation.

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Flexibility:- Most shared hosting providers offer scalable plans, enabling you to upgrade
resources and features as the site grows.

 Disadvantages of Shared Hosting

Limited resources:- Sharing resources with other websites means limited storage space,
bandwidth, and CPU power. A sudden spike in traffic from neighboring sites can negatively
impact your website’s performance.

No root access:- Root access gives you the highest level of access to the server. It lets you run an
alternative operating system and install server-wide applications like Nginx and Apache. Usually,
root access is only available on VPS and dedicated servers.

Shared IP:- Apart from resources, you’ll also share an IP address with other users. Unlike a
dedicated one, you cannot use a shared IP to access your site when experiencing domain name
issues.

 Dedicated Hosting

Dedicated hosting is exactly like it sounds. You’ll get access to the resources of an entire physical
server. Dedicated hosting is generally the most expensive as you’re not splitting server costs with
other websites (as you do with shared hosting).

This style of hosting is usually reserved for websites that either receive a very large volume of
traffic or require a unique server configuration. Since you have access to the entire server you’ll
be able to run whatever software configuration your website requires.

With dedicated hosting, you’ll get incredible performance and enhanced security. However, you
might need the technical skills, or the team behind you, to effectively manage your server
environment.

Beyond dedicated hosting, you also have the option of managed hosting. Where you can have the
hosting team help to manage and optimize your server for you

 Advantages of Dedicated Hosting

Additional Storage Space and Bandwidth :- You can have more storage space and increased
bandwidth when you have a server that is specifically tailored to your requirements. It means
that you can enjoy completely customized services and features. For website users, increased
bandwidth would also mean increased speed, resulting in a more beneficial and efficient
experience.
Reliable Performance:- When you use shared hosting, the performance of your website is
directly affected by the performance of the other websites hosted on the same server. For example,
the performance of the other websites would be affected if one of them suddenly has a large
increase in traffic or if it has been poorly coded.

On the other hand, dedicated hosting means that no other users share the same server. As a
result, you don’t have to worry about these kinds of problems. You’ll get a much faster and more
reliable performance because you’re not sharing resources with anyone else. Even better, many
dedicated servers use modern hardware like a solid-state drive (SSD) rather than a standard hard
drive (HDD), which would help your website load much faster.

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Scalable, Adaptable, and Flexible :- You can change the server setup, add new applications, and
modify resources with dedicated server hosting to meet your requirements. You are limited to the
operating system, programs, and software already installed on the server while using shared server
hosting, which may be better for your company.

With dedicated hosting, you may use the entire server at your command, allowing you to add
features and functionalities as they are developed and to expand as needed. As a result, you have
complete control over the server, including the software you use and its scalability, allowing you
to make necessary changes whenever required.

Security & a Unique IP Address:- You can modify the server to meet your security and
compliance requirements as part of your control over the apps and software you use. Your websites
will remain secure. With dedicated server hosting, you can implement any security and privacy
features you require and get your unique IP address. It means that no other website uses that
address, but on a shared server, if one website is spam, it could cause your website’s Google
ranking to drop.

Larger companies can use this hosting to handle more complicated websites. Having your IP
address benefits larger e-commerce companies that process credit cards and need SSL.
Additionally, it means that your server can support future additions of functionality.

Technical Support :- Most service providers, like Temok, offer 24/7 customer support due to
the nature of the websites and applications hosted on dedicated servers. This is a must since if
you’re investing a lot of money to have your server, it must be an essential website that cannot
afford to face any issues.

 Disadvantages of Dedicated Hosting

More Expensive:- Dedicated web hosting is more expensive when compared to all other kinds
of web hosting. Choosing a dedicated server is not wise if your website receives little traffic. You
can go with shared hosting if you have low traffic on your website. You can choose dedicated
hosting options based on the performance of your website.

Requires Technical Knowledge:- Technical expertise is required to install, configure, maintain,

and operate a server using dedicated hosting. In the case of shared hosting, this is not the case.
The hosting company handles this. There is also fully managed dedicated hosting available, but it
is costly.

Needs More Maintenance:- It will be difficult for you to choose a dedicated server if you don’t
have the technical knowledge and lack management skills. Regular server maintenance and daily
monitoring are required to ensure the dependability of the server.

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  VPS Hosting

VPS stands for Virtual Private Server. This style of hosting relies upon something called
“virtualization”. This allows you to use the resources of multiple different servers, but it all acts
like it’s a single server. So, essentially you can tap an entire network of servers and scale those
resources up or down as your needs change.

A VPS server acts like a dedicated server, but you’ll still be using servers that are shared with
other users.

VPS hosting can be great for website owners who want the resources of a dedicated server, but
don’t have the budget for one. VPS hosting can be cheaper and more flexible.

 Advantages of VPS

1. Scalability and Flexibility

One of the primary advantages of VPS hosting is its scalability and flexibility. With VPS, you
have the ability to scale your resources according to your needs. Whether you experience a
sudden surge in website traffic or require additional storage space, VPS hosting allows you to
easily upgrade or downgrade your resources without any downtime.

2. Cost-Effective
Compared to dedicated hosting, VPS hosting offers a more cost-effective solution. With a VPS,
you have access to dedicated resources at a fraction of the cost. This affordability makes VPS
hosting an attractive option for small to medium-sized businesses looking to optimize their
online presence without breaking the bank.

3. Enhanced Performance
VPS hosting provides enhanced performance compared to shared hosting. Since you have
dedicated resources allocated to your virtual server, you can experience faster website loading
times, improved server response, and overall better performance. This is especially beneficial for
resource-intensive websites or applications.

4. Dedicated Resources
Unlike shared hosting, where resources are shared among multiple websites, VPS hosting
provides you with dedicated resources. This means you have a guaranteed amount of CPU,
RAM, and storage solely allocated to your virtual server. Having dedicated resources ensures
that your website's performance is not affected by the activities of other websites sharing the
same physical server.

5. Improved Security
Security is a top concern for any online presence. VPS hosting offers improved security
compared to shared hosting. With VPS, your virtual server is isolated from other users on the
same physical server, reducing the risk of security breaches. Additionally, you have more control
over your server's security configurations, including the ability to install custom firewalls and
security software.

 Disadvantages of VPS

1. Limited Resources
While VPS hosting provides dedicated resources, there are still limits to the amount of CPU,
RAM, and storage you can allocate. Depending on your chosen VPS plan, you may encounter
resource limitations if your website experiences sudden spikes in traffic or requires additional

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resources beyond your allocated limits. However, most reputable hosting providers offer flexible
upgrade options to accommodate resource needs.

2. Technical Knowledge Required

VPS hosting requires a certain level of technical knowledge compared to shared hosting. As a
VPS user, you are responsible for managing and configuring your virtual server environment.
This includes tasks such as server setup, software installation, security configurations, and
regular maintenance. However, many hosting providers offer managed VPS hosting solutions,
which handle server management tasks on your behalf.

3. Dependency on Hosting Provider

When opting for VPS hosting, you are dependent on your hosting provider for server
maintenance and support. It is crucial to choose a reliable and reputable hosting provider that
offers 24/7 technical support, ensuring any server issues or downtime are promptly addressed.

4. Potential for Downtime

Although VPS hosting generally provides better uptime compared to shared hosting, there is still
a possibility of downtime. Factors such as hardware failures, software issues, or even human
errors can result in temporary server unavailability. However, reputable hosting providers often
have redundancy measures in place, such as backup servers or automatic fail-over systems, to
minimize the impact of downtime.

5. Shared Environment
While VPS hosting offers dedicated resources, it still operates within a shared physical server
environment. This means that the overall server performance can be influenced by the activities
of other VPS users on the same server. However, most hosting providers implement resource
isolation techniques to mitigate the impact of neighbouring servers on your VPS.

 WordPress Hosting

If you run a WordPress site, then you’ve probably come across WordPress hosting. You can
easily run your WordPress site on multiple types of hosting environments. But, you also have the
option of WordPress managed hosting, which is completely custom-tailored to the WordPress
platform.

If you have a pretty small site and you’re not getting much traffic, then you probably won’t
notice a difference in performance. But, if your traffic levels are increasing and your site only
continues to grow, then you could see a decent improvement in performance.

Even if you are sharing web server space, you’ll be sharing that space with other WordPress
sites, so the server will be uniquely configured to get the most out of it.

Beyond improved performance and server optimization, this type of web hosting is also
important for your overall security. By only running WordPress it’s much easier to protect
against attacks that specifically target the WordPress platform. Not only that you’ll have a team
of skilled experts behind you who are working to optimize your site, and the servers it runs on.

 Advantages of WordPress Hosting

Maintenance: Hosting your own site requires more work and maintenance than using a
managed hosting service. This includes installing updates, backups, security and performance
optimization.
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 Technical know-how: Hosting your own site requires a certain level of technical knowledge,
including knowledge of server administration and website management.
Scalability: Hosting your own site can be challenging when it comes to scaling up to handle
increased traffic.
Reliability: Hosting your own site means you are responsible for ensuring it is always up and
running, which can be a challenge if you experience server downtime or other technical issues.

 Disadvantages of WordPress Hosting

Maintenance: Hosting your own site requires more work and maintenance than using a
managed hosting service. This includes installing updates, backups, security and performance
optimization.

Technical know-how: Hosting your own site requires a certain level of technical knowledge,
including knowledge of server administration and website management.

Scalability: Hosting your own site can be challenging when it comes to scaling up to handle
increased traffic.

Reliability: Hosting your own site means you are responsible for ensuring it is always up and
running, which can be a challenge if you experience server downtime or other technical issues.

 Cloud Hosting

Cloud hosting is a relatively newer form of hosting. However, it’s risen quickly to become one
of the premier forms of hosting available today.

Instead of a single server, cloud-based server hosting uses a network of web servers to host your
website. When one server experiences an error, another will take over to keep your website
running.

The physical servers are partitioned into cloud clusters. This is beneficial because if one of the
servers becomes overloaded, then the traffic will be automatically routed to another cloud server
within the cluster.

With cloud hosting, you get an extremely reliable form of hosting. Plus, it’s very flexible and
can be scaled up or down in real-time, so you only pay for the server resources you’re currently
using.

 Advantages of Cloud Hosting

There are many advantages of using cloud hosting over shared, VPS, or Dedicated hosting.

1. Cost-Effective

One of the biggest reasons why businesses are switching to cloud hosting is because it is more
cost-effective than the technology that runs on-premise. With traditional hosting, companies
would have to spend money on disks or other storage devices and an IT team to look after these
devices. But, with cloud hosting, you simply need to pay the vendor from which you are buying

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the resources. This saves resources, money, and time for the company. We can all agree on how
important that is.

2. Easy to Implement

When hosting on the cloud, businesses get to hold on to the same business processes and
applications without dealing with the backend features. Since it is managed via the Internet,
cloud infrastructure is easily accessible for companies.

3. Scalability and Flexibility

A cloud server requires payment for only the used resources. A company does not always stay
the same; it has the possibility to expand and shrink. Cloud hosting is also easily scalable which
makes it easier for companies to add or remove resources according to their needs. The system
grows with the company without extra burden on the company.

4. Backup and Disaster Recovery

With every company, there is a risk of data and even financial loss. It is necessary that a
company have a disaster recovery program. With cloud hosting, disaster recovery is rarely
needed since data backups are automatic. This redundancy in data storage makes the possibility
of losing data highly unlikely.

5. Accessibility

With the Internet, it is so much easier to access data that is stored on web-based applications
from anywhere. Having information that is stored in the cloud makes it much easier for that data
to be accessed from anywhere and at any time regardless of the machine. This easy accessibility
is one of the biggest advantages of cloud hosting.

 Disadvantages of Cloud Hosting

1. Bandwidth Issue

Cloud hosting depends fully on the Internet. This means that a company needs to always have
the Internet that it can rely on and is consistent. The Internet also has to have a fast connection
and good bandwidth for the company to be able to take full benefit of the service. If you live in
an area that does not have access to a good Internet connection, cloud hosting might turn out to
be less fruitful for you.

2. Limited Control

The servers that host the cloud services are managed by the service providers. The providers are
also the ones who own these servers. This makes it difficult for companies using these services
to have the type of control that they want over their infrastructure.

3. Privacy

One of the biggest issues of Cloud hosting could be security issues that can arise if a person
without some kind of technical knowledge is trying to use the service. You need technical
assistance to benefit from the service. Another reason for security issues could arise from using a
service that requires companies to share resources.

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4. Vulnerable to Attacks

The biggest problem when using a web-based application or any kind of web-based service is
that the Internet is filled with people who are looking to profit off of someone else’s loss. It is
not unusual for a web-based service to get hacked or have a data breach.

 Other

 Colocation Web Hosting

Colocation web hosting is where you own and have full authority over your servers, but you use
a data centre for storage. The data canter’s role is to provide your servers with a secure
operational environment.

Colocation web hosting is different from cloud hosting because instead of renting hardware to
users, it allows the users to own it. It also varies from dedicated servers as the client is
responsible for the supply, management, and use of their servers.

The significant role of the colocation host is to provide an enabling environment. It ensures
security, power, cooling, and storage facilities. It also helps in disaster recovery and compliance.

Some of the benefits that come with using colocation web hosting include; expert support,
reduced cost, and ease of scalability. Most colocation hosts provide 24/7 services that allow full-
time access.

If you are running a medium and large traffic website and looking to save on the accompanying
costs, colocation web hosting is the ideal option for your site.

In this web hosting server, the hardware will be provided by the user and the user is responsible
for backup data, hardware failure, hardware replacement. Security, power, cooling, and internet
will be provided by the hosting company. It will be effective but it won’t be more efficient for
the user.

 Advantages of Colocation Web Hosting

Cost Savings over a Traditional Data Centre

Colocation allows large and small businesses to save on the initial infrastructure investment
while they realize the ongoing savings of splitting costs with the data center’s other
clients. Think of it as only paying for one slice instead of the whole pie while simultaneously
enjoying state-of-the-art services that many businesses could not afford on their
own. Depending on location and needs, the total cost of ownership (TCO) for even a small data
center can quickly bleed into the millions.

Extensive Connectivity

A carrier-neutral colocation space offers a broad range of connectivity options for their
customers. Where private or on-premise facilities suffer vendor lock-in, colocation customers
can take advantage of the sizeable costs to build out meet me rooms, cabling installments, and
established fiber networks. Instantly at your fingertips, businesses can engage multiple internet
service providers, network services, and cloud platforms to build a network that adjusts to their
growing needs. Thanks to cross-connections and layer three cloud on-ramps, workloads can

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achieve speed and functionality with the ability to dial bandwidth up and down to manage fees in
the cloud.

Increased Security

A colocation data center offers increased security over maintaining an in-house data center.
Colocation data centers add multi-layered protocols from physical security (protecting vital
servers, hard drives, cabling) to implementing lockable cages and cabinets, enhanced
surveillance and alarm systems, biometric access, 24×7 onsite staff to secure your technology
assets, and more.

Increased security also brings access to 24/7 support personnel onsite to help with everything
from facility maintenance to monitoring, troubleshooting, and preventing system failures,
breaches, outages, and more. All this happens while your IT team is freed up to focus on serving
the enterprise business.

Performance & Redundancy

Performance and redundancy go hand in hand. A colocation data center offers the low latency
edge computing performance of an in-house data center paired with enhanced redundancy
systems to ensure uptime.

Performance problems can have a huge impact on all real-time business operations. This is a
primary reason why businesses cite uptime reliability as the main concern. According to
Gartner, the average cost of network downtime is $300,000 per hour. By utilizing the model
colocation offers, you eliminate the risk of downtime costs by combining the best features of
both cloud and owned secure networks.

Scalability

As your infrastructure requirements grow, the colocation facility can scale alongside your
business with flexible rent options nearly limitless scalability is available. Specialized
colocation facilities offering high density and advanced connectivity options can scale your
space on demand. Carrier-neutral sites can connect your infrastructure to multiple third party
carriers, other data center sites, and all public cloud providers, enhancing your global expansion
opportunities right from your colocation foundation and doing so in a geographically dispersed
manner for connectivity improvement.

Hands-On Management

A significant benefit of a colocation data center, when compared to cloud computing, is that a
company can manage its servers, storage resources, and network elements. An organization can
have as much hands-on control as necessary when purchasing equipment and implementing a
security strategy. No waiting on an outside source for upgrades and expansion; you are in
control.

Expert Colocation Team

When it comes to managing IT assets, you are the one in charge, but an expert team is ready to
assist as needed. Whether it is the initial setup or an upgrade/ expansion, expert staff are on-hand
to ensure the process goes smoothly. In instances where you are unable to support your IT stack,
remote hands services are available 24x7x365.

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Cut Capital Expenses

Capital expenses, and the potential debt that comes with them, have a considerable impact on
any business’s sustainability. Cut your capital expenditures and transition to the opex model by
moving an on-prem infrastructure to a third-party colocation provider. Even if you already have
a small data centre or telecom room, the capital expenditure needed to upgrade or expand may
be indefensible against the low-cost shared leasing via colocation.

Geographic Distribution for Better Connectivity

With the customization and control customer enjoy with colocation, they can locate their
resources to support branch offices and remote workforce and geographically distribute
resources to support their edge customers.

 Disadvantages of Colocation Web Hosting

While the advantages of pursuing a colocation data centre solution are numerous, there are a few
disadvantages. Many of the disadvantages to colocation will depend on what IT infrastructure
you currently have and the partner colocation provider that you choose.

Initial Costs Are Higher

Colocation hosting includes some setup fees, equipment, and installation costs. For smaller
startups or companies with less than a rack of servers, these costs can outweigh the advantages
of using a data centre colocation facility.

Hardware Costs

Servers and other hardware components are essential to any IT infrastructure. In the case of
colocation, the costs of purchasing these components fall on you. While servers and other IT
equipment don’t come cheap, there are some upsides to purchasing yourself. For instance, the
equipment can be chosen based on specifications, price-point, etc., instead of being limited to
only what a cloud provider offers.

If you are looking at moving from an existing in-house data center or telecom room, you may
already have servers and other equipment to bring to the colocation data center, which should
result in money saved.

Potential For Less Control

Since you are not the owner of the data center, you have to follow certain rules and regulations
applied to a tenancy that may restrict access to certain periods of time and reduce
convenience. Performing equipment maintenance will require a trip to your data center location,
so it is important to understand your access to the facility and your racks, cages, or suites to
negotiate the access requirements your business needs. In many instances, tenants can utilize
smart hands services and the colocation facility experts in-house will perform maintenance and
operational tasks in times that transit to the data center is not ideal.

 What to Look for in a Web Host

Every web host isn’t created equal. The host you choose will have a dramatic impact on how
your site performs, its uptime, and your overall site management experience.

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Here are some of the factors you’ll want to look for when choosing a web host For starters,
you’ll want a host that actually offers the kind of hosting you need, and is within your budget.

 Bandwidth/Traffic – Your bandwidth is the amount of traffic you receive each month, along
with the number of pages each person views. You’ll typically want to select a web hosting
plan that can support your maximum bandwidth needs.
 Storage – Website files are generally pretty small, but if you’re storing a lot of user data,
videos, or other media, then you’ll need to make sure the provided storage is sufficient.
 Uptime – Most hosting providers will list their uptime as a percentage. It’s typical to have
99.9% uptime. But, some websites might require 100% uptime.
 Email accounts – Usually, your web hosting provider will allow you to create a domain
associated email address. Some hosts will provide this for free, while others will charge
you.
 FTP – FTP lets you upload files directly from your computer to your server. You might not
require this function, but some users will demand it.
 Support – It’s always good to know that a support team has your back. Look for a quality
support staff that goes the extra mile to ensure any issues are solved in a timely manner.

 Linux and Windows Hosting Platform

 What Is Linux Hosting?

Linux Hosting involves hosting websites or web applications on a server running the Linux
operating system. Linux is the most popular server operating system, with a market share of over
70%. It is an open-source OS, so you won’t need a license to install it on your servers. This is
one of the reasons why it is more popular than Windows.

The Linux server OS is usually used to run websites and apps that are built using languages like
PHP and Perl and databases such as PostgreSQL, MariaDB, and IBM Db2, to name just a few.
There are plenty of other language and database options to choose from if you install Linux on
your server.

Like the desktop version of Linux, the server version also has several distros (distributions) that
users can choose from. The popular Linux distros for servers include the following;

 AlmaLinux
 Ubuntu
 CentOS
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)
 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)
 Debian

 What Is Windows Hosting?

Windows Hosting refers to hosting a website or web application on a server running the server
version of the Windows operating system. Unlike Linux, Windows is not open source. It is a
server OS built and supported by Microsoft.

Choosing between these editions largely depends on the features you need and your budget for
hosting. The Data Center version has all the features Microsoft offers, and it is the ideal choice
for large organizations with relatively big data centers. Most notably, it offers the ability to
create virtual machines (VMs).
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  Advantages of Linux Over Windows

These are some of the benefits of choosing Linux as your server OS:

Cost

Linux is an open-source server operating system, and anyone can install it on their server for
free. This makes it the best alternative for small businesses and startups that may not be in a
position to pay the monthly fees for a server operating system.

Community Support

Since Linux is the most popular OS, it has way more community support than other server
operating systems. The large community support of Linux comes in handy when you face
challenges during the installation or management of your server. Most server OS-related
questions on platforms like Stack Overflow and Quora are usually about Linux hosting. It is also
easy to find free YouTube tutorials and courses for Linux Hosting.

Security

By design, Linux is a much more secure operating system than Windows. One of the design
choices that make Linux more secure is the way it handles user permissions. Linux doesn’t
process executable files without permission from the user. The server admin must input their
password before any application is installed on their server. Consequently, hackers must use
sophisticated social engineering techniques to trick the admin into installing malware on their
server.

Reliability

Over the years, Linux servers have been known for their reliability and stability. Linux servers
are less prone to random crushes and downtime when compared to Windows and other server
operating systems.

Scalability

Another benefit of using Linux hosting is that Linux Servers are highly scalable, allowing
developers to easily beef up the server's resources as their website or web application grows.

Compatibility

Linux is compatible with more software and technologies than Windows and other server
operating systems. Such technologies include control panels; scripting languages such as Perl
and PHP; and databases such as PostgreSQL, MariaDB, IBM Db2, and Oracle Database.

If you don’t want to face issues with software compatibility, Linux hosting should be your
choice.

 Advantages of Windows Over Linux

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 14

Ease of Use and Familiarity

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system, so most people are familiar with it. For
the everyday person who uses a Windows machine, installing Windows on their server could
make their life much easier. They can start doing things right away without having to go through
any learning process.

Linux servers are also mainly controlled using commands, whereas Windows servers have a
graphical user interface (GUI) that is much more intuitive and easier to use. If you don’t want to
go through the hassle of learning Linux commands, then go for Windows hosting.

Compatibility With Microsoft Technologies

If the website or app you intend to host relies on Microsoft technologies, such as ASP.NET,
MSSQL, and Visual Basic, Windows hosting is always the best choice. Some of these
technologies are not supported on Linux machines.

Windows servers also integrate with other Microsoft products like SharePoint and Exchange,
making it an ideal choice for organizations that use these tools.

Comprehensive Support

When you subscribe to any of the Windows Server OS plans, you are entitled to customer
support from Microsoft. Instead of going to forums or watching tutorials, you simply have to
contact Microsoft’s support team, which usually offers timely and more reliable solutions than
forums. Microsoft also rolls out regular updates for the Windows Server.

Gaming

If you intend to run games on your server, choosing Windows hosting should be a no-brainer.
Thanks to NVIDIA Virtual Machine Image (VMI), users can quickly access a virtual gaming
machine running Windows Server OS. Other server operating systems barely have gaming
support.

 What is the difference between Linux and Windows Hosting?

All websites need an operating system (OS) to run. Today websites run either on a Linux based server or a
Windows based server. As Linux is reputed for strong security and better web server performance, it is the
most widely used operating system for web servers. For static HTML based websites, the web hosting
platform doesn’t mean much. However, it makes a difference only when the website is using a dynamic
scripting technology like PHP / PERL, which are Linux based technologies or ASP, which is a Microsoft
based technology.

Moreover, Linux hosting has many more features as compared to windows hosting so unless your website
needs Windows applications specifically, Linux should be the chosen one.

WINDOWS LINUX
Applications Requiring Windows Server: Applications Requiring Linux Server:

Windows server is needed by following applications:  SSH

 PHP/Perl
 ASP Classic  CGI
 ASP.NET  Front page extensions

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 15

  MS Access (Microsoft Access)  Apache modules requiring applications or
 MSSQL (Microsoft SQL Server) scripts.
 C#
 Visual Basic Development
 Remote Desktop (dedicated server only)

Additional Windows applications like MS Exchange and

MS SharePoint are supported by Windows Dedicated
Servers but you need to buy a license and install it on
your server.

Security: Generally, Windows servers are

Security: Generally, Linux servers are considered to be
considered as more vulnerable than the Linux
more secure. But in reality, it depends more on the setup
servers but in reality, it depends more on the setup
and hosting system administration rather than OS.
and hosting system administration rather than OS.
Server Access: FTP access (a method of transferring
Sever Access: FTP access to files is offered by both
files from hard drive to web server) to files is offered by
Linux and Windows. But telnet or SSH access is
both Linux and Windows. However, telnet access is
generally offered by Linux only.
offered by very few hosting administrators.
File Names: In Windows, these are not case sensitive.
File Names: In Linux, these are case sensitive. Ex:
Ex: one.html, One.html and ONE.HTML are all same in
one.html and One.html are different names in Linux.
Windows.
Control Panel: cPanel or WHM (web Host
Control Panel: On Windows shared and dedicated
Manager) is used on Linux shared, reseller, VPS and
servers, Plesk control panel is used.
Dedicated servers.

 Control panels

Windows hosting and Linux hosting use different control panels.

 cPanel is available on Linux-based hosting plans, such as Linux Shared, Reseller, VPS, and
Linux Dedicated Servers. This control panel is widely considered to be an industry standard.

 WHM (Web Host Manager) is available on Reseller, VPS, and Dedicated Hosting.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 16

  Plesk is available on Windows Hosting and Dedicated Hosting.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 17

  File names

Another difference between Linux and Windows servers is that Linux files are case sensitive
while Windows files are not.

For example:

 On a Linux server, home.html and Home.html are different names.

 On a Windows server, home.html, Home.html, and HOME.HTML are all the same names.

 Server security

Although many people consider Linux more secure than Windows, both operating systems are
equally secure. Security depends more upon the server setup and the administrators running the
server. All of HostGator's managed servers are maintained with the latest security and
performance patches and configured for optimal security.

 Domain Name and Types

Every computer on the Internet has an address which is unique in nature. It is a string of numbers
and is referred to as IP address. To communicate with each other, computers identify another
computer via its IP address. It is represented in either dotted decimal notation or in binary decimal
notation. Example: The address 172.16.122.204 when represented like these in dotted-decimal
notation and it can be converted into binary notation. After conversion, it becomes 10101100
00010000 01111010 11001100.

But it is difficult for humans to remember this IP address. Thus, to find the location on the
Internet easily, DNS was invented. DNS stands for Domain Name Server. It implements a
distributed database which translates IP address into a unique alphanumeric address which is
referred to as Domain Names. Basically, a domain name is the sequence of letters and or
numbers separated by one or more period (“.”). It is just like a pointer to a unique IP address on
the computer network. As an analogy one can consider Domain name as address and DNS as
address book of the Internet.

Example-1:
Lets us consider an example for domain name;

www.google.com, www.yahoo.com

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In this “yahoo.com” is called domain name.
“www.” tells the browser to look for World Wide Web Interface for that domain.

As from the above example, it is clear that domain names are easy to remember than an IP
address.

Example-2:
Assume that the IP address of www.yahoo.com is 69.147.76.15. It is easy to remember
www.yahoo.com as compared to IP address 69.147.76.15.

Thus, we can say like these; domain name refers to the string of letters associated with an IP
address and DNS is a mechanism used to convert an IP address to the domain name.

 Types of Domain Names

DNS has organized all the domain names in a hierarchical structure. At the top of this hierarchy
come various Top-level domains followed by second and third-level domains and sub-domains.
All these types of domain names are listed as follows –

Top Level Domains (TLD) :

The Top Level Domains are at the highest level in DNS structure of the Internet. It is sometimes
also referred to as an extension. It is further categorized into- country code TLDs and generic
TLDs which Country is described as follows –

 Country code Top Level Domain (ccDLDs) :

It consists of two-letter domains that include one entry for every country. Example – .in for India,
.au for Australia, .us for United Nations, .jp for Japan etc. To target the local audience it is used
by companies and organizations . Only the residents of the country are allowed to is their
specified ccTLD but now some countries allowed the users outside their country to register their
corresponding ccTLDs.
 Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) :
These are open for registration to all the users regardless of their citizenship, residence or age.
Some of the gTLD s are .com for commercial sites, .net for network companies, .biz for business,
.org for organizations, .edu for education.

There are various other levels which are below TLDs –

 Second Level :
It is just below the TLD in the DNS hierarchy. It is also named as the label. Example: in
.co.in, .co is the second-level domain under the .in in ccTLD.
 Third Level :
It is directly below the second level. Example: in yahoo.co.in, .yahoo is the third level
domain under the second level domain .co which is under the .in ccTLD.
 Sub-domain :
It is the part of a higher domain name in DNS hierarchy. Example: yahoo.com comprises
a subdomain of the .com domain, and login.yahoo.com comprises a subdomain of the
domain .yahoo.com.

 Advantages of Domain Name

 User not need to remember the IP address.

 More reliable and secure.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 19

  Disadvantages of Domain Name

 IP address changes due to several reasons, due to this IP address of the computer get changed but
DNS may have cached previous IP which will lead to give us wrong information.

 How To Register a Domain

For the good website name, it should be matched with the niche, information, and services which
is going to provide by the website. In this article, we are going to see how we can buy the best
domain name for our website and what are procedures we should keep in mind during the
domain purchase.

Domain Names: Every website on the Internet has its IP (Internet Protocol) address and this IP
address points to the particular website through which we can reach that website but this IP
address is hard to remember the IP address for the websites which we want to reach because the
IP address will look something like that – 236.56.23.156

That’s why remembering all these numbers is a little bit challenging and hence exploring the
website, to solve all these challenges the system called DNS (Domain Name System) came into
existence which converts the IP address into Domain name and vice versa. which makes it easy
to remember the name that is pointing to the particular IP address of any website these names are
called the Domain name.

For example “www.geeksforgeeks.org” is the domain name which it pointing to the particular IP
address. When we type the domain name to our browser URL bar then the DNS converts this
domain name to the IP address and we become able to explore that particular website.

Types of Domain: According to the structure of the domain, the domains are of two types the
first one is Second-Level Domains (SLDs) and the second one is Top-Level Domains (TLDs).

1. Second-Level Domains (SLDs): Second-Level Domains are the starting of the website name
and it comes left of the extension of the domain name for Example- geeksforgeeks.org here
“geeksforgeeks” is the SLD. It can contain the alphabets, numbers, and special characters as you
want the name for your website. but it should be short and easy to remember.

2. Top-Level Domain (TLDs): These are the domain extensions that always come after the
SLDs. These are letters that come after the dot (.) there are many TLDs available but let’s some
of the popular TLDs on the internet.

 .com: It is the short form of the “commercial” word and this was the first TLD and most
popular for the business and commercial websites.
 .net: It is the short form of the “network” word and this TLD is for the technology-
related website but now it is commonly used for many websites.
 .edu: It is the short form of the “education” word and this TLD is used for Educational
websites.
 .org: It is the short form of the “organization” word and this TLD is for the
organizational websites.
 .gov: It is the short form of the “government” word and this TLD is used for the
government websites.
 .mil: It is the short form of the “military” word and this TLD is strictly used for the U.S
military and government agencies.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 20

There are also many TLDs available but these are the most common ones and also there are
country-specific TLDs available such as .in for India, .pk for Pakistan, etc.

How to choose the Perfect Domain Name: Choosing the perfect domain name is one of the
challenging tasks for any online business and building an online brand. Now a day it’s hard to
get the easy-to-remember domain name but if you are a little bit imaginary and try then you will
surely get a good domain name for your online presence.

Let’s see what are things we should keep in mind during the purchase of any domain name:

1. Choose the brandable Name: Choose the right domain name which will sound real and not
the generic one. so that the people feel that it is the trusted and brand website, you should also
keep in mind that the domain name should be easy to remember for the visitors. For example –
geeksforgeeks.org is easy to remember and also its name points to some technical words related
to the programming world.

2. Choose the right domain name extension: Nowadays .com extension is one of the most
popular domain extensions or TLD and most trusted by visitors. If you don’t have any other
purpose for your website then .com extension is best for the domain name. The domain name
extensions don’t affect the ranking of your website on Google, it is claimed by Google itself.

If you are going for other domain extensions then always make sure that on which category your
website belongs to then choose the perfect extension for the website.

3. Make sure that the domain name is short and easy to remember: Always choose the short
and easy-to-remember domain name so that the visitors will find it easy to explore the particular
website with its domain name. Use the word which denotes the niche of your website in the
domain name and hence also helps you in the SEO factor to rank your website in the search
engine.

If the domain name of your website is short and related to the niche of your website then it
becomes easy to remember for the visitors to remember the website domain name.

Avoid the numbers and hyphens in the domain name as it makes the domain name hard to
remember and a little bit confusing for the visitors and hence you will lose the traffic.

4. Use the Domain Name Generator: Sometimes it becomes hard to think of a good domain
name related to your niche and it becomes too hard when you are not too creative then the
Domain name generator is one of the good options to choose the best domain name for your blog
or online business. This tool will provide the ideas about the domain name and then choose the
domain name which you like and then check for the availability of the domain name in the
domain availability checker.

How you can buy the Domain Name?

Here we have supposed that you have decided on your domain name by researching every idea
about the domain name and now you are ready to purchase the domain name. let’s see what are
procedures we should follow while purchasing the domain name step by step –

Step 1: Choose any of the Domain registrar companies which you like. For example: GoDaddy,
Hostinger, and many more companies provide the domain. what you have to do is that first, you

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 21

have to create the account on any of these companies and then you are ready for the further
process.

Step 2: Every domain registrar company has the domain availability checker tool, check whether
the domain is available or not which you want to buy. if the domain name is available then you
are lucky to go for the further process or you should try for any other domain name.

Step 3: After selecting the domain name you should have to move to the next process, you
should have to enter the contact information and the details regarding the time period of the
domain over which you want to buy.

Step 4: The last and final process is that you should have to pay for your domain name on the
payment page of that particular company on which you are buying the domain name and finally
after the successful payment the domain is yours.

This is how you can buy any of the available domains from any of the registrar companies easily
and start your journey online.

 Name Server
Nameservers are an essential component of a massive database called the Domain Name System
(DNS). They work as a directory that translates human-readable words (domain names) into
computer-readable numbers (IP addresses).

“ Think of it as the contact list on your phone. Instead of memorizing phone numbers, you assign
a name to a number. Nameservers work the same way where it assigns an IP address to a
domain name, so you only have to remember the domain name instead of the IP address.”

When you type a domain name in the address bar of your web browser, the domain name hits the
nameserver, which translates it into an IP address so your browser can locate it. Once the
browser finds the domain name in the nameserver, your browser uses the IP address to connect
to the server and display the site. The process occurs within a matter of seconds and is
unnoticeable.

Without nameservers, you need to type a lengthy IP address into the address bar to visit a
website.

Domain Name System (DNS) records and nameservers work together but are two different
things. DNS holds the information about which IP addresses match which domains, while
nameservers store and organize each DNS record.

When you enter any website’s address into the URL address bar, your browser uses DNS to
obtain the nameservers for the domain.

 Control Panel
The Control Panel is an integral component of Windows that allows us to access and change all
Windows settings in one place. We all have used the Control Panel once to change the date and
time settings or to create backups. We all have a basic understanding of the Control Panel, but
that's not enough. It's essential to have ample knowledge about it to use the Control Panel best.
This is the reason we have drafted this informative guide on Windows's Control Panel program.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 22

We have thoroughly discussed the main question - What Is Control Panel and the steps to access
it on different versions of Windows. Let's move ahead and learn more about the Control Panel.

 Control Panel and Its Uses

The Control Panel is a graphical user interface (GUI) that shows all the windows settings in one
place. It enables us to easily access and modify all Windows settings under one roof. The
Control Panel is a centralized configuration area in Windows that lets us access the different
component settings. It comes with all Windows versions, including the latest and prior versions,
like Windows 1.0, XP, etc.

In other words, the Control Panel is a collection of different Windows settings, also known
as Applets. Those applets can also be understood as Sections. The Control Panel is divided into
multiple applets that help users find the component settings they are looking for with less effort.
These applets enable us to perform various actions, such as adding or removing user accounts,
installing or uninstalling programs and features, changing accessibility options, and more.

The new Windows 11's Control Panel is divided into eight different sections. Each applet
navigates us to different component settings. For instance, the Programs applet only lets us
uninstall third-party programs and system features. Similarly, the Network and Internet section
allows us to change the adapter and other network settings.

The Windows 11 Control Panel has all these sections:

1. System & Security - Mostly used for creating new backups and restoring old backups.
2. User Accounts - For adding or removing user accounts, etc.
3. Network & Internet - For managing network and internet settings and troubleshooting
problems.
4. Appearance & Personalization - For changing system fonts, icon sizes, and navigation
properties.
5. Hardware & Sound - To add new devices and access connected devices.
6. Clock & Region - For changing time, date, or number settings.
7. Ease of Access - For enabling speech recognition features.
8. Programs - To uninstall third-party programs and Windows features.

One of the primary uses of the Control Panel is to make changes to the system settings with ease.
Many Windows users use the Control Panel to create and restore backups, customize the
desktop, view devices and printers, and add or remove devices. A set of Windows users also use
it for troubleshooting Windows problems. However, the use case can vary from user to user.

 Create Email Accounts in cPanel

You can create and manage email accounts of your domain through this interface. You can Create
email address, configure your mail client, change your passwords and access your webmail
directly.

 Create an Email Address

To create an email address for your domain, follow these steps −

Step 1 − Click on Email Accounts link found in your Emails section of the cPanel Home.
Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 23
Step 2 − In Email Accounts, you will find Add Email Account on the Top.

Step 3 − Add Email name you want to create as it will be the text that comes before @.

Step 4 − Choose a strong password and supply Mailbox Quota. It defines how much disk space
this account can use. You can provide specific amount of space in MB or you can provide an
unlimited quota for this.

Step 5 − Click on Create Account to create an Email address associated with your domain.

 Manage Email Accounts

You can manage your email accounts through this interface, you can change your passwords,
change quota amount or delete the email account.

To manage your email accounts, scroll down to see the list of Email accounts that exist with your
domain.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 24

Change Passwords

To change your email accounts password, click Change Password link corresponding to your
email address.

Enter New Passwords, and save changes by pressing Change Password button.

Change Quota

To change your email quota, click on link Change Quota corresponding to your email address that
you want to manage.

Enter limited quota in Megabytes or select unlimited option. Press Change Quota Button so save
the changes.

Configure Mail Client

To send and receive emails with your domain from any desktop or mobile email client, e.g.
Windows Live Mail, Outlook or iOS of iPhone etc. cPanel provides you preconfigured setting for
these applications. You just need to download the settings and run it, then it will automatically
configure the email client. You may need to enter your email account password. You can also
manually configure the email clients for sending and receiving emails for your email client.

To download Auto Configuration Scripts or See the manual settings, click on Configure Mail
Client link corresponding to your email account.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 25

Once the interface is opened, you will see Auto Configuration Scripts.

You can download Auto Configuration Scripts for Configure mail client interface. Just download
the appropriate settings and run it.

Or if you want to configure your mail client manually, you can scroll down to see the Manual
Settings.

Note − There are four types of settings – IMAP and POP3, both over SSL/TLS and Non-SSL too.
Using SSL sends your messages with encryption providing extra layer of security, but Non SSL
does not. It is recommended that you use settings with SSL. From IMAP or POP3, you can choose
anyone you want. Both will work perfectly.

Delete an Email Account

To delete an email account, just click on Delete link corresponding to your email account.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 26

It will ask for confirmation. Press the Delete Button to remove your email account.

 Published Website using FTP

What is FTP?
FTP is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests, it is used to transfer files and folders
between your local machine (desktop) and your hosting account. We have provided guides to
demonstrate how to connect to your website using FTP.

File Manager: File Manager is built into your Domain dashboard and is helpful for uploading
small groups of files. You can also use File Manager to organize and manage your website files.

Windows Explorer: Windows Explorer is used to view, open, copy, move, and manage your
files on your Windows PC. When connecting via FTP, Windows Explorer can do the same thing
with your website files.

FTP Client: FTP clients are the preferred method when using FTP to transfer files. An FTP
Client is an application that specializes in optimizing your FTP connection. FTP clients need to
be downloaded and installed before use.

Offline Website Builder: Many website builders are stored online inside of your hosting
account. However, many popular offline builders exist, which are stored on your personal
computer instead. When it is time to publish your website online, these offline builders
temporarily connect to your account via FTP to upload a published copy of your website. While
some offline website builders may need to be manually uploaded through an FTP Client, some
have the capability of connecting via FTP directly.

 Error When Uploading Files

Files uploaded through FTP are scanned for malware. Potentially harmful files are blocked and
not allowed on hosting servers. When uploading multiple files at once, only those marked for
malware are blocked.

If you receive an error while uploading files, we recommend the following:

1. Check folder permissions to make sure the folder allows for file uploads.
2. Check to confirm that your FTP settings are correct.
3. Wait a few minutes, then try to upload the file(s) again.
4. Attempt to upload the file(s) using File Manager.
5. Contact us to see if the file(s) are being flagged for malware.

 FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, a method of transferring files over the Internet. To
upload files via FTP, you will need a special program called an FTP client.

Of course, you are free to use a different FTP client if you choose. To connect to an FTP server,
you need the following information:
Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 27
  FTP server address. The FTP address should be ftp://your-domain-name.com, where
your-domain-name.com is your site’s Internet address.
 FTP username. It is identical to your system username. Note that the system username
may differ from the username that you use for logging in to Plesk. To find what your
system user name is, go to Websites & Domains and click Web Hosting Access. You
will find it under Username. You can change your system username if you want.
 FTP password. It is identical to your system user password. If you do not know what
your system user password is, go to Websites & Domains and click Web Hosting
Access. You can reset the password under Password.

 To publish a website using FTP:

1. Connect to your subscription on the server with an FTP client program, using your FTP
account username and password.

Enable the passive mode if you are behind a firewall. Refer to your FTP client
documentation to learn how to enter passive mode.

2. Upload the files and directories of your site to the httpdocs directory. If you use CGI
scripts, place them in the cgi-bin directory.
3. Close your FTP session.

You can also set up additional FTP accounts if you need to collaborate on website content with
other users.

 To Maintain Website

Website maintenance is the process of keeping a website up-to-date and running smoothly as well
as performing optimally. Website maintenance includes tasks like ensuring all the links on your
site are working, regularly updating content, and fixing any broken links. It also involves more
general housekeeping tasks like backing up your site regularly and monitoring your site's
performance.

There are a few different types of website maintenance that you should be aware of:

1. Security updates

Security patches are released by web development companies to address vulnerabilities in their
software. Patches are essential in keeping your site safe from hackers, so installing them as soon
as they're available is important.

2. Plugin and theme updates

Plugins and themes help to extend the functionality of your website. But like any software, they
need to be kept up-to-date to ensure compatibility with the latest web browsers and security
patches.

3. Content updates

Your website's content should be kept up-to-date to ensure that it is relevant and accurate. This
includes adding new blog posts, updating product descriptions, and removing outdated content.
Outdated content can make your site look unprofessional and can turn away potential customers.
Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 28
4. Backup and disaster recovery

Having a recent backup of your website is important in case something goes wrong. Disaster
recovery planning helps ensure that you can quickly get your website back up and running in the
event of a major problem. A backup helps to prevent data loss and ensures that you can restore
your site if it's ever hacked or corrupted.

5. Performance monitoring and optimization

Monitoring your website's performance can help you identify potential problems and take steps to
keep your site running smoothly. Optimizing your website's performance can help improve your
site's speed and responsiveness. It entails the tasks of improving web page loading times,
optimizing image sizes, and minifying code.

6. Security scanning

Security scanning is important in web maintenance to ensure that the site is secure from any
potential threats. Regularly scanning the website can identify and fix security vulnerabilities
before they cause any damage. This helps to protect both the website and its users from potential
harm.

Scanning the website also helps to improve the user experience. By identifying and fixing potential
security vulnerabilities, users can be assured that their personal information is safe when using the
website.

7. User management

If your website has users, you'll need to manage their accounts. This includes creating and deleting
user accounts, resetting passwords, and managing permissions. User management also includes
cleaning out the users' list by removing bots and spam accounts.

8. Accessibility testing

Testing your website's accessibility is important to ensure that everyone can use your site. This
includes people with disabilities, people using mobile devices, and people with slow internet
connections.

9. Uptime monitoring

Uptime monitoring helps ensure that your website is available when people try to access it. The
goal is to keep your website's uptime as close to 100% as possible. Once your site goes down,
you'll want to know about it so you can take steps to get it back up and running.

10. SEO monitoring

Monitoring your website's SEO is important to ensure that it is visible in search engines. This
includes tracking your site's ranking, backlinks, and website traffic. SEO monitoring can help you
identify potential problems and take steps to fix them. It can also help you track your progress
over time and measure your success.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 29

11. Support and maintenance plans

The best way to ensure that your website is always up-to-date is to sign up for a support and
maintenance plan. This type of plan usually includes all of the above services, as well as other
important services such as web hosting, SSL certification, and email support

 How often should you do website maintenance

How often you need to do website maintenance depends on your website's size and complexity
and how often it is updated. In general, it is a good idea to do website maintenance at least once a
month, but more frequently if possible. This will help to ensure that your website is always up-to-
date and running smoothly.

 Some of the tasks, such as uptime monitoring and security scanning, can be automated so
that they are done on a regular basis. However, other tasks, such as website updates and
performance monitoring, will need to be done manually.
 Security, plugins, and theme updates can be set to auto updates on the content management
system. If not, then webmasters should schedule these updates to keep the site secure.
Regularly changing website content keeps it relevant, useful, and persuasive to users. The
webmaster should ensure that all website content is updated on a regular basis, at least
monthly.
 Creating and maintaining user accounts can be a time-consuming task, especially if your
website has a large number of users. It is often best to hire a professional to handle this
task for you. However, if you choose to do it yourself, make sure that you have a system
for managing passwords and permissions.
 Testing your website's accessibility is important to ensure that everyone can use it. This
includes people with disabilities, people using mobile devices, and people with slow
internet connections. There are a number of free and paid tools that you can use to test your
website's accessibility.
 You should monitor your website's uptime on a regular basis to ensure that it is available
when people try to access it. There are a number of free and paid tools that you can use for
this purpose.
 It is important to monitor your website's SEO in order to ensure that it is visible in search
engines. This includes tracking your website's ranking, backlinks, and traffic. There are a
number of free and paid tools that you can use for this purpose.
 While it is possible to do website maintenance on your own, it is often best to hire a
professional to do it for you. This is because web maintenance can be time-consuming and
technical, and it is easy to make mistakes that could end up costing you money in the long
run.

 Why is Website maintenance necessary

 Website maintenance is important for a number of reasons, the most obvious being that it
keeps your website functioning properly. However, there are other reasons to maintain
your website on a regular basis, such as keeping your site looking fresh and updated,
ensuring that visitors have a good experience when they visit and improving your SEO
ranking.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 30

  Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
SEO means Search Engine Optimization and is the process used to optimize a website's technical
configuration, content relevance and link popularity so its pages can become easily findable, more
relevant and popular towards user search queries, and as a consequence, search engines rank them
better.

In simple terms, SEO means the process of improving your website to increase its visibility in
Google, Microsoft Bing, and other search engines whenever people search for:

 Products you sell.

 Services you provide.
 Information on topics in which you have deep expertise and/or experience.

The better visibility your pages have in search results, the more likely you are to be found and
clicked on. Ultimately, the goal of search engine optimization is to help attract website visitors
who will become customers, clients or an audience that keeps coming back.

The higher your pages appear in search results, the greater the chance they are discovered and
clicked on. The objective of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is to attract website visitors who
can turn into customers, clients, or a loyal audience that consistently returns.

1) Introduction to Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

1.1) Basics of SEO

Some of the basic components of the SEO are as follows:

1. Keyword Research: Identify the most relevant keywords for your target audience. Use
tools like Google Keyword Planner, SEMrush, or Ahrefs to find keywords with a good
balance of search volume and competition.

2. On-Page SEO: Optimize your content and HTML source code for search engines.
Include target keywords in the title tag, meta description, headers, and throughout the
content. Ensure your website has a clear and organized structure with easy navigation.

3. Quality Content: Create high quality, and relevant content for your audience. Regularly
update your content to keep it fresh and relevant. Use a variety of content types, such as
text, images, videos, and infographics.

4. Off-Page SEO: Build high quality backlinks from reputable websites to increase your
site’s authority. Engage in social media to increase your online presence and promote
your content. Encourage social sharing and participation.

5. Technical SEO: Ensure your website is technically perfect and easily crawlable by
search engines. Optimize page speed for better user experience and search engine
ranking. Implement a mobile-friendly design as it is a crucial ranking factor.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 31

 6. User Experience (UX): Provide a smooth user experience on your website. Improve site
navigation and structure to make it easy for users to find information. Reduce bounce
rates by offering engaging and relevant content.

7. Analytics: Use tools like Google Analytics to monitor your website’s performance.
Keeping track on important indicators such as organic traffic, conversion rates, and
keyword rankings. Analyze data to make the most appropriate decisions.

1.2) How Does SEO Work?

SEO works by optimizing various elements of a website to make it more accessible to search
engines, ultimately improving its visibility and ranking in search engine results pages (SERPs).
The goal is to increase organic traffic to the website.

1. Search Engine Crawling: Search engines, like Google, use automated bots (spiders or
crawlers) to navigate the web. These bots follow links from one page to another,
discovering and indexing content on websites.

2. Indexing: Once a page is crawled, its content is analyzed and stored in the search
engine’s index. The index is like a massive library catalog that the search engine refers to
when users enter a search query.

3. Ranking Algorithms: Search engines use complex algorithms to determine the

relevance and authority of indexed pages for specific search queries. Algorithms consider
numerous factors, including keyword relevance, content quality, user experience,
backlink profile, and more.

4. Keyword Relevance: Search engines assess how well a page’s content aligns with user
search queries. Keyword optimization involves strategically using relevant terms in titles,
headers, meta tags, and throughout the content.

5. Content Quality: The quality of content is crucial. Search engines aim to deliver
valuable, informative, and engaging content to users. Content that satisfies user intent
and provides a comprehensive answer to a query is more likely to rank higher.

6. Backlinks: Backlinks, or inbound links, are links from other websites to your site. They
are a signal of trust and authority. High-quality, relevant backlinks can positively impact
a site’s ranking.

2) Search Engine in Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

Search engine is a program that searches for the most identical information or a webpage that
matches the user search. SEO revolves around the concept of optimizing the website in order to
be found in Search Engine Result page

2.1) What are Search Engines and How do they Work?

A search engine is a software program that provides information according to the user query. It
finds various websites or web pages that are available on the internet and gives related results
according to the search. Search engines are generally work on three parts that are crawling,
indexing, and ranking.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 32

2.1.1) Working :

 Crawling: Programmes known as spiders, bots, or crawlers are used by search engines to
explore the internet. They could perform this every few days, so till they crawl your
website once more, stuff might be outdated.

 Indexing: Using “keywords,” the search engine will attempt to comprehend and classify
the material on a webpage. By adhering to SEO best practices, you may improve your
content’s understanding by the search engine and be ranked for relevant search queries.

 Ranking: Many factors are taken into account while ranking search results. These might
include link building, speed, and keyword density. Giving the user the best relevant result
is the search engine’s goal.

The majority of search engines offer advice on how to raise your page rating, but the precise
algorithms are closely guarded and often updated to prevent abuse.

2.2) Search Engine Result Page (SERPS)

A Search Engine Result Page (SERP) refers to the page where the user lands on entering a
query. Every Search Engine (be it Google, Bing, Yahoo) have its own SERP.

3) Types of Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

There are multiple type of Search Engine Optimizations (SEOs), but here are some of the major
types of SEO:

1. On-Page SEO: On-Page SEO is also called on-site is the practise of optimizing elements
on the websites, such as HTML Code, title tags and optimizing user intent.

2. Off-Page SEO: Off-Page SEO refers to the practise of building backlinks and managing
social media presence.

3. Technical SEO: Technical SEO refers to website and server optimization that helps the
crawler in crawling, indexing and ranking operations to rank your website better.

4. Local SEO: The goal of local SEO, or local search engine optimization, is to increase a
website’s exposure in local search results. It is a particular branch of SEO that
concentrates on making a website or online presence more search engine friendly for
local search queries.

5. Mobile SEO: Mobile SEO refers to the practise of optimizing the website for mobile
devices such as Mobile phone and Tablets. The main aim is to ensure that the website is
fully functional and organised on mobile devices

6. Voice SEO: Voice SEO refers to practise of optimizing the website to appear in voice
search results, this is important as people usually don’t speak things the way they write
them.

7. Image SEO: Image SEO refers to the practise of optimizing the images to appear in
image search results. The main aim is to get our images crawled and ranked high in
search results.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 33

 8. Ecommerce SEO: The technique of increasing an online store’s exposure and organic
ranks in search engines like Google and Bing is known as e-commerce SEO.

9. International SEO: The practice of optimising your website for search engines to
quickly figure out which countries and which languages you use for business is known as
international search engine optimisation, or international SEO.

10. Enterprise SEO: The process of raising a major company’s search engine ranks is
known as enterprise SEO. Scaling content, constant technical SEO management, and
automation are common enterprise-level SEO strategies.

4) Types of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Techniques

4.1) Black-Hat SEO

Black hat SEO refers to the untrustworthy strategies utilized by certain website admins to get
higher search engine ranking. Black hat SEO techniques are typically geared towards search bots
first, rather than human readers.

SEO tactics used by Black Hat SEO :

 Content Automation

 Doorway Pages

 Hidden Text or Links

 Keyword Stuffing

 Reporting a Competitor (or Negative SEO)

 Sneaky Redirects

 Cloaking

4.2) White-Hat SEO

White Hat SEO is an ethical approach to optimizing your website for search engines. By
following established guidelines and best practices, it aims to improve your site’s search engine
rankings while providing a positive user experience.

SEO tactics used by White Hat SEO :

 Quality Content

 Right Keyword Targeting

 Good Title and Meta Tags

 Mobile-Friendly

 Link Building

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 34

  Differences between Black Hat SEO and White Hat SEO

S.
Black Hat SEO White Hat SEO
No.
White Hat SEO refers to the use of optimization
Black Hat SEO refers to the use of
SEO tactics and strategies that focus more on
aggressive SEO tactics and strategies
1. human audience as opposed to search engine and
that focus only on search engine not on
completely follow search engines rules and
human audience.
policies.
It is used by those who are looking for It improves your search performance on search
2. quick financial returns on their engine result page(SERP) along maintaining the
website. integrity of the website.
It contains stuff and spam keywords
into the on-page contents to fool the It contains proper research, craft titles, Meta tags
3.
search engine spiders and improve according to webpage, industry, relevance
ranking.
4. It consists of irrelevant back links. It gets the link because of quality content.
5. It exchanges the links for the ranking. It consists of natural links.
6. It is also known as Unethical SEO. It is also known as Ethical SEO.
It is used for short-term goals and
7. It is used for long-term goals and benefits.
benefits.
This type of optimization is not This type of optimization is approved by search
8.
approved by search engines. engines.
Black Hat SEO does not follow White Hat SEO provides a better experience to
9.
Google’s guidelines. users by following Google’s guidelines.
Techniques used-
Techniques used-
 Research
 Keyword stuffing
 Analysis
 Doorway and cloaked pages
 Re- writing of meta tags to be more
appropriate
 Creating blog comment spam
10.
 Improvement of content
 Hidden texts
 Redesign web
 Hidden links
 Having Fast Page Loading Times
 Participation in Link Schemes
 Prioritizing Mobile-Friendliness

11. It doesn’t fulfill the search intent. It satisfies the aim of the search.
Manipulation takes the place of the
12. It can achieve a high ranking via Organic means.
algorithm to get better results.
13. It degrades the user experience. It’s beneficial to the user experience.
It is not concerned in producing high-
14. It is dedicated to producing high-quality content.
quality content

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 35

S.
Black Hat SEO White Hat SEO
No.
It reduces the trustworthiness of
15. It improves the credibility of a website.
websites.
16. It reduces the authority of a website. It increases the authority of a website.
Black Hat SEO is disapproved by the
17. White Hat SEO is approved by the search engine.
search engines.
Black Hat SEO contains Duplicate
18. White Hat SEO contains relevant content.
Content.
19. There is high risk in Black Hat SEO. There is low or zero risk in White Hat SEO.
Black Hat SEO also contains irrelevant
20. White Hat SEO also contains relevant backlinks.
backlinks.

5) Keyword Research in Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

5.1) What is Keyword in SEO

Keywords play a very important role in SEO, Keywords are basically those words or phrases
that summarize or describe the content of your webpage. They are the words or Phrases that a
person enters into the search engine to find the content.

5.2) Type of Keyword

There are majorly two type of Keywords:

 Long- Tail Keyword: Long-tail keywords are specific and longer search phrases that
users enter into search engines when looking for particular information, products, or
services. These keywords are typically more detailed and niche-focused compared to
shorter, more general keywords.

 Low-competition keywords: Low competition Keywords refers to keyword to which

less no of business and websites are trying to rank in Search Engine

 Seed Keywords: A seed keyword is a short-tail keyword, usually with one or two words.

 LSI keywords: These are words and phrases that are related to your main keyword.
They can help search engines understand your content better and improve your rankings.
For example, some LSI keywords for the keyword “shoes” might be “sneakers,” “boots,”
and “athletic shoes.”

5.3) Type of Searches

5.3.1) Organic Searches

Organic Searches refers to unpaid listing in Search engine result page (SERP). These results are
based on multiple factors such as keyword relevance, domain authority, page authority,
backlinks.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 36

How Do You Discover Organic Keywords?

You can discover organic keywords in a few different methods. Here are a few tips:

 Use Google Keyword Planner: Google Keyword Planner is a free tool that helps you
find keywords and get insights into their search volume and competition. You must have
a Google Ads account in order to utilize Google Keyword Planner.

 Use a keyword research tool: Both free and commercial keyword research tools are
widely available. Some popular keyword research tools include Semrush, Ahrefs, and
Moz Keyword Explorer.

 Use Google Search Console: A free tool called Google Search Console offers
information on how well your website is doing in search results. To find out which
search terms are bringing visitors to your website, use Google Search Console.

 Use Google Trends: Google Trends is a public web facility of Google that analyzes the
popularity of top search queries in Google Search across various regions and languages.
The website uses graphs to compare the search volume of different queries over time. It
will get multiples organic keywords which are being searched now ,it can write the
article related to them and boost website seo

 Getting keywords from other popular sites: This is a simple way, like you can simply
search on google the your query, and you will get search results. Its sure that the one
appearing 1st in results will have used best keywords and seo. You can open that site
look at newly posted articles in it and take some good keywords from there.

5.3.2) Paid Searches

Paid searches are advertisements. Search engines will show ads close to organic search results.
This is the primary way search engines make a profit. Advertisements are almost consistently
shown at the very top of a search result, or in a left/right sidebar. Paid search works on a pay-
per-click model.

 Advantages of Paid Searches

o Instant results
o Provides keyword info for SEO
o Impressive Return on Investment (ROI)
o Allures ready-to-buy users
o Some instances of ad campaign data: Keywords, Time spent on the page,
o Demographics and other information.

 Disadvantages of Paid Searches

o It necessitates ongoing maintenance
o Upfront costs
o Short-term outcomes are provided
o PPC experience and skillset are required.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 37

5.4) What is Keyword Research

Keyword research is the process of identifying the specific words and phrases that people search
for to find information, products, or services on the internet. Keyword Research is an important
step in understanding what the user is searching.

5.4.1) Why is Keyword Research Important in SEO?

Keyword Research is important in SEO as it helps to target which keyword suits best according
to the user query. This helps in improving visibility and content relevance for the target
audience.

 Improved Visibility: People use specific keywords when performing online searches.
Those terms increase the chance that your website will appear in search results. Finding
the right terms for your article might be aided by conducting keyword research.

 Understand Your Audience: It’s helpful to know what terms people use to describe
what they’re looking for. It’s comparable to conversing with them in their own tongue.

 Improve Content Relevance: With the right keywords, you can create content that
matches what people are interested in. It’s like giving them what they want.

 Compete Better: You can see what words others in your field are using. It’s like
knowing what your competitors are talking about and making sure you’re part of the
conversation.

5.5) What is Keyword Optimisation

Keyword optimization (also known as keyword SEO) is defined as the process of increasing the
relevance of a web page’s content to a given search query (keyword searched by user),
strategically selecting and using specific keywords or phrases within the content to improve a
website’s visibility and ranking on search engine results pages.

5.5.1) Why is Keyword Optimization Important?

Keyword optimization is essential for a variety of reasons in the context of search engine
optimization (SEO). Here are some key reasons why keyword optimization is important:

 Improved Visibility in Search Engines: For your website to appear more prominently
on search engine results pages (SERPs), keyword optimization is crucial. Your website is
more likely to score well for particular terms if you target specific keywords or phrases.

 Relevance to User Queries: Keywords are the language of search. Your website will be
more receptive to the queries and requirements of users if you incorporate relevant
keywords into your content. By giving your target audience the information they need,
you can better engage with them.

 Targeted Traffic: By using keyword optimization, you may draw website visitors who
are more likely to be interested in the information, goods, or services you are offering.
The likelihood of reaching people that have a certain goal increases when you target the
proper keywords, which can result in greater conversion rates.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 38

  Content Strategy: The cornerstones of your content strategy are keywords. They serve
as a blueprint for writing blog entries, articles, product descriptions, and other kinds of
material. You may create material that appeals to your audience by using a well-thought-
out content strategy that contains relevant keywords.

 Competitive Advantage: Effective keyword research and targeting can provide you a
competitive edge. You might outrank rivals in search results by finding less competitive,
high-value phrases.

5.5.2) Steps for Keyword optimization in SEO

 The first step in keyword optimization is thorough keyword research.

 Once you have a list of potential keywords, you need to select the most appropriate ones
for your content.

 After selecting the target keywords, you need to strategically incorporate them into your
website’s on-page elements.

 This includes: Title Tags, Meta Descriptions, Header Tags, Content, Image Alt Text, and
URL Structure, Content should address the needs and interests of your target audience.

5.6) CPC in Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

CPC, or Cost Per Click, is a metric used in online advertising to measure the financial cost of
each click generated by an advertisement. It is a fundamental aspect of pay-per-click (PPC)
campaigns, where advertisers pay a fee each time a user clicks on their ad. CPC is a versatile
metric that plays a crucial role in assessing the effectiveness of digital advertising efforts.

5.7) PPC in Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

PPC stands for pay-per-click. PPC is a form of online marketing where advertisers pay each time
a user clicks on one of their ads. PPC stands for Pay-Per-Click. PPC is a type of online
marketing in which the advertisers pay

5.8) Search Volume

Search volume is a metrics that indicates how many people are searching a particular keyword.

5.8.1) Factors influencing search volume of Keywords

Several factors influence search volume for specific keywords. Understanding these factors can
help in selecting the right keywords for SEO and content strategy. Here are some key factors:

1. Seasonality: Some keywords experience fluctuations in search volume based on seasons

or specific times of the year. For example, searches for “summer vacation” may peak
during the summer months.

2. Trending Topics: Search volume can be affected by current events, trends, or popular
topics. Keywords related to trending subjects tend to see a temporary increase in
searches.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 39

 3. Industry or Niche Trends: Changes in industry trends can impact search volume.
Staying updated on developments within your industry helps identify relevant keywords.

4. Product Launches: Searches may surge when new products or services are launched.
Companies often optimize content around these keywords to capitalize on the increased
interest.

5. Geographic Location: The location of your target audience can influence search
behavior. Local events or specific needs may lead to variations in search volume across
different regions.

6. Advertising Campaigns: Paid advertising campaigns can impact search volume.

Promotions and advertisements may drive more people to search for specific terms.

7. Consumer Behavior Changes: Changes in consumer behavior, such as the adoption of

new technologies or shifts in preferences, can influence search patterns.

8. Social Media Influence: Popular trends on social media can spill over into search
engines, affecting the search volume of related keywords.

5.9) Tutorial For Keyword Research

Keyword research tutorial, explore online resources like Moz’s guide or Google’s Keyword
Planner tutorial for effective strategies and techniques.

5.9.1) How to do keyword Research

 Step 1: Define Your Goals

o Clearly understand the purpose of your website or content.
o Identify your target audience and what they might be searching for.

 Step 2: Make a List of Relevant Topics

o Brainstorm broad topics related to your business or niche.
o Think about what your audience is interested in or needs information about.

 Step 3: Identify Seed Keywords

o Extract core keywords or phrases related to each broad topic.
o These are your initial keywords that you’ll expand upon.

 Step 4: Use Keyword Research Tools

o Utilize keyword research tools like Google Keyword Planner, SEMrush, or
Ubersuggest.
o Enter your seed keywords to get more keyword ideas and data on search volume.

 Step 5: Analyze Search Volume and Competition

o Evaluate the search volume for each keyword to understand its popularity.
o Assess the competition level; choose a mix of high and low competition
keywords.

 Step 6: Consider Long-Tail Keywords

o Long-tail keywords are more specific and less competitive. Include them in your
list.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 40

 o Long-tail keywords often reflect more user intent.

 Step 7: Understand User Intent

o Analyze the intent behind the keywords (informational, navigational,
transactional).
o Align your content with the user’s search intent.

 Step 8: Check Trends and Seasonality

o Assess if there are seasonal trends or fluctuations in search volume.
o Consider the long-term viability of your chosen keywords.

 Step 9: Prioritize and Group Keywords

o Prioritize keywords based on relevance, search volume, and competition.
o Group keywords into themes or clusters for organized content creation.

 Step 10: Use Keywords in Content Creation

o Integrate your selected keywords naturally into your content, including titles,
headings, and body text.
o Aim for a balance between SEO optimization and providing value to your
audience.

6) SEO Tools

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) tools are designed to improve the ranking of your website in
the search engine ranking pages (SERP). These tools provide valuable SEO insights to your
website and help you identify the best strategies to improve the website’s ranking.

6.1) Google Analytics

Google Analytics is the most famous and free SEO tool for analyzing and tracking your website
traffic and it gives you access to a wide range of data that you can use to improve your SEO

Features of Google Analytics:

 To further segment data and explore, include supplementary dimensions in your reports.

 You can segment data results using advanced filters so that you can concentrate on what
matters to you.

 Pivot view enables you to quickly generate a pivot table from the data without exporting
it to Excel and Google Sheets.

6.2) SEMrush

SEMrush is the best all-in-one SEO tool you need and it is the most famous SEO tool in the
market. It offers us all the tools that we need to create high-quality content for our website.

Features of SEMrush:

 Analyzing the competitor keywords and ad budgets

 Find the right keywords for SEO and PPC campaigns

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 41

  Conduct deep link, bulk analysis

 Analyze the media consumption and behavior of your potential customers

6.3) Ahref

Ahref is a software tool that helps in link building, keyword research, competitor analysis, rank
tracking and site audits.

Features of Ahref:

 Ahrefs helps you find the best words to use on your website so that people can easily find
you on search engines.

 It shows you who is linking to your website, which is like getting recommendations from
others on the internet.

 Ahrefs checks your website for any issues that might affect how it appears in search
results. It’s like a health check for your site.

 It lets you know where your website stands in search results for specific keywords. It’s
like keeping an eye on your position in the popularity contest of the internet.

6.4) MOZ

Moz is one of the top SaaS SEO tools that professionals use. Moz is a full-service, all-around
powerhouse tool, whether you are looking for keyword suggestions or want to crawl the website.

Features of MOZ:

 It helps to track search engine ranking for specific keywords over time.

 It checks the website for technical SEO problems including duplicate content, broken
links, and slow page loads.

 It provides details on the quantity and quality of backlinks or links from other websites to
the website of the user.

 It identifies the keywords that will rank the website in search engine results.

6.5) Google Search Console

Google Search Console is a tools used to check indexing status, search queries, crawling errors
and optimize visibility of their websites

Features of Google Search Console:

 Shows how often your site appears in Google search results and which queries lead
people to your site. It’s like seeing how popular your website is.

 Lets you check how a specific page on your website appears in Google’s search results.
It’s like looking at how your page shows up when someone searches for it.
Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 42
  Allows you to submit a sitemap of your website to Google. A sitemap is like a map that
helps Google find and understand all the pages on your site.

 Highlights any issues Google has in crawling and indexing your site. It’s like finding and
fixing problems that might stop Google from showing your pages.

 Checks if your website is mobile-friendly. It’s like making sure your site looks good and
works well on phones and tablets.

6) How to Optimize SEO | On-Page Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

6.1) Content Audit in SEO

Content Auditing refers to the proper and careful inspection of the content of the website.
Identifying areas that need improvement, why they are not ranking well this all comes under
content auditing.

6.2) E-E-A-T

E-E-A-T is a short form that Google uses for Four factors to determine the quality of a page:
Experience, Expertise, Authority, and Trustworthiness (E-E-A-T). The Quality Raters’
Guidelines the manual that human raters use to assess the caliber of search results often
mentions these and other factors.

6.2.1) Components of E-E-A-T

Google utilises a set of criteria known as E-E-A-T, or Expertise, Authoritativeness, and

Trustworthiness, to evaluate the grade and reliability of online information. Here’s a more
thorough breakdown of every element:

 Experience: An essential element of the E-E-A-T assessment is experience. It

emphasises the experience of the organisation or content creator. Raters look at the
creators’ expertise, knowledge, and proficiency with regard to the particular field or
subject matter they are addressing. Content should be created by people or organisations
with the required experience if it is to be trustworthy, thorough, and credible.

 Expertise: The degree of knowledge and proficiency that author or content producer has
in a specific field or subject matter is referred to as expertise. For content to be accurate,
thorough, and credible, it should be produced by people or organisations with the
necessary experience.

 Authoritativeness: The degree to which a content source is regarded as authoritative or

influential is related to its authority. It takes into account things like the author’s or
website’s reputation and their status in the industry. Users and search engines alike are
more likely to trust authoritative sources.

 Trustworthiness: The content’s and its source’s reliability and honesty are what make
anything trustworthy. Transparency, factual accuracy, and the absence of false or
misleading information are all requirements for content. Reputable sources are essential
for establishing credibility and winning over users.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 43

6.3) What are Title & Meta Tags

Meta tags are like little information cards for your website that you share with search engines
and visitors. They’re pieces of code tucked in the “<head>” section of your webpage’s HTML.

The <title> tag is used to provide the meta title which if generally the headline of your web page
in search results. It is one of the most important factors that search engines consider when
ranking your pages. Your title tag should be clear, concise, and relevant to the content of your
page.

6.3.1) Why Are Meta Tags Important for SEO?

Meta tags are vital for SEO because they provide essential information to search engines and
users. Well-optimized meta tags boost visibility, user engagement, and search rankings.

1. Helping Search Engines: Search engines like Google are like librarians for the internet.
They use meta tags to figure out what your webpages are about. This helps them show
your site to people who are searching for topics related to your content.

2. Attracting Visitors: Meta tags make your website look more appealing in search results.
The title tag is like a book’s title, and the meta description is like a teaser on the back
cover. When they’re well-written, they grab people’s attention and make them more
likely to click on your site.

3. Clear Communication: Meta tags ensure that both search engines and visitors
understand what your webpage offers. When everyone knows what to expect, it creates a
better experience for everyone.

6.3.2) Types of Meta Tags

 Meta Title Tag: A Meta Title Tag is like a webpage’s name, telling what it’s about.

 Meta Description Tag: A Meta Description Tag is a short summary that describes a
webpage.

 Meta Keyword Tag: A Meta Keyword Tag is words showing what a webpage is about.

 Meta Charset Tag: A Meta Charset Tag defines the text encoding for a webpage.

 Meta Viewport Tag: A Meta Viewport Tag controls a webpage’s display on different
devices.

 Meta Robots Tag: A Meta Robots Tag guides search engines on how to treat content.

6.4) What is Header Tag?

Header tags are used to differentiate the headings (h1) and sub-headings (h2-h6) of a page.The
most important heading tag is the h1 tag and least important is the h6 tag.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 44

6.5) What is Keyword Cannibalization?

Keyword Cannibalization occurs when multiple pages on the same website compete for the same
keyword. This can confuse search engines and lead to lower rankings. It’s important to have a
clear keyword strategy to avoid this issue. The challenge is to identify and resolve instances of
keyword cannibalization to ensure optimal ranking.

6.5.1) Steps to Avoid Keyword Cannibalization:

 Keyword Mapping: Create a keyword map to ensure each page targets unique
keywords.

 Content Audit: Review existing content for overlapping keywords and consolidate or
redirect as necessary.

 Consolidation: Combine related content into comprehensive, in-depth articles.

 301 Redirects: Implement redirects from cannibalized pages to the preferred,

authoritative page.

 Keyword Research: Use keyword research to identify less competitive, relevant

keywords.

 Regular Audits: Periodically review content to spot and address keyword conflicts.

 Internal Linking: Strategically link related content to guide search engines and users.

7) How to Optimize SEO | Off-Page Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

7.1) Backlinks

A backlink is a link on a website that connects back to a particular website. From a client’s point
of view, backlinks give an approach to individuals to discover different sources of information
on equivalent or related topics.

7.2) Competition Analysis

Competitive analysis is a comprehensive examination of your competitors, including their

strategies, strengths, and weaknesses. It involves evaluating their online presence, content
strategies, keyword targeting, and more. By conducting competitive analysis, you gain valuable
insights into your industry and target audience.

7.3) Social SEO

Social SEO refers to practise that involves optimizing social media profiles and posts to get
better ranking and visibility in search engine result page (SERP).

7.3.1) Importance of Social SEO

1. Increased Visibility: Social SEO enhances a website’s visibility on search engine results
pages (SERPs) by incorporating social media signals.

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 2. Social Signals Impact Rankings: Search engines consider social signals (likes, shares,
comments) as indicators of content quality, influencing search rankings.

3. Brand Awareness: Active social media presence builds brand awareness, attracting
more users and potential customers to your site.

4. Humanizes Brands: Social media engagement humanizes brands, making them more
relatable and trustworthy, which can positively impact SEO.

5. Content Distribution: Social platforms provide additional channels for content

distribution, reaching a broader audience and potentially improving SEO.

7.4) Content Marketing

Content Marketing is a marketing strategy that involves creating and sharing relevant content to
attract and retain audience.

7.4.1) Why content marketing is important

1. Audience Connection: Content marketing helps build a connection with your audience
by providing valuable and relevant information that addresses their needs and interests.

2. Brand Awareness: It increases brand awareness by showcasing your expertise and

establishing your brand as a reliable source of information.

3. SEO Boost: Quality content improves search engine rankings, making it easier for
people to find your website when searching for relevant topics.

4. Lead Generation: By offering valuable content, you can capture leads and nurture
potential customers through the sales funnel.

7.5) Domain & Page Authority

Domain Authority (DA) and Page Authority (PA) are two important concepts in SEO (Search
Engine Optimization) that help assess the strength and relevance of websites and individual web
pages.

Difference Between Domain Authority and Page Authority:

Aspect Domain Authority (DA) Page Authority (PA)

Domain Authority measures Page Authority, however, looks

how much people trust the at how much trust one specific
Definition whole website. It gives you an page on that website has. It
idea of how reliable the entire focuses on the trustworthiness
site is. of a single page.

Scope DA applies to the entire On the other hand, PA only

website, considering all the cares about one page – like one

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 Aspect Domain Authority (DA) Page Authority (PA)

pages and stuff on that article or one part of the

website. website.

DA is figured out by search

engines or SEO tools, like PA is also calculated by search
Moz. They look at things like engines or tools like Moz, but
Calculation method how many links point to the it’s all about the links to that
whole website, how old the one page and how good the
website is, and how good the content on that page is.
content is.

Just like DA, PA gets a score

Both DA and PA scores go
from 0 to 100. When PA has a
from 0 to 100. Higher scores
Range higher score, it means that
for either one mean that it’s
specific page is more
more trustworthy and reliable.
trustworthy.

On the other hand, PA is

DA is affected by things like influenced by things like how
the links that point to the many good links point to that
Influencing factors whole website, how old the particular page, how good the
website is, and how good the content is on that page, and
content is all over the site. how much people talk about
that content on social media.

DA is usually used to figure PA helps you understand how

out how reliable the entire reliable one specific page is and
Purpose website is. This affects how how likely it is to show up at
well the website shows up in the top of search results for
search results. certain words.

PA is more for checking and

People use DA to see which improving a single page on
websites are trusted in their your website, making sure it’s
Applications
field and to figure out where to strong and has a good chance
get good links. of being seen on search
engines.

PA can also change, especially

DA can change over time as when the specific page gets
the website gets more links new good links or when the
Dynamics and better content. For content on that page is updated.
example, if a website gets a lot However, these changes mainly
of good links and publishes affect that particular page.

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 47

 Aspect Domain Authority (DA) Page Authority (PA)

great content, its DA can go

up.

On the other hand, if there’s

Let’s say there’s a website
one blog post with a high Page
with a high Domain Authority
Authority (maybe 70/100), it’s
(like 80/100). That means the
more likely to show up near the
Example whole website is trusted and is
top in search results for certain
considered a reliable source in
words, even if the overall
its field, which helps it show
Domain Authority of the
up better in search results.
website is not as high.

8) Technical SEO

8.1) What is Sitemap

A sitemap is a file that lists the pages, videos, and other files on your website, as well as their
relationships. Search engines (such as Google, Duckduckgo, Bing, and others) use this file to
help them crawl your site more efficiently.

8.1.1) Types of Sitemap

There are two types of sitemap mainly as:

1. HTML Sitemap: The end users are served using an HTML Sitemap. It makes it simple
for visitors to navigate the site. Example: GeeksforGeeks HTML sitemap

2. XML Sitemap: An XML sitemap is a list of all your website’s URLs in XML format.
It’s a road map for a search engine to follow to get to the content of a website. Example:
GeeksforGeeks XML Sitemap.

8.2) What is Site Speed Optimisation

Site Speed Optimisation refers to practise of implementing changes to a website so that it loads
faster, hence improving the user experience.

8.3) What is SSL/HTTPS Implementation

SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer and HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
SSL is standard technology for securing an internet connection by encrypting data sent between
a website and a browser. HTTPS uses an encryption protocol to encrypt communications. The
protocol is called Transport Layer Security (TLS), although formerly it was known as Secure
Sockets Layer

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 48

8.4) Robot.Txt

A robots.txt file is a simple text file that instructs web crawlers about which parts of a website
are open for indexing and which should remain off-limits. It provides a set of rules, typically
written in a straightforward format, that direct crawlers like Googlebot and Bingbot.

8.4.1) Why Robots.Txt File is Important?

Robots.txt files are crucial for the proper functioning and management of websites, as well as
for optimizing their performance in search engine results. These files serve a variety of essential
purposes, making them an integral component of web development and search engine
optimization (SEO).

8.5) Mobile Friendliness

Mobile friendliness refers to the practise of optimizing the website for mobile devices such as
Mobile phone and Tablets. The main aim is to ensure that the website is fully functional and
organised on mobile devices

9) Link Building in Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

9.1) What is Link Building

Link building is a practice of developing one-way hyperlinks also called backlinks to a website
with a motive of getting more traffic and improving search engine visibility. Link Building
serves as a vote of confidence from other websites, it shows the search engine that your content
is valuable and trustworthy.

9.2) Importance of Link Building

Link building plays a pivotal role in SEO for several reasons:

 Enhanced Authority: Backlinks signal to search engines that your website is a trusted
and authoritative source of information.

 Improved Rankings: As your website’s authority increases, so does its ranking in

search engine results pages.

 Increased Credibility: Backlinks from reputable websites enhance your website’s

credibility and trustworthiness.

9.3) Best Strategies for Link Building

Effective link building requires a strategic and consistent approach. Here are some of the best
practices to consider:

 Focus on Quality over Quantity: Prioritize acquiring backlinks from high-quality,

relevant websites rather than a large number of low-quality backlinks.

 Diversify Your Link Sources: Avoid relying on backlinks from a single source or a
small group of websites. Instead, strive to acquire backlinks from a diverse range of

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 49

 reputable websites in your niche. This diversification demonstrates to search engines that
your website is trusted and respected by various sources.

 Build Relationships with Influencers: Identify and connect with influencers in your
industry. By cultivating relationships with these influential individuals, you can increase
your chances of earning backlinks from their blogs, social media profiles, or other online
platforms.

 Create Link-Worthy Content: Create material that is helpful, interesting, and

educational for your intended audience. Naturally occurring backlink-attracting content is
frequently shared, mentioned, and referred by other websites.

9.4) Type of Backlinks

There are four major Backlinks in SEO, that are as follows:

 Dofollow Backlinks: Links that enable search engines to reroute traffic to a website or
blog are known as dofollow backlinks. On the web, these are the standard backlinks.

 Nofollow Backlinks: A backlink that does not transfer authority from the source website
to the destination website is known as a nofollow link. When connecting out, add the
rel=”nofollow” element to the code to produce nofollow links.

 Editorial Backlinks: An editorial link is a hyperlink pointing to your website from

another website; they are usually found on major publications, but they can also appear
on more specialised websites.

 Comment Backlinks: It is a black hat SEO practise of commenting in the comment

section of a website having high domain authority with a goal of improve ranking
potential in google searches. But due to improvement in the search algorithm of google

 Advantages of Search Engine Optimisation

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 50

  Increased website visibility

One of the major advantages of SEO is the enhanced visibility it brings to a website. By
optimising the website's content, structure, and meta tags, SEO helps it rank higher in
Search Engine results pages (SERPs). When a website appears prominently in search
results, it gains more exposure and attracts the attention of potential visitors. Improved
visibility increases brand awareness and establishes the website as a credible source in its
industry.

 Higher organic traffic

SEO focuses on driving organic (non-paid) traffic to a website. By targeting relevant

keywords and optimising the website's content, SEO attracts users who are searching for
information or products related to the website's offerings. Whenever a website ranks higher
in search results, it receives a higher number of clicks, resulting in increased organic traffic.
Targeted traffic has higher potential for conversions, leading to a better Return on
Investment (ROI).

 Cost-effective marketing strategy

Compared to other digital advertising methods, SEO is a cost-effective strategy. While

there may be initial investments in hiring SEO professionals or implementing SEO Tools,
the long-term benefits outweigh the costs. Unlike paid advertising, SEO focuses on organic
traffic and does not require continuous payments for each click or impression. Once a
website's rankings improve, it can sustain its visibility without additional expenses.

 Long-term results

One of the remarkable aspects of SEO is its ability to deliver long-term results. While SEO
efforts require continuous monitoring and adjustments, the foundation built through
effective optimisation can provide sustainable visibility and traffic over time. Once a
website establishes a strong online presence, it becomes more challenging for competitors
to outrank it. This sustained visibility and organic traffic contribute to the website's
authority and enhance its credibility in the eyes of Search Engines and users.

 Targeted audience

SEO enables businesses to target specific audiences based on their search intent. By
optimising the website's content and meta tags with relevant keywords, businesses can
attract users actively seeking information or solutions related to their industry. This
targeted approach multiplies the chances of attracting qualified leads and potential
customers. When a website provides valuable and relevant content to its target audience,
it fosters trust, credibility, and customer loyalty.

 Improved user experience

SEO involves optimising multiple aspects of a website, including its structure, navigation,
and load speed. By improving these elements, SEO enhances the overall user experience.
A website that is simple to navigate, loads quickly, and provides relevant and valuable
content engages visitors and encourages them to explore further. A positive user
experience not only improves the chances of conversions but also leads to higher customer
satisfaction and brand loyalty.

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  Enhanced brand credibility and authority

When a website consistently appears in top search results for relevant keywords, it builds
credibility and authority in the eyes of users. Being listed on the very first page of the
search results implies that Search Engines consider the website as a trustworthy and
relevant source of information. This positive perception can significantly impact user trust,
leading to higher brand credibility and a competitive edge over other businesses in the
industry.

 Increased website usability

SEO involves optimising various elements of a website, including its structure, navigation,
and mobile responsiveness. These improvements not only make it quicker for Search
Engine crawlers to manuever and index the website, but also enhance the overall usability
for visitors. A well-structured and user-friendly website encourages visitors to stay longer,
explore more pages, and engage with the content, ultimately increasing the chances of
conversions and customer satisfaction.

 Insight into customer behaviour

SEO analytics tools provide valuable insights into user behaviour and website
performance. By analysing data such as organic search traffic, keyword rankings, click-
through rates, and user engagement metrics, businesses can develop a much better
understanding of their target audience. These insights can inform marketing strategies,
content creation, and website improvements, leading to more effective customer targeting
and higher conversion rates.

 Competitive advantage

Implementing effective SEO strategies can give businesses a competitive advantage over
their rivals. By outranking competitors in search results, businesses can attract a larger
share of organic traffic and potential customers. SEO allows businesses to showcase their
unique selling propositions, expertise, and value propositions to a broader audience.
Staying ahead of competitors in search rankings can significantly impact brand visibility,
market share, and overall business success.

 Disadvantages of Search Engine Optimisation

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  Time-consuming process

Implementing effective SEO strategies and achieving significant results can be a time-
consuming process. It requires thorough keyword research, content optimisation, link
building, and continuous monitoring and adjustments. SEO is an ongoing effort that
demands dedication and patience. It may take several months or even longer to see
noticeable improvements in organic traffic and search rankings. This time investment can
be challenging for businesses seeking immediate results or operating in highly competitive
industries.

 Constant algorithm changes

Search Engines regularly update algorithms to improve search results' relevance and user
experience. These algorithm changes can have a significant impact on a website's rankings,
even if it has been optimised effectively. SEO professionals must stay updated with these
changes, adapt their strategies, and ensure compliance with the latest guidelines.
Constantly evolving algorithms can make SEO a challenging task, requiring ongoing
learning and adjustments to maintain and improve search rankings.

 Initial investment

Implementing SEO strategies often requires an initial investment. Businesses may need to
allocate resources for hiring SEO professionals, investing in SEO tools and software,
conducting keyword research, creating high-quality content, and improving website
infrastructure. The initial costs can be significant, especially for small businesses with
limited budgets. It's important to carefully consider the available resources and the
expected return on investment before committing to SEO initiatives.

 Competitiveness

The digital landscape is highly competitive, and many businesses are investing in SEO to
improve their online presence and attract organic traffic. Achieving top rankings for highly
competitive keywords can be difficult, especially for startups or businesses with limited

Dr. Yusuf Perwej Page 53

 resources. The level of competition can significantly impact the time and effort required
to achieve desired SEO results. Businesses must carefully assess their competition and
develop effective strategies to stand out in the crowded online marketplace.

 Uncertain results

While SEO offers numerous benefits, it does not guarantee immediate or certain results.
The effectiveness of SEO strategies can vary based on various factors, including industry
competition, website authority, keyword competitiveness, and user behaviour. The impact
of SEO efforts may take time to manifest, and there is no guarantee of achieving top
rankings or exponential traffic growth. SEO requires continuous monitoring, analysis, and
adjustment to ensure the desired results are achieved.

 Limited control over Search Engine algorithms

One significant disadvantage of SEO is the limited control businesses have over Search
Engine algorithms. Search Engines like Google tend to regularly update their algorithms
in order to improve the quality and relevance of search results. These algorithm changes
can impact a website's rankings, even if it has been optimised effectively.

As a result, businesses may experience fluctuations in their search rankings and organic
traffic, which can be frustrating and challenging to predict or control. This lack of control
over algorithm updates can make it difficult to maintain consistent search visibility and
can require constant adaptation to stay ahead.

 Dependence on external factors

SEO success is often dependent on various external factors beyond the control of
businesses. While businesses can optimise their website and content, factors such as
backlinks from other websites, social media signals, and user engagement metrics can
significantly impact search engine rankings. Gaining high-quality SEO Backlinks and
building a strong online presence requires time, effort, and external collaborations.

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