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data Science

Data science fundamentals

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MARK SIMIYU
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23 views

data Science

Data science fundamentals

Uploaded by

MARK SIMIYU
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data science is a multidisciplinary field that involves extracting insights and knowledge from

data using a combination of techniques from statistics, computer science, and domain expertise.
Here's an overview of the basics:

1. Key Components of Data Science


a. Data Collection

• Gathering data from various sources such as databases, APIs, web scraping, or
experiments.
• Types of data:
o Structured (e.g., tables in databases)
o Unstructured (e.g., text, images, videos)
o Semi-structured (e.g., JSON, XML)

b. Data Cleaning

• Ensuring data quality by handling:


o Missing data
o Duplicates
o Outliers
o Inconsistent formats

c. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

• Understanding the data through:


o Summary statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, etc.)
o Visualizations (histograms, scatter plots, heatmaps)
• Identifying patterns, trends, and anomalies.

d. Feature Engineering

• Selecting or creating relevant features (variables) to improve model performance.

e. Data Modeling

• Using algorithms to create predictive or descriptive models.


• Examples:
o Regression (linear, logistic)
o Classification (decision trees, random forests)
o Clustering (k-means, DBSCAN)
o Dimensionality reduction (PCA, t-SNE)
f. Model Evaluation

• Assessing model performance using metrics like:


o Accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score (classification)
o RMSE, MAE (regression)

g. Deployment

• Integrating the model into a production environment for real-world use.

2. Tools and Technologies


a. Programming Languages

• Python: Popular libraries include Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn,


TensorFlow, PyTorch.
• R: Used for statistical analysis and visualization.

b. Data Visualization

• Tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Tableau, Power BI.

c. Databases

• Relational: MySQL, PostgreSQL.


• NoSQL: MongoDB, Cassandra.

d. Big Data

• Tools: Hadoop, Spark.

e. Cloud Platforms

• AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure for scalable data storage and computation.

3. Basic Workflow

1. Define the Problem: Clearly outline what you're solving.


2. Collect Data: Gather all relevant data.
3. Process and Clean Data: Prepare data for analysis.
4. Explore Data: Use EDA to gain insights.
5. Build Models: Develop predictive or descriptive models.
6. Evaluate Models: Use metrics to ensure quality.
7. Communicate Results: Share findings with stakeholders.
8. Deploy and Monitor: Implement the solution and track performance.

4. Foundational Concepts

• Statistics: Mean, median, variance, correlation, hypothesis testing.


• Probability: Probability distributions, Bayes' theorem.
• Machine Learning: Supervised vs. unsupervised learning.
• Data Visualization: Graphical representation of data for insights.

Would you like to dive deeper into any of these areas?

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