LAB MANUALPHYSICS-NI
ACTIV
Toobservediffractionof light due to a thin slit.
APPARATUSAND MATERIALREQUIRED
Two razor blades,a cello-tape,sourceOflight (electricbulb/laser pencil),a glass plate and a piece of
black paper.
THEORY
ofbendingoflightaroundthe cornersofsmallobstacles
1. Diffractionof light. It is the phenomenon
or aperturesand its consequentspreadinginto the region ofgeometricalshadow.Diffraction effect is
highly pronounced if the size of the obstacle/aperture is of the order of wavelength of light.
2. Diffraction due to a Single slit. Diffraction arises due to the interference of light waves from
differentparts of the same wavefront.Two razorbladeswith their sharp edgesheld parallel
to, quite closeto each other (separation X)form a fine single slit. The diffractionpattern
due to a single slit consistsof a centralbright band, surrounded on both sides by coloured
bands (with electricbulb) and alternate dark and bright bands (with laser pencil) of
decreasingintensity.
DIAGRAM
Glass plate
Blackpaper
Fig. 8 A fine slit made by using two razor blades, one glass plate and a piece of black paper.
PROCEDURE
TOmake a fine slit using razor blades
1. Take a glass plate and fix a blackpaper on its top with a cello-tape.Using a razor blade,cut
out a narrowslit in the centralpart of the blackpaper.
2. With the help Ofcello-tape,fix the two razor blades.With their sharp edges paralleland
quite closeto each other over the slitcut in the blackpaper. a narrow slit is formed in
betweenthe edges of the two razorblades.
TOobservediffractionpatterndue to single slit
3. Holda clearelectricbulbwith straight filamentat a distanceof about4 m behind the slit
between the sharp edges Ofthe razor blades. Switch on the bulb, observe the lamp through
the slit. A diffraction pattern is seen with a central bright band, surrounded on both sides by
coloured bands.
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SectionB : ACTIVITIES
4. Place the slit about 05 m from the wall and the electric bulb at a distance of about 15 —20cm
behindthe slit.Observethe lightfallingon the wall.Againa coloureddiffractionpatternis
seen on the wave.
5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using a laser pencil instead of electric bulb. A diffraction pattern is seen
on the wall consistinga central bright band and alternate dark and bright bands of
decreasingintensity.
CONCLUSION
Light wavesincidenton a fine aperture bend around its cornersand show the phenomenon of
diffraction.
1-PRECAUTIONS
1. The edges of the two bladesshouldbe held paralleland quite closeto eachother.
2. electricbulbshouldbe held at a distancemorethan 2 m form the slit.
VIVA VOCE
1. Whalis diffractionof light ? Diffractionis prominentwhen we use a narrow slit
The phenomenonof bending Of light around the having parallel edges. Sucha slit can be obtainedby
cornersof small obstaclesor aperturesand its using two blades and not by using two fingers.
spreadinginto the regionsOfgeometricalshadowis 5. Whv does the intensity of secondary maximum
calleddiffractionof light. beconieless as comparedto centralmaximum ?
2. Whatshould be the approximateslit size to observe 'Ille centralmaximumis due to the constructive
diffraction Of light With it ? interference of wavelets from all parts of the slit. With
size of the slit should be of the order of the increase in the value of n, the wavelets from lesser
wavelength of light used. and lesserparts of the slit produceconstructive
3. Whal is the conditii•nfor first minimum in case
interferenceto forma secondarymaximum.Hence
the intensityof secondarymaximumdecreaseswith
diffractiondue to single slit ?
the increase in the value of 'L
If a is the slit width, then the conditionfor first
minimum is asin O
4. Whyarediffractioneffectsmoreprominentthrougha
slit formedby two blades KhanthrpuFha slit formed
by two fingers ?
ACTIVITY
Tostudy the nature and size of the imageformedby a convexlens on a screenby
usinga candle and screen (for differentdistancesof the candlefrom the lens).
APPARATUSAND MATERIALREQUIRED
An optical bench with three uprights, a convexlens of small focal length, a candle, a cardboard
screen/ground glass screen, metre scale and a match box.
195
SECTION B : ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY
Toidentifya diode,an LED,a resistorand a capacitorfroma mixedcollectionof
such items.
APPARATUSAND MATERIALREQUIRED
A multimeter,a mixed collectionof diode,LED,resistorand capacitor.
THEORY
Diode. A two terminaldevice which conductsCurrentwhen forwardbiased and not when
reversebiased.It doesnot emitlight duringitsconduction.
LED.A light emittingdiode is a two terminaldevicewhichconductscurrentwhen forward
biasedand not when reversebiased.It emitsa characteristiclightduringits conduction.
Resistor.A twoterminaldevicewhichconductsequallyin bothdirections.
Capacitor.A two terminal devicewhichoffersinfinite resistanceto dc but has a finite reactance
for ac. When connectedacrossa dc source,a multimetershows a large currentinitially(for
C > gF)whichdecreasesto zero quickly.This is becausethe capacitorinitiallydraws a charge.
DIAGRAMS
Violet Orange
Red Silver
p
Carbon resistor Diodes
1000 gF
0.47 NF
Paper
tic
CAPACITORS
Fig. 1 Diagrams of carbon resistor, diodes, LEDand capacitors.
PROCEDURE
1. Lookforthe colourbands on the givencomponents.If a componenthas a set of threecolour
bands followedby a silveror goldband, then the componentis a resistor.
2. Insert the blackand red leads (or probes)into commonand positiveterminalsof the
multimeter.Turn its selectorswitchto resistancemode—highestrange(O—MQ),
3. Touchthe two probesto the twoends of eachComponentoneby one.Notethe directionof
deflectionin the multimeter.Interchangethe positionsof two probesfor each component
and again note the directionof deflection.
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LAB MANUALPHYSICS-XII
4. If the multimeter shows an equal deflectionin both directions,then the componentis a resistor.
5. If a multimetershows deflectionin one directionwithoutany emissionOflight from the
component and no deflectionin the oppositedirection,then the component is a diode.
6. If the multimeter shows deflection in one direction alongwith the emission of light from the
componentand no deflectionin the oppositedirection,then the componentis an LED.
7. If the multimeter does not show any deflectionon connectingits probes either way to a
component, then the component is a Capacitor.But if the capacitanceOfthe capacitor is large,
the multimeterwillshow a large deflectioninitiallywhichgraduallydecreasesto zero.
8. Recordall your observationsin a tabularform.
OBSERVATIONS
Table Bl : State of conduction of each component
Item code State OfconductionOfa corn onent Identified com onent
Conducts equally in both directions
B Conducts in one direction without emission of light
c Conducts in one direction with emission of light
D Does not conduct,gives an initial deflectionwhich
deca s to zero
RESULT
Fromthe mixedgroupingOfcomponents,the componentsmarked A, B,C and D have been
identifiedas resistor,diode, LEDand capacitorrespectively.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Whilecheckingthe conductionstate Ofany component,cleanits leads properly.
2. Use the Selectorswitchof the multimeterin resistancemode withhighestrange option.
3. Whiletestingany component,avoidtouchingthe metalend OfeitherOfmultimeterprobe.
Bodyresistancein parallelwith the componentresistancemay createconfusionabout the
conduction state Of the component.
VIVA VOCE
1. What is a resistor ? 5. Ilow do the conduction states of an ordinary diode
Any material that has some resistance ig called a and an LED differ ?
resistor. An ordinary diode conducts in forward biasing
2. What is a linear resistor ? without any emission Oflight while an LED conducts
A linear resistor is one which Obeys Ohm's law or for
in forward direction with emission Of light. Both do
which V-l graph is a straight line passing through the not conduct in reverse biasing.
Origin. 6. How does a capacitor behave towards dc ?
3. What is a non-ohmic device ? A capacitor does not conduct dc. But a capacitor Of
A device which does not obey Ohm's law is called a large capacitanceshows an initial deflection in the
non-ohmic device. Semiconductor diodes, I-EDS,etc ; ammeter which decays to zero quickly. This is due to
are non-ohmic devices.
charging of the capacitor.
7. How a capacitor behave towards ac ?
4. Does an ohmic resistor conduct equally for both
forward and reverse biasing ? A capacitor conducts ac because its capacitive
Yes, an ohmic resistor conducts equally when current is reactance Xc is finite against ac.
passed in one direction and then in opposite direction.
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