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Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Psychometric

Properties, of a Spanish Translation of the Body Appreciation
Scale-2 (BAS-2)
Swami, V., García, A. A. and Barron, D.

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Running head: BODY APPRECIATION SCALE-2

Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Psychometric Properties, of a Spanish

Translation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)

Viren Swami1-2, Antonio Alías García3, & David Barron4

1Department of Psychology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

2Department of Psychology, HELP University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Department of Education, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
4Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK

Address for correspondence: Prof. Viren Swami, Department of Psychology, Anglia Ruskin

University, East Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB1 1PT, UK. Email:

[email protected].
Body Appreciation Scale-2 2

Abstract

We examined the psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the Body Appreciation

Scale-2 (BAS-2) in a community sample of 411 women and 389 men in Almería, Spain.

Participants completed the 10-item BAS-2 along with measures of appearance evaluation, body

areas satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and self-reported body mass index (BMI).

Exploratory factor analyses with one split-half subsample revealed that BAS-2 scores had a one-

dimensional factor structure in women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis with a second split-

half subsample showed the one-dimensional factor structure had acceptable fit and was invariant

across sex. There were no significant sex differences in BAS-2 scores. BAS-2 scores were

significantly and positively correlated with appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, self-

esteem, and life satisfaction. Body appreciation was significantly and negatively correlated with

BMI in men, but associations in women were only significant in the second subsample. Results

suggest that the Spanish BAS-2 has adequate psychometric properties.

Keywords: Body appreciation; Positive body image; Spain; Translation; BAS-2

Body Appreciation Scale-2 3

Introduction

Body appreciation is defined as “accepting, holding favorable opinions toward, and

respecting the body, while also rejecting media-promoted appearance ideals as the only form of

human beauty” (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015, p. 53). The construct was initially measured

using the 13-item Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), with the parent study supporting a one-

dimensional factor structure in English-speaking U.S. adults (Avalos, Tylka, & Wood-Barcalow,

2005). However, some studies conducted with non-English-speaking samples have instead

reported that BAS scores reduce to two distinct dimensions, tapping body appreciation and body

image investment separately (for reviews, see Swami, 2017; Webb, Wood-Barcalow, & Tylka,

2015). In light of this issue, and to keep pace with developments in the conceptualisation of body

appreciation, Tylka and Wood-Barcalow (2015) developed a revision of the scale, known as the

Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2).

In the parent study with U.S. adults, Tylka and Wood-Barcalow (2015) found through

exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) that the 10-item BAS-2

had a one-dimensional factor structure, with adequate internal consistency. Studies using EFA

have also supported this one-dimensional structure for scores derived from Cantonese (Swami &

Ng, 2015), Persian (Atari, 2016), Serbian (Jovic, Sfroza, Jovanovic, & Jovic, 2016), Icelandic

(Pálmarsdóttir & Karlsdóttir, 2016), and Dutch (Alleva, Martijn, Veldhuis, & Tylka, 2016)

translations of the BAS-2. In addition, one study using CFA indicated that scores from a Standard

Chinese version of the scale had adequate fit (Swami, Ng, & Barron, 2016). Finally, support for a

one-dimensional structure has been provided for French BAS-2 scores using both EFA and CFA

(Kertechian & Swami, 2017). These studies suggest that the BAS-2 retains its one-dimensional

factor structure across distinct linguistic and national groups.

Body Appreciation Scale-2 4

In addition, several studies have indicated that BAS-2 scores are invariant across

participant sex (Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Swami et al., 2016; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow,

2015). Most studies that have examined sex differences in BAS-2 scores have reported that men

have significantly higher body appreciation than women (Atari, 2016; Kertechian & Swami,

2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). However, the effect sizes of the

reported differences have generally been small-to-moderate (ds = 0.15-0.58) and one study found

no significant difference between women and men from mainland China (Swami et al., 2016).

Beyond sex differences, the available evidence also suggests that BAS-2 scores have adequate

internal consistency coefficients across studies, as well as good patterns of convergent validity.

Only the parent study has examined test-retest reliability, finding that BAS-2 scores retained their

reliability up to three weeks (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015).

In the present study, we examined the psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of

the BAS-2 in a community sample of adults. Doing so is important as it not only extends the

available cross-cultural research on the BAS-2, but it may also provide a useful tool for the

assessment of positive body image in Spanish-speaking populations. Indeed, based on the

estimated number of mother-tongue speakers, Spanish is the second-most widely spoken

language in the world (Paulillo & Das, 2006). Specifically, we examined factor structure of

Spanish BAS-2 scores using both EFA and CFA, and expected to find support for a one-

dimensional structure that includes all 10 items. We also examined whether BAS-2 scores were

invariant across sex and hypothesised that men would have significantly higher body appreciation

than women. Finally, we examined the convergent validity of BAS-2 scores by examining

associations with appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction,

and self-reported body mass index (BMI). These variables were selected on the basis of

availability of previously-validated measures in Spanish and based on previous assessments of

Body Appreciation Scale-2 5

the convergent validity of BAS-2 scores. In both women and men, evidence of convergent

validity would be provided to the extent that body appreciation was positively associated with

appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, and negatively

associated with BMI.

Method

Participants

Participants of this study were 411 women and 389 men recruited from the community in

Almería, a city in Andalusia, Spain. All participants were citizens of Spain (pueblo español) and

most self-reported as Christians (83.3%). Participants ranged in age from 17 to 86 years (M =

26.77, SD = 11.25) and in BMI from 14.56-43.56 kg/m2 (M = 24.09, SD = 4.12). Most

participants were single (65.1%), while others were married (12.3%), cohabiting but unmarried

(11.0%), or of some other marital status.

Measures

Body appreciation. Participants completed a Spanish translation of BAS-2 (Tylka &

Wood-Barcalow, 2015b). All items are presented in Table 1 and were rated on a 5-point scale,

ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always). The BAS-2 was first translated from English into Spanish

using the parallel back-translation procedure (Brislin, 1986). A bilingual individual unaffiliated

with the study translated the scale from English to Spanish, while a second individual translated

this version back into English. Next, the items obtained were assessed by a committee consisting

of the individuals who participated in the translation process, the second author, and two

psychology professors who settled minor discrepancies in the translation through consensus.

Appearance evaluation. We used the Appearance Evaluation Subscale of the

Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire–Appearance Subscales (MBSRQ-AS;

Cash, 2000; Spanish translation: Roncero, Perpiña, Marco, & Sánchez-Reales, 2015). This is a 7-
Body Appreciation Scale-2 6

item measure that assesses one’s beliefs and feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with

appearance. All items were rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (Definitely disagree) to 5

(Definitely agree) and an overall score was computed as the mean of all items so that higher

scores reflect more positive appearance evaluation. CFA indicated that the Spanish translation of

the Appearance Evaluation Subscale retained all items as its parent version, showed good fit

indices, and had adequate internal consistency coefficients (Roncero et al., 2015). In the present

study, the Appearance Evaluation Subscale had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach α = .76).

Body areas satisfaction. The questionnaire included the Body Areas Satisfaction

Subscale of the MBSRQ-AS (Cash, 2000; Spanish translation: Roncero et al., 2015). This

subscale includes 9 items that measure satisfaction with specific body areas or attributes. All

items were rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (Very dissatisfied) to 5 (Very satisfied). An

overall score was calculated as the mean of all items. Higher scores on this subscale reflect

greater body areas satisfaction. The Spanish version of the Body Areas Satisfaction Subscale

retains all items as its parent version and has been shown to have good fit indices and adequate

internal consistency (Roncero et al., 2015). In the present study, the Body Areas Satisfaction

Subscale had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach α = .79).

Self-esteem. Participants were asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

(RSES; Rosenberg, 1965; Spanish translation: Martín-Albo, Núñez, Navarro, & Grijalvo, 2007).

The RSES is a 10-item measure of an individual’s overall sense of self-worth and items were

rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree). An overall

score was computed as the mean of all items, with higher scores reflecting greater self-esteem.

Scores on the Spanish RSES have good (CFA-derived) factorial and convergent validity,

adequate internal consistencies, and good test-rest reliability up to 4 weeks (Martín-Albo et al.,

2007). In the present study, Cronbach α for this scale was .84.
Body Appreciation Scale-2 7

Life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was measured using the 5-item Satisfaction With Life

Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985; Spanish translation: Vásquez, Duque,

& Hervás, 2013), which assesses satisfaction with the quality of one’s life. Items were rated on a

7-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree). An overall score was

computed as the mean of all items, with higher scores reflecting greater life satisfaction. A CFA

of Spanish SWLS scores with a representative sample of Spanish adults showed that the one-

factor solution with all 5 items had good fit with adequate internal consistency (Vásquez et al.,

2013). Here, Cronbach α for the SWLS was .86.

Demographics. Participants were asked to provide their demographic information,

consisting of sex, age, citizenship, religion, and marital status. We also obtained self-reported

height and weight data to computed BMI as kg/m2. Previous work has indicated that, in Spanish

populations, self-reported BMI is strongly associated with objectively-measured BMI in non-

elderly age groups (Alvarez-Torices, Franch-Nadal, Alvarez-Guisasola, Hernandez-Mejia, &

Cueto-Espinar, 1993).

Procedures

Ethics approval for this project was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of Human

Research at the University of Almería. Two research assistants opportunistically recruited

participants from public areas of congregate activities (e.g., shopping streets, parks) in Almería

between November 2016 and January 2017. More specifically, the research assistants directly

approached potential participants and provided them with information about the study (i.e., it was

advertised as research on health and appearance). To be eligible for participation, participants

were required to be citizens of Spain (pueblo español) and above the age of 16. Those who

agreed to participate provided written informed consent and completed an anonymous paper-and-

pencil version of the questionnaire. This was done in a quiet area that we set up in areas of
Body Appreciation Scale-2 8

congregate activity for the purposes of this study. The order of presentation of the scales listed

above was semi-randomised, with the demographic items always appearing last. All participation

was voluntary and participants were not remunerated in any form. Upon return of completed

questionnaires, participants were provided with written debrief information.

Statistical Analyses

To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish BAS-2, we used a two-step

analytic strategy. First, the total dataset was split using a computer-generated random seed. The

factor structure of the BAS-2 was assessed in the first split-half (n = 400) using principal-axis

EFA in IBM SPSS Statistics v.20. The sample size in this split-half far exceeded conservative

item-to-participant ratio requirements (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2013). A quartimax rotation was

used, as we expected a single, orthogonal factor (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1990). Factor loadings

were interpreted using Tabachnick and Fidell’s (2013) recommendations, with loadings of .71

and above considered excellent, .63-.70 considered very good, .55-.62 considered good, .33-.45

considered fair, and .32 or lower considered poor.

Data from the second split-half subsample (n = 400) were subjected to CFA using

Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS v.23). Hypothesized modelling was based on the results

of the EFA in the first split-half, as well as the expected one-dimensional factor structure.

Standard goodness-of-fit indices were selected a priori to assess the measurement models (Hu &

Bentler, 1999). The normed model chi-square (χ²normed) is reported with lower values of the

overall model χ² indicating goodness-of-fit. A χ²normed value of < 3.00 indicates good fit. The

Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and its 90% confidence interval

provide a correction for model complexity. RMSEA values close to .06 indicate a good fit, with

values ranging to .10 representing a mediocre fit. The standardized root mean square residual

(SRMR) assesses the mean absolute correlation residual and is a badness-of-fit index: the smaller
Body Appreciation Scale-2 9

the SRMR, the better the model fit. A cut-off value for SRMR is recommended to be close to or

< .09. The comparative fit index (CFI) measures the proportionate improvement in fit by

comparing a target model with a more restricted, nested baseline model. The CFI reflects a

goodness-of-fit index and is recommended to close to or > .95 for adequate fit.

We also examined whether BAS-2 scores were invariant across sex at the configural (i.e.,

whether similar factors are measured), factor loading (i.e., whether the magnitude of factor

loadings is the same), and intercept (i.e., whether the intercept of the regression relating each item

to its factor is the same) levels (Chen, 2007). In both split-halves separately, we examined sex

differences in body appreciation scores, computed internal consistency coefficients using

Cronbach’s α, and examined correlations between body appreciation, appearance evaluation,

body areas satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and BMI.

Results

Exploratory Factor Analyses

Female sample (n = 196). Means and standard deviations for all BAS-2 items are

presented in Table 1. These data were suitable for EFA based on item distribution, average

correlation with other items, and item-total correlations (Clark & Watson, 1995). Both the

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy (.92) and the significance of

Bartlett’s test of sphericity, χ2(45) = 1004.49, p < .001, indicated that these data had adequate

factorability. The results of the principal-axis EFA indicated that only a single factor should be

extracted (λ = 5.40), explaining 54.0% of the total variance. As can be seen in Table 1, all items

had good-to-excellent factor loadings.

Male sample (n = 204). Descriptive statistics for all 10 items for men are reported Table

1. These data passed standard criteria for EFA (Clark & Watson, 1995). The KMO measure of

sampling adequacy was .93 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant, χ2(45) = 1082.79, p <
Body Appreciation Scale-2 10

.001, indicative of adequate factorability. As with the female sample, the results of a principal-

axis EFA suggested that a single factor should be extracted. This factor had an eigenvalue of 5.55

and explained 55.5% of the total variance. As reported in Table 1, all items had good-to-excellent

loadings.

Further analyses. For both women and men, we computed total BAS-2 by taking the

mean of all items. Internal consistency coefficients were adequate for women (Cronbach α = .90,

95% CI = .88-.92) and men (Cronbach α = .91, 95% CI = .89-.93). An independent-samples t-test

indicated that there was no significant sex difference on BAS-2 scores between women (M =

3.77, SD = 0.75) and men (M = 3.84, SD = 0.72), t(398) = 0.92, p = .359, d = 0.10. In women,

body appreciation was significantly and positively correlated with appearance evaluation, body

areas satisfaction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, but not with BMI. In men, body appreciation

was significantly correlated with appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, life satisfaction,

BMI, and self-esteem (see Table 2).

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Hypothesized model fit (n = 400). The results of the EFAs with the first split-half

pointed to a one-dimensional factor structure for Spanish BAS-2 scores, with all 10 items loading

onto this dimension. We, therefore, examined the fit of this hypothesised one-factor solution

using CFA with the second split-half sample. The standardised estimates of factor loadings for

the best-fitting model were all very good-to-excellent (see Figure 1). Fit indices values were

found to be: χ² M(35, N = 400) = 188.741, χ²normed = 5.393, CFI = .944, RMSEA = .105 with 90%

CI = .091-.120, SRMR = .036. Since the fit indices values of analysis were not found to be at

acceptable intervals, suggested modification indices were taken into account to improve the

model. Modification indices were consulted to free error covariances (items #1 and #2, and items

#2 and #8). This one-dimensional structure provided an acceptable fit to the data: χ² M(33, N =
Body Appreciation Scale-2 11

400) = 129.784, χ² normed = 3.933, CFI = .965, RMSEA = .086 (low = .071, high = .102), SRMR =

.031.

Sex invariance. The unconstrained model had adequate fit in the female (n = 215) and

male (n = 185) sub-samples individually (see Table 3 for sub-sample metrics), suggesting

configural invariance between the sexes. Differences between the unconstrained and fully

constrained model were not significant, indicating that the structure of the model achieved factor

loading invariance across sex, Δχ²(9) = 4.341, p = .888. Finally, intercept invariance was

evaluated, where all item-factor intercepts were constrained equally across participant sex and

evaluated against the factor loading invariance model. According to the Δχ², intercept invariance

was evident, Δχ²(10) = 2.94, p = .983. Therefore, from these data, we find acceptable evidence

for the one-dimensional structure for the BAS-2 across sex.

Further analyses. Internal consistency coefficients for overall BAS-2 scores were

adequate in women (Cronbach α = .94, 95% CI = .93-.95) and men (Cronbach α = .93, 95% CI =

.91-.95). In this sub-sample, there was no significant difference in body appreciation between

women (M = 3.81, SD = 0.81) and men (M = 3.78, SD = 0.79), t(398) = 0.42, p = .675, d = 0.04.

In both women and men, body appreciation was significant correlated with appearance

evaluation, body areas satisfaction, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and BMI (see Table 4).

Discussion

Previous studies have reported that BAS-2 scores have a one-dimensional factor structure

in distinct linguistic and national groups (Alleva et al., 2016; Atari, 2016; Jovic et al., 2016;

Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Pálmarsdóttir & Karlsdóttir, 2016; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015;

Swami & Ng, 2015; Swami et al., 2016). Our results are consistent with this literature: using

EFA, we found that all 10 items of the Spanish BAS-2 loaded onto the same latent dimension in a

first split-half subsample. Furthermore, using CFA, we were able to confirm that this one-
Body Appreciation Scale-2 12

dimensional model had adequate fit in a second split-half subsample following modifications.

Taken together, the available evidence suggests that BAS-2 scores retain a one-dimensional

factor across different cultural groups. This is important as it will facilitate effective cross-

cultural comparisons of body appreciation in future work.

Our results also indicated that Spanish BAS-2 scores were invariant across participant

sex, which is consistent with previous findings (Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Swami et al., 2016;

Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). However, contrary to our hypothesis, we found that there were

no significant sex differences in body appreciation in both split-half subsamples. The available

literature on sex differences in body appreciation is mixed, with one study reporting no

significant difference (Swami et al., 2016) and others reporting significant differences with small-

to-moderate effects (Atari, 2016; Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Tylka &

Wood-Barcalow, 2015). Furthermore, a previous study of Spanish adolescents who completed

the BAS also reported a significant sex difference, though again the effect size was small

(Jáuregui Lobera & Bolaños Ríos, 2011). Tiggemmann (2015) has cautioned against drawing

strong conclusions about (the lack of) sex differences in body appreciation in the absence of other

axes of social identity, such as ethnicity or class, as it is likely that the intersection of these axes

determines the experience of body appreciation across social identities.

Our results also indicated that body appreciation scores had adequate internal consistency

coefficients in women and men. Further, we found that Spanish BAS-2 scores had good patterns

of convergent validity: body appreciation was significantly and positively associated with

appearance evaluation, body areas satisfaction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in both women

and men. Evidence of convergent validity in terms of BMI, however, was mixed: while we found

the expected negative association in men in both split-half samples, the association in women was

weak in one split-half and did not reach significance in the other. The mixed findings with
Body Appreciation Scale-2 13

women stand in contrast to previous studies that have consistently reported significant negative

correlations (Alleva et al., 2016; Atari, 2016; Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015;

Swami et al., 2016; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015), although it should be acknowledged that

reported associations have tended to be weak. This aspect of our results could be investigated

further, as it may be suggestive of problems with using self-reported BMI as an index of

convergent validity for BAS-2 scores.

The present study benefitted from using a community sample of Spanish adults, but a

number of sampling limitations should be highlighted. First, our recruitment strategy means that

our sample is unlikely to be representative of the wider Spanish population. Likewise, although

we limited participation to citizens of Spain (pueblo español), we did not request information

about ethnicity (itself a problematic concept in the Spanish context). Future research could extend

the present findings by examining the psychometric properties of the Spanish BAS-2 in other

national groups that speak Spanish (e.g. in Central and South America), as well as in other sub-

national regions of Spain. Future work could also examine associations between body

appreciation and a wider set of factors to establish the divergent and incremental validity of

Spanish BAS-2 scores. Nevertheless, the present study presents preliminary evidence that the

Spanish BAS-2 may be useful tool for the assessment of positive body image in Spanish-

speaking populations.
Body Appreciation Scale-2 14

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16, 1-15. doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.82

Body Appreciation Scale-2 17

Webb, J. B., Wood-Barcalow, N. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2015). Assessing positive body image:

Contemporary approaches and future directions. Body Image, 14, 130-145.

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.010
Table 1. Items of the Body Appreciation Scales-2, Descriptive Statistics for Women and Men, and Item-Factor Loadings in the First

Split-Half Sample (n = 400)

Item Female sample (n = Male sample (n = 204)

196)

M (SD) Loading M (SD) Loading

1. I respect my body/Respecto mi cuerpo 3.89 (1.03) .65 4.04 (0.92) .69

2. I feel good about my body/Me siento bien con mi cuerpo 3.85 (0.99) .82 3.84 (0.94) .82

3. I feel that my body has at least some good qualities/Siento que mi cuerpo 3.73 (0.97) .74 3.89 (0.91) .77

tiene buenas cualidades

4. I take a positive attitude towards my body/Tengo una actitud positiva hacia 3.87 (1.01) .84 3.87 (0.96) .80

mi cuerpo

5. I am attentive to my body’s needs/Estoy atento a las necesidades de mi 3.77 (0.99) .63 3.81 (0.92) .55

cuerpo

6. I feel love for my body/Siento amor por mi cuerpo 3.54 (1.12) .77 3.69 (1.02) .79

7. I appreciate the different and unique characteristics of my body/Aprecio las 3.65 (1.06) .79 3.71 (1.00) .74

características únicas y diferentes de mi cuerpo

Body Appreciation Scale-2 19

8. My behaviour reveals my positive attitude toward my body; for example, I 3.80 (1.03) .65 3.81 (0.98) .76

hold my head high and smile/Mi comportamiento revela mi actitud positive

sobre mi cuerpo; por ejemplo, yo levanto mi cabeza y sonrío

9. I am confortable in my body/Estoy cómodo/a con mi cuerpo 3.77 (1.03) .83 3.83 (1.00) .83

10. I feel like I am beautiful even if I am diffeent from media images of 3.86 (1.01) .58 3.89 (1.04) .65

attractive people (e.g., models, actresses/actors)/Me siento bien, aunque soy

diferente a los prototipos de belleza (EJ: modelos, actores)

Table 2. Correlation Matrix for Women (n = 196; Top Diagonal) and Men (n = 204; Bottom

Diagonal) in the First Split-Half Sample

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

(1) Body appreciation .66* .62* .40* .35* -.09

(2) Appearance evaluation .69* .54* .39* .27* -.25*

(3) Body areas satisfaction .64* .66* .36* .30* -.09

(4) Self-esteem .36* .32* .23* .34* -.04

(5) Life satisfaction .41* .37* .40* .33* -.07

(6) Body mass index -.38* -.36* -.36* -.08 -.13

Note. *p < .001.

Body Appreciation Scale-2 21

Table 3. Model Fit Indices and Tests of Measurement Invariance for the One-Factor Body

Appreciation Scale-2 Model Across Participant Sex

χ² M df M χ² normed RMSEA SRMR CFI

(90% CI)

Men (n = 185) 98.666 33 2.990 .104 (.081, .128) .042 .946

Women (n = 215) 85.448 33 2.589 .086 (.064, .109) .034 .966

Configural Invariance 184.124 66 2.790 .067 (.056, .079) .042 .958

Factor Loading Invariance 188.465 75 2.513 .062 (.051, .073) .043 .959

Intercept Invariance 191.405 85 2.252 .056 (.046, .067) .043 .962

Body Appreciation Scale-2 22

Table 4. Correlation Matrix for Women (n = 215; Top Diagonal) and Men (n = 185; Bottom

Diagonal) in the Second Split-Half Sample

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

(1) Body appreciation .67** .67** .34** .36** -.15*

(2) Appearance evaluation .67** .72** .45** .39** -.24**

(3) Body areas satisfaction .63** .56** .42** .39** -.14*

(4) Self-esteem .31** .34** .23** .34** -.05

(5) Life satisfaction .39** .29** .40** .36** -.15*

(6) Body mass index -.32** -.35** -.19* .02 -.12

Note. *p < .001.

Body Appreciation Scale-2 23

Figure 1. Path diagram and estimates for the one-dimensional model of the Body Appreciation

Scale-2. The large oval is the latent construct, with the rectangles representing measured

variables, and the small circles with numbers representing the residual variables (variances). The

path factor loadings are standardised with significance levels were determined by critical ratios

(all p < .001).