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Chapter1

Reproduction1n • Organisms
ChapterContents
• Introduction Introduction
• UfeSpan
Everylivingorganism remains alive on earth fora limited period of
Um . growold andthndi.Inpitof this barh reality. vast numberof
• Basic Featur. of plantandanimal species have existedon earth for
Reproduction severalthousandyears.Itmeansthat.theremustbe some processes that
ensure the production ofa new organism inplace of those
• TypesofReproduction thatdie.The"biological process"whichallows theproduction ofn
• AsexualReproduction
worganJ m from thexistingorganism isailed "reprodu tion".
Reproduction is one ofthe most fundamental attributes ofallliving
• SexualReproduction organismsasitis essential for the survival of aspecies. It helps them
to produce their ownkind to maintain the life of their species on
• EventsinSexual earth.
Reproduction
Itis clear from the above discussion that fora species ofa plant or
• SomeImportantDefinitions anJmal to continue living on this earth, tt must reproduce itself. It
• QuickRecap
would be reallyinteresting toknowhowreproduction occurs?What
pro esses are involv d in thi ? What are the differential modes of
reproduction?What are the lifespansofdifferent organisms? Letus try
to understandall these.

LIFESPAN
The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life
span. Life span is a specific trait of each organism. Life span varies
fromfewdaystoseveralthousandyears.Lifespansarenotnecessarily correlated
with size or complexityof organisms.As forexample, crow and parrot are of
almost equal size, but crow has a life span of only 15 years while parrot
lives for about 140 years. Similarly mango tree lives for 200 years while
peepal has a life span of about 2500 years. Figure given below gives
appropriate life spans of some organisms.

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Whateverbe thelife span, thedeath of everyorganismissure,whichmeans noindividual isliving forever. So we

cansay living organisms are mortal. Now a question arises, Is this truefor single-celled organisms also?
No,single-celledorganismswhenthey growuptheyundergo divisioni.e., amothercelldividesinto twodaughtercells.
No body part is left to die. So they simply get larger and then divide which is not considered as death. Such
organisms are immortal.

Rose Dog Butterfty (1-2weeks)

(5-7years) (25-30years)

Elephant (60-90years)

Bananatree (25 years) Cow Crow (15years) Parrot

(20-25years) (140 years)

Crocodile (60years) Rice plant (3-4months) Frultfly (2weeks) Banyan tree (200-300years)

Horse (60years) Tortoise

(100-150years)

Fig.:Approximatelifespansofsomeorganisms

Example1 Whichofthefollowingstatementsisassociatedwithlifespan?
Characteristicfeatureofeachorganism
Certainlyassociatedwithmetabolicdiversityofanorganism
Alwayscorrelatedwithcomplexityof anorganism

Solution (a)Correct,specifictraitoforganism

(b},(c);Incorrect.Notnecessarilycorrelatedwithsize,complexityoforganism.

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Example2:Fromthegivenorganisms,choosethosewhichdonotshowsenescence.

..··
A B
'f
C
'
D
Solution: Unicellularorganismsi.e.,A-Amoeba,C-Bacteria.

TryYourself
Arrange the following organisms w.r.t. increasing life span Peepal, Wheat, Banyan tree, Rose
Riceplant,Elephant,Fruitfly,Bananatree
Fromtheabovegivenorganismsselecttheorganismhaving
Minimumlifespan
Maximumlifespan
Statetrueorfalse:
Multicellularorganismsareimmortal.
Reproductionmaintainscontinuityofspeciesonearthsurface.

Atthebeginningof thischapter,itwasdiscussedthatreproduction is abiologicalprocess inWhich an organism

givesrise toyoung ones similartoitself. Let usdiscussthedetailsofreproduction.

BASICFEATURESOFREPRODUCTION
1. CellDivision
A key event which occurs during reproduction is cell division. In the previous classes you have studied two
types of cell division i.e., mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a division in which replicated chromosomes equally
distributedinto two daughternuclei so that thedaughtercells have same number andtype of chromosomes as
present in the parent cell. It is therefore called equatlonal division. However, in meiosis daughter cells
formed havehalfthenumber ofchromosomes as compared to the parentcell.So itisa reductional division.
Crossing over occurs during this division. It introduces new combinations of genes or recombinations which
resultin variations i.e.,degree ofdifferences amongst the progeny and between theprogeny and the parent.

2. DuplicationofCellularApparatus
Before a cell divides, all the cellular apparatus must be duplicated so that cellular material present in parent
cell can be equally distributed amongst two daughter cells. It involves replication of chromosomes in the
nucleus of a cell which contain information for inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the
form of DNA and involves formationof RNA, proteins and other biochemicals.

3. FormationofReproductiveUnits
Reproductive units are specialised or non-specialised parts of an organism which after separation or
modification results in the formation of new individual/offsprings.

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TYPESOFREPRODUCTION
Thereis a large diversityin the biological world. Each organism has evolved its own mechanismto multiply and
produce offsprings. Both external (habitat) as well as internal (physiology) factors are collectively responsible
for how it reproduces.Broadly speaking there are two types of reproduction, asexual and sexual.

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
Itisa modeofreproduction/multiplicationinwhichnewindividualsdevelopfromasingleparent.
Featuresofasexualreproduction:
1. Asthereisinvolvementofonlyoneparentsoitisuniparental.
2. It canoccurwithorwithoutgameteformationbutgameticfusionisabsent.
3. The individuals produced are exact copies of each other and their parents because the new organisms
produced inherit all of its chromosomesfromone parent Moreover, it involves onlymitotic division. Such a
group of morphologically and geneticallysimilar individualsis called clone.
4. Itcanoccurthroughunspecialisedorspecialisedpartsofparent.
5. Itiswidespread among differentgroupsof organisms.Itis commonmethodof reproduction in organisms
thathavearelatively simpleorganisation likesinglecelledorganismsbelongingtogroupmonera,protista aswell
as plantsand animalswithrelativelysimpleorganisationlike algae, fungi, sponges.
Though it is a common mode of reproduction in lower organisms,but it should be verymuch clearthat
higherplants alsoexhibit thistype ofreproductionwhereitisknownasvegetativereproduction.
6. Simpleandquickmethodofreproduction.
Letusdiscussdifferentwaysofasexualreproduction:
(i) Binaryfission
(ii) Budding
(iii) Sporulation
(iv) Fragmentation
(v) Vegetativereproduction/propagation

Example3 Inwhichtypeofreproductiongeneticallysimilaroffspringsareproduced?Givereason.
Solution: Asexualreproductionisinvolvedinproductionofgenetically similaroffsprings.Thereisinvolvement ofoneparent,the neworgan

TryYourself
Statetrueorfalse:
Asexualreproductionresultsinproductionofclone.
Meiosisisrequiredforthefonnationofasexualreproductivestructures.
Asexualreproductionisabsentinhigherplants.
Onlyinternalfactorsregulatereproductiveprocesses.

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(i) BinaryFission
Occurrence : It occurs in many single celled organisms
belongingtokingdomMonera(Bacteria), andProtista(Amoeba
and Paramecium).
Mechanism : In thisprocess, the parent organism divides into Nucleus
Nudeusenlarge
two halves, each half forming an independent daughter
organism. It means, the parent body as a whole forms
reproductive unit and the parent continues living as two
daughter individuals.Thus, here celldivision itself is a mode of
reproduction.Itinvolvesamitosisinbacteria andmitoticdivision of
nucleus in yeast and amoeba i.e., karyokinesis followed by
division of cytoplasm i.e., cytokinesis resulting in formation of
daughter cells. The given figure is the representation of binary
fission in Amoeba.
Depending upon the plane of division, binary fission is of the
following types :
(a) Simple Binary Fission (Irregular Binary Fission) : Divi
Cytokinesis
sion can occur through any plane, e.g., Amoeba.
(b) LongitudinalBinaryFission:Theplaneoffissionpasses
along the longitudinal axis of theorganism,e.g., Euglena.
(c) TransverseBinaryFission:Theplaneofthisdivisionruns
along the transverse axis of the individual, e.g., Bacteria, Daughtercells

Paramoecium,Diatoms. Fig.:BinaryfissioninAmoeba
(ii) Budding:
Occurrence : Occurs in single celled
organisms like yeast.
Mechanism : In this process unicellular
structuredevelopsanoutgrowth{bud}onone
side. Daughter nuclei produced through
karyokinesisshiftsintothebud.Thebud
grows, constricts at the base and separates. Parentcell
So bud remains attached initially to the parent
Fig.:Buddinginyeast
cells which eventually separates and mature
into new organism (cell}. Unlike binary fission,
cytoplasmic division is unequal and parental
cell exists.

Example4:HowbinaryfissioninAmoebacanbedifferentiatedfrombuddinginyeast?
Solution:
Binaryfission Budding
1. Divisionofcytoplasmisequal 1. Divisionofcytoplasmisunequal
2. Protuberanceisabsent 2. Protuberanceispresent
3. ParenteelIdisappears 3. Parentcellremainsintact

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TryYourself

5. CompletethesequenceinvolvedinbinaryfissioninAmoeba.
I ! - --+Cytokinesis---+I
Nucleus enlarges---+ A B
6.Statetrueorfalse:
Celldivisionitselfisamodeofreproductioninsinglecelled organisms.
(iii) Sporulation:Asexualreproductioncanalso occur through formationofspecialised reproductivestructure like
spores.
Occurrence:Theseareformedbymembersofthekingdomfungiandsimpleplantssuchasalgae.
Types:Themostcommonlyproducedsporesarezoosporesandconidia.
Zoospores:Thesearemicroscopicmotilesporesthatmovebymeansofflagellafonnedunder favourable conditions.
Originof zoospores is endogenous because its fonnation occurs inside zoosporangia. They are most common
asexual structures formed in algae. In unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas zoospore is pyramid shaped,
anteriorly flagellated,resembling parent cell. During zoospore formation parent
cellstartsbehavinglikesporangia.Theprotoplastshowsdivisionforming4or8daughterprotoplastsgenerally.
Thenewprotoplastsacquire charactersof mothercell and transformedinto motile spores. The parent cell wall
breaks and zoospores are liberated inwater. They enlarge andbehave as an adult individuals.

Fig.:Asexualstructure:ZoosporesofChlamydomonas
Conidia:These are non-motile spores produced by special hyphal branches called conidiophores. These
are most common asexual spores produced by fungi. In Penicillium conidiophore may shows branching
and over these branches there is formation of flask shape structures called sterigmata (phialides) . Each
sterigmata produces/cuts a chain of conidia.

Fig.:Asexual structure:ConidiaofPenicillium

Sporecanperformseveralfunctions:
Reproductiveunit
Dispersalunit
Perennatingunit

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Afterthisdiscussionnowwecaneasilydistinguishbetweenzoosporeandconidia:

Zoospore Conldla
1. Flagellated 1. Non-flagellated
2. Motile 2. Non-motile
3.Formedinsidesporangia 3. Formedoutsideoverconidiophore
e.g.,Chlamydomonas e.g.,Penicillium

Under unfavourable condition the Amoeba withdraws itspseudopodia and secretes a three layeredhard
covering or cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystation. When favourable conditions
return, the encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoeba or
pesudopodiospores;thecystwallburstsout,andthesporesareliberatedinthesurroundingmedium to grow
upinto many amoebae (excystation). This phenomenonis known as sporulation.

(iv) Fragmentation:Fragmentationisaformofasexualreproductionwhereanorganismsplitsintofragments.
Eachofthesefragmentsdevelopsintomaturefullygrownindividualfollowedby mitosis.Itoccursinsome algae
(Spirogyra), fungi, Hydra, etc.

Example5:Canasexualreproductionoccurthroughtheformationofspecialisedreproductivestructures?
Mentionnameoftwosuchstructures.
Solution :Specialised structures called spores can be produced inasexual reproduction. The most common of these are zoospores produced in algae

TryYourself

7.Fillintheblanksw.r.t.givenfigure

(i)Structure'A' represents _
(ii)Organism bearingreproductivestructure is _
8. Statetrueorfalse:
Specialisedasexualstructuresareproducedinlower plants.
(v) VegetativeReproduction/Propagation :It is method of multiplication in which a somatic part of the plant
detaches from the body of the mother and develops into a new independent plant under suitable
environmental conditions. The detachable somatic part involved in vegetative propagation is called
vegetative propagule. It would be interesting to know how the vegetative parts can give rise to new
plant? What are the essential structures required for this? These somatic parts carry buds. Bud is a
compact immature shootprotected by immature leaves. Bud is generally present on nodeandwhenpart of
plant having node is placed in contactwith damp soil, the budsprout producingnew plant. What do you
think -Is vegetative reproduction a type of asexual reproduction?Yes, surely it is a method of asexual
reproductionas itdoes not involvetwoparents as well assex cells.
Therearetwotypesofvegetativereproduction:
A. Naturalmethodsofvegetativereproduction.
B. ArtificialorHorticulturalmethodofvegetativereproduction.

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KnowledgeCloud
Budtypes

Nodalbud (Presentatnodes) Adventitious bud (Presentother than nodes)

Axillarybud Axil of leaf
• Extra-axillarybud • Foliar bud -over leaf Caulinebud-over stem Radical bud -ov
Awayfrom axil •
• •

A. NaturalMethodsofVegetativeReproduction
1. Stem:
(i) Undergroundstem
(ii) Subaerialstem
(iii) Aerialstem
(iv) Bulbils
2. Leaves
3. Root
1. Stems
(i) Undergroundstem : It is non-green, food storing, perennatingstructurepresent below
thesurfaceof thesoil. Itisofseveral types liketuber, rhizome, bulb.
(a) Tuber : It is a terminal portion of an underground stem branch which is swollen on
account of accumulation of food. They possess buds over their nodes or eyes. The
budssproutto producenewplantlets, when astemtuberorapart of ithavingan eyeis
placed in the soil. e.g., Potato.
Eyes

-........ilfr--Germinating
ofbuds

Fig.:EyesofPotato
(b) Rhizome:It is the main undergroundperennial stem. Buds presenton the node take partfor
formation of new aerial shoot during favourable season of growth. e.g.,Banana, Ginger

Fig.:RhizomeofGinger

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(c) Bulb : It is an underground unbranched reduced disc shaped stem. Terminal bud is
surrounded by several leaves e.g., Onion, Garlic.

Tunic

Adventitiousroots

Fig.:BulbofOnion

(ii) Subaerial stem : It is weak stem which takes support of ground for spreading. In this
category we will study offset, runner, sucker.

(a) Offset :Short horizontal branch producinga cluster of leaves above and the cluster of
roots below is called offset. It occurs in some aquatic plants. Breaking of offsets helps
in propagation. e.g., Eichhomia(water hyacinth), Pistia (water lettuce)

Fig.:Offsetofwaterhyacinth

Waterhyacinth was introduced in Bengal because of its beautiful flowersand shape

of leaves. However, it turned out to be highly invasive aquatic weed found growing in
standing waterand it not only spreadtoallwater bodies ofBengalbutalso throughout
India. It drains oxygen from the water, which leads to death of fishes and
otheranimals.Fishis supplementfoodof people in Bengal. Fastgrowth ofEichhomia
causesdeathoffishesandfoodscarcitythat'swhyitiscalled"TerrorofBengal".

DidYouKnow?
Qus.WhyisitdifficulttogetridofWaterHyacinth?
Ans.Water Hyacinth was introduced in India, where its natural predator is absent. Moreover, it propagates vegetatively by offsetata phe

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---

(b) Sucker:Itarisesbyaxillarybudofundergroundpartofstem.This lateralbranch creeps

below the soil surface and grows obliquely upward and produces new shoot. e.g.,
Chrysanthemum, Pineapple

Fig.:SuckerinChrysanthemum
(c) Runner:Itiselongated, prostrate,subaerialbranchwith long intemodesandroots at
nodes. e.g., Grasses

Adventitious
roots
Fig.:Runnerofgrass
(iii) Aerialshoots:Eachsegmentofstemhavingatleastonenodecanformanewplant.
e.g.,Sugarcane,Opuntia

lntemode
Bud Youngplant
Node --lt
47111-½:-Adventitiousroots

A B
Fig.:Propagationfromaerialshootinsugarcane
(iv) Bulbils : These are large size fleshy buds which are specialised for vegetative reproduction.
For this bulbil must fall from the plant and reaoh the soil. They can be present at variable
positionsonplant.In Agavebulbilsare modified floral buds that developon the floral axis.
e.g.,Agave(centuryplant),Oxalis,Ananas,Dioscorea,Lily

Fig.:BulbilofAgave

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2. Leaves: Leavesofseveralplantshavingadventitious budshelpinvegetativereproduction.In

Bryophyllumadventitiousbudsarisefromthenotchespresentatmarginsofleaves. e.g.,Adiantum
(walking fem),Begonia, Kalanchoe
Adventitious
buds(leafbuds)

Fig. :Bryophyllum
3. Roots :It was discussedthat oneof the prerequisitesfor vegetativereproductionis presence
ofbuds.Though bud is mainly the feature of stembut in someplantsrootsmay alsobear buds.
These adventitious buds sprout to form new plants e.g., Dahlia

Example6:Is the term clone applicable to theoffspringformed byvegetative reproduction?Site tworeasons forthis.
Solution:Clone term is very much applicable for the offsprings produced through vegetative reproduction becausefortheformationofnewindividualthere

Example7Sitethenameoffewvegetativepropagu/eswithoneexample each.
Solution:
Vegetativepropagules Example
1.Rhizome Ginger
2.Tuber Potato
3.Offs.et Eichhornfa
4.Bulbil Agave
5.Leafbuds Bryophyllum

TryYourself
Fromthegivenbeloworganisms, how many can show vegetative propaguleformation? Ginger, Potato, Chlamydomonas, Water hyacinth,
Fillintheblanks.
Inpotatotubernewplantletarisesfrom_
Bryophyllumshows formation of budsfromleafnotches.

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EXERCISE I
1. Selecttheodd one outw.r_t.life-span
(1) Utespansoforganismsarenotcorrelatedwiththeirsize
(2) Crowsandparrotsshowwidedifferenceintheirlife-spans
(3) Lifespanofriceis3-4weeks
(4) It istheperiodbetweenbirthandnaturaldeathofanorganism
2. Selecttheplanthavingtheshortestlifespan
(1) Banyan
(2)Peepal
(3)Banana
(4)Rose
3. Selecttheincorrectmatch
(1) Asexualreproduction
Somatogenicreproduction
(2) Sexualreproduction
Fusion of gametes
(3) Vegetativepropagation
Rhizome
(4) Clones
Morphologicallysimilargeneticallydissimilar
4. Celldivisionisitselfamodeofreproductionin
(1) Protistaandallfungi
(2) Monera,fungiandhigherplants
(3)Protistaandmonera
(4)Protistaonly
5. Mostcommonspecialasexualreproductivestructureseenin membersofalgaeis
(1) Zoospore
(2)Conidia
(3)Sporangiospore
(4)Gemmules
6. Selectthecorrectmatchw.r.t.vegetativepropagulesinangiosperms.
(1) Rhizome
Waterhyacinth
(2) Offset
Bryophyllum
(3) Bulbil
Oxa/is
(4) Leafbuds
Ginger
7. Thesiteoforiginofthenewplantletsinpotato,sugarcaneandbananaare
(1)Nodes (2)lnternodes
(3)Both nodesandinternodes (4)Leafmargins
8. MatchtheColumnIwithColumn11.
ColumnI ColumnII
(Plant} (Vegetativereproductionby)
(a) Turmeric (i) Stolon
(b) Crocus (ii)Rhizome
(c) Vallisneria (iii)Aerialshoot
(d) Opuntia (iv)Corm

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(1) a(i),b(iv),c(iii),d(ii) (2)a(ii),b(iv),c(i),d(iii)
(3)a(iv),b(ii),c(iii),d(i) (4)a(ii), b(i), c(iv).d(iii}

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9. Thevegetativepropagulesin aquaticplantslike VallisneriaandEichhomiaare

(1) Stoloninboth
(2)Suckerandoffsetrespectively
(3)Stolonandoffsetrespectively
(4)Offsetinboth
10. Selectcorrectstatementw.r.lvegetativereproductioninDahlia.
(1) Adventitiousbudspresentonrootsprouttoformnewplants
(2) Nodalbudsofaerialstemformnewplants
(3) Undergroundstem budsgrowintonewplants
(4) Bulbilpresentonfloralaxisgrowsintodaughterplants

B. ArtificialMethods ofVegetative Reproduction:Artificial methodsareman-made specialtechniques

inwhich,partofsomaticbodyofaplantismade todevelopintonewindependent plant.Artificialmethods
areusedtopropagatedesiredvarietiesaccordingtohumanrequirements. Rainyandspringseasons are
the best periods for vegetative propagation. The various horticultural methods of vegetative
propagation are asfollows:
1. Cuttings : Cuttings are cut pieces of stem, leaves and root which are planted in nurseries in
natural polarisedfashion. Pre-requisiteto successful cutting is inductionof rooting.Forthis, root
promoting chemicals like IBA, NAA are used.

(i) StemCuttings:Itisacommonartificialmethodofplantpropagation.20-30cmlongpieces ofone

yearoldstems arecutand theirlowerendsaredipped indiluteauxinfor severalminutes
beforeplantinginthesoil.Thelowerendsdevelopadventitiousroots.Budspresentoverthe
exposed parts sprout and form the shoot system.

-st:..U .
Soil
L=d

auxin
'-J:\-
dippedin

Fig.:Stemcutting
•.•.•.•.•.•.
·••••
Adveotitiooo
roots

e.g.,Rosa,Duranta,Citrus,C/erodendron,Thea,Bougainvillea,CrotonandChinarose
(ii) LeafCuttings:Snakeplant(Sansevieria)canbepropagatedbyleafcuttings.Leavesarecut
transverselyintotwoorthreepartsandplantedinverticalpositioninthesoil.For successful leaf
cutting, besides induction of rooting, formation of adventitious buds is also important.
(iii) RootCuttings : Theyarelongpiecesof roots whichare usedtoartificially propagatenew
plants. Ability to formadventitiousroots and adventitiousbudsarepre-requisites.Root
cuttings are used inpropagation of Lemon,Tamarind, Blackberry and Raspberry.
2. Layering:
(i) Itisatypeofrooting-cuttingmethodinwhichadventitiousrootsareinducedtodevelopon a soft
stem while it is still attached to the plant.
(ii) Itiscarriedoutononeyearoldbasalshootbranchescommonlyduringearly springorearly
rainyseason.
(iii) A soft basal branch is defoliated in the middle where a small injury or cut is given, like
tongueing(obliquecut),notching (V-shaped cut),ringing(removal ofaringofbark}.Theinjured
defoliated partis pegged inthe soiltodevelopadventitious roots. The pegged down branch of the
plantis called layer. Later onas therootsdevelop,the layer is separated and planted.
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(iv) Layeringisoffollowingtypes:
(a) TipLayering:Ashootisbentdowninthesoilinsuchawaythatitsbasalendisslanting
whilethetipisuprightSoilispressed.Itinducesrootformationandlatergrowthofshoot tip. e.g.,
Blackberry, Raspberry.

Fig.: Tiplayering
(b) TrenchLayering:Thebasalbranchispeggedinahorizontalpositioninatrenchmade in soil.
It develops a number of vertical shoots. e.g., Walnut, Mulberry.

. ..

!*•/ NewPlant

Fig.:Trenchlayering
(c) Gootee(AirLayering):
(i) Itisanancienthorticultural technique forpropagationoftropicalandsubtropical
trees and shrubs where soft branches do not occur near the soil.
(ii) Duringearlymonsoonrains,3-5 cm longringofbark isremovedfromthebasal
regionofahealthyandwoodybranch.Itiscoveredbyathickplasterofgrafting
clay.Grafting clayismadeof1partcowdung,1partfinely cut hay ormoss and
twopartsclay.Toitisaddedwaterand a smallquantity ofrootpromoting hormones
likeIAA, IBA or NAA. Itisthenwrapped inpolythene.After 2-3 months,
rootsappear.Theshootisnowcutbelow thecoveredpartandusedforplanting. e.g.,
Litchi, Pomegranate.

/
Covere dbygraftingday

Fig.:AirlayeringinRubberplant

3. Grafting:
(i) Grafting isa technique of connecting two parts,usually a root system and a shoot system
of two different plants in such a way that they unite and later develop as a composite
plant.

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(ii) Itisusedonlyincambiumcontainingeustelicplants.
(iii) A small shoot of plant withsuperior traits is employed.It is called graftor scion.It should
haveoneto severalbuds. Therootsystemoftheotherplantisallowedtoremain intact. It is called
stock (understock). The shoot of thestock is often cut 10-30 cm above the base of the
root. Leaves and buds present over the stump of stockare removed.

Plant with
superiorshoot
system ! Plant with
desirable
rootsystem

Scion
Stock

Fig.:Grafting

(iv) Ingrafting,scionisfixedoverthestockinamannerthatcambiaofthetwocomeincontact.
Theunioniscoveredwithgraftingwax.Itisthentiedwiththehelpofabandage,tape,rubber
ornail.The budsofthestock are notallowed tosprout.Theyare removed as soon asthey are
noticed.e.g., Mango,Apple, Pear,Citrus,Guava,Plum,Peach,Pineetc.

Thevarious typesofgraftingareasfollows:

(a) Tongue (SliceorWhip)Grafting : Obliquesloping cutor notchis giventoboth stock and

scion. The two perfectly fit uponone another. They are tiedtogether.

Sc ion] Samediameter

St ock
.........
-.-·....-- . ,.......-..
.-·--·-
......
' . -....-.·.
Fig.:Tonguegrafting

(b) WedgeGrafting:V-shapednotchisgiventostockwhilewedgelikecutisgiventoscion.

Scion]
Samediameter
Stock
Fig.:Wedgegrafting

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(c) CrownGrafting:Manyscionsareselectedandshapedatthebasetoformwedge.Many
slitsareformedonthesidesofstock.Scionsareinsertedintheslitsandarebandaged.

• Scion]

Differentdiameter

Stock

Fig.:Crowngrafting

(d) ApproachGrafting: Twoindependentlygrowingplants are broughttogether.Theshoots of

the two are given cuts at thesame level fora distance of2.5-5.0 cm.Thecuts are in
theformofsmoothslicesofbark,tongueshapedcutsordeeperverticalcuts.Inthis
grafting, the scion is cut below the graft while stock is cut above the graft after the
establishment of union.

Fig.: Approachgrafting
(e) Bud Grafting :Scionis abud witha smallpiece ofbark andcambium.Stock isgiven aT-
shapedcut.Bark isIiftedtoexposecambium.Bud isinsertedand the bark is atlowed to come
backto itsoriginal position.Only the bud is exposed.The jointis treatedwith graftingwax
andis bandaged.Budsprouts after 3-5 weeks. Budgrafting iscommonly practised in
apple, peach and rose.

T-shapeclslit Budscion insertedin barkof stock

Stock

Fig.:Budgrafting
4. Micropropagation: Micropropagationistheraisingof new plantsfroma small planttissuewith
thehelpof tissueculturetechnique.Tissueculture is thetechnique ofmaintainingand growing
cells, tissues, etc. and their differentiation on artificial medium under aseptic conditions inside
suitable containers.

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 17

Note :Shift from Asexual to Sexual Reproduction- Though the most common method of
reproduction inorganisms havingarelatively simpleorganisation isasexualbutwhenfood
sources have been depleted, the climate becomes hostileor individual survival isjeopardized
thentheyshowshifttosexual reproduction. Whyitisso? Whatadvantage sexualreproduction will
elicit? To answer these questions let us look into detail the process of sexual reproduction.

SEXUALREPRODUCTION
Sexualreproduction involves formationandfusionof gametestoform the zygotewhich developstoforma new
organism.
Characteristics:
1. Twofusinggametescanbeproducedbysameindividualordifferentindividuals.Soitcanbeboth
uniparentalaswellasbiparental(mostly).
2. Offsprings produced are not identical to parents or amongst themselves because organisms produce
inherits chromosome/geneticmaterial contributed from twodifferent gametes. So wecan say itproduces
variations.
3. Itinvolvesmeiosisandsyngamy(fusion ofgametes).
4. Itisaslow,elaborateorcomplexprocess,somultiplicationisnotsorapid.
Example8:Justifythefollowingterms/statementsw.r..t.modeofreproductionwhichisslowandcomplex.
Biparental
Offspringsshowvariations
Sexcellsinvolvement
Solution(a)Involvementoftwoparentsformingmaleandfemalegamete.
Variationarisesduetocontributionofgeneticmaterialfromtwodifferentgametes.
Formationandfusionofgametesisinvolved.

TryYourself
Statetrueorfalse:
Sexualreproductionisalwaysbiparental.
Gameticfusionmayormaynotbepresentinreproductionwhichproducesvariations.
Mostcommonmethodofreproductioninlowerplantsisasexualone.

All organismshavetoreachacertainstage ofgrowthand maturityintheirlife cyclebeforetheyreproduce

sexually.Forunderstandingthis betterletusstudythedifferentphasesin the life cycleoforganism.

PhasesinLifeCycle
Threephasesarethereintheorganism'slifecycle
1. Juvenilephase
2. Reproductivephase
3. Senescentphase
1. Juvenilephase/Pre reproductive phase :During this phase organism will show growth so that it can
attaincertainmaturitytoperformthesexualreproduction.Thisphaseisknownasvegetativephase in plants. It
is of variable durations in different organisms.

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2. Reproductive phase : Reproductive organs develop and mature during this phase. In the higher plants
(Angiosperms),endofjuvenilephaseoronsetofreproductivephaseiseasilymarked.Inthehigherplants
duringthisphase,thereisformationofreproductivestructuresi.e.,flowers.Themottoofthisphase is to
producethe offsprings which may be similar or dissimilar to parental generation. Thisphase is also of
variable duration in different organisms.
Baseduponfloweringandfruitingpatterntherearetwotypesoffloweringplants,i.e.,monocarpicandpolycarpic.
MonocarpicPlants:Theyareplantswhichfloweronlyonceintheirlife.Afterflowering,theyproduce fruits and die. All
annuals (e.g., Wheat, Rice, Marigold) and biennial plants (e.g., Radish, Carrot, Henbane), are monocarpic. A
few perennial plantsare also rnonocarpic.Certain bamboo species (e.g., Bambusa tulda,
Melocannabambusoides)live vegetatively for50-100years, flowerandfruit abundantlyandthen die.
strobilanthus kunthiana (vern.Neelakuranji) flowers once in12years.Lasttime itfloweredin September
October 2006. The flowering converted large hilly areas of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu intoblue
stretchesthat attracted a large number oftourists. Itshows massflowering.
PolycarpicPlants:Theyareperennialplantswhich afterreachingmaturity,flowerrepeatedlyatintervals,
e.g.,Mango,Apple, Jackfruit,Grape vine,Orange.Very few perennialplants bear flowers throughout the
year, e.g., China rose (Shoe flower). The period between two flowering phases is called interflowering
period which is used forbuilding up resources and is,therefore, a recovery phase.It is notthe juvenile
phase but is a part of the mature phase.
3. Senescent phase : It is a post reproductive phase. It involves structural and functional deterioration of
body by accumulationof waste metaboliteswhich ultimatelyleads to death.
In both plants and animals, hormones are responsible for the transitions between three phases.
Interactionbetweenhormonesandcertainenvironmentalfactorsregulatesthereproductiveprocessesand the
associated behavioral expressions of organisms.

KnowledgeCloud
Gameteisareproductiveorsexcellthatcontainshaploidsetofchromosomes.
TermgametewasgivenbyGregorJohannMendel.
FleshybudsinaquaticplantslikePotamogeton,Utricularia.

Example9: (a) Mentionthedifferentphasesinthelifecycleoforganism.

(b) Forwhichcategoryofplantsclearcutdistinctionbetweenthreephasesisabsent?
(c) Whichphaseinvolvesstructuralandfunctionaldeteriorationofbody?
Solution: (a) Juvenile,Reproductive,Senescentphase
(b) Inpolycarpicplants,clearcutdistinctionbetweenallthethreephasesisabsentbecause in these
plants flowering occurs at repeated intervals.
(c) Post-reproductivephase/senescentphase.

TryYourself

12.Completethesequenceinvolvedinthelife cycleofpolycarpicplant.

IJuvenilephasel-lFloweringl--IFlowering!-ISenescentphase!
Statetrueorfalse:
Juvenilephasecanbeknownasvegetativephaseinallplants.
Mangoispolycarpicplant.

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 19

EVENTSINSEXUALREPRODUCTION
After attainment of maturity, all sexually reproducing organisms exhibit events and processes that have
remarkable fundamental similarity,eventhoughthestructures associated with sexualreproduction are indeed
verydifferent.Thesesequentialeventsmaybegroupedintothreedistinctstages,namely,theprefertilization,
fertilizationand the post-fertilization events.

1. Pre-fertilizationEvents
Theseareeventsinsexualreproductionwhichoccurpriortotheprocessoffertilization.Thetwomain prefertilization events are
gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
(a) Gametogenesis:Itreferstotheprocessofformationofgametes-maleandfemale.
CategoriesofGametes:
(i) lsogametes:Whenthefusinggametesaremorphologicallysimilartheyareknownasisogametes
orhomogametes.Theyareproducedinsomealgaeandfungi.
e.g.,(i) Algae:Cladophora,Chlamydomonasdebaryana,U/othrix
(ii) Fungi:Synchytrium,Rhizopus
(ii) Heterogametes:Whenthefusinggametesaremorphologicallydistincttypes,theyareknown as
heterogametes.Itisthefeatureofmajorityofsexuallyreproducingorganisms.
e.g.,(i)
Algae:Fucus,Vo/vox,Chara
(ii)
AllBryophytes,Pteridophytes,GymnospermsandAngiosperms.
Insuchorganisms,malegameteiscalledantherozoidorspermandthefemale gameteiscalled
eggorovum.

(a) (b)

Fig.:Typesofgametes:(a)lsogametesof Cladophora{analga);(b)Heterogametesof
Fucus(analga);(c)HeterogametesofHomo sapiens(humanbeings)

Example10:Which of the followingstatements arecorrectforeventsinvolvedin sexual reproduction?Justify them.

Fundamentalsimilarityin events
Sexualstructuresaresame
Sequentialevents

Solution (a)&(c)arecorrect
Fundamental similarityisassociated witheventsinvolvedinsexualreproduction.Inallthe organismsthreedistinctstagesoccurnamely,pre-
Sexualstructuresaredifferent.
Threestages involved insexualreproductionoccurinsequential order.

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Example11:Differentiatebetweentwocategoriesofgametesinvolvedinsexual reproduction.

Solution: lsogametes Heterogametes

1. Morphologicallysimilar 1. Morphologicallydistinct
2. Homogametes 2. Anisogametes
3. Lesscommon 3. Morecommon

TryYourself

14.Whatdoesthefollowingdiagramrepresent?

(a) (b)
15.Statetrueorfalse:
Inmostofthesexuallyreproducingorganismsisogametesareformed.

Cell Division During Gamete Formation : Gametes are always haploid i.e., they possess only one
set of chromosomes or genome though the parent body producing gametes may be either haploid or
diploid. As gametes are always haploid so surely in haploid parent, gametes are produced by mitotic
division. It is seen inseveral organisms belongingto group algae, fungi as well as bryophytes.
In plants belonging to group pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms and animals the parental
body is diploid. Here reductional division occurs before or at the timeof gamete formation. The cells
whichundergomeiosisarecalledmeiocyte. Ifmeiocyteisindulgedingameteformation, then itis
calledgametemothercell.

In haploid organisms, gametes are produced through mitosis but you must not think that meiosis never
occurs inlifecycle of haploidorganisms.This couldbe made clearfromwhat you havelearnt in previous
classes. In these organisms like haploid algae and some fungi, meiosis occurs in zygote or zygospore
which is called zygotic meiosis. In these organisms, gametic fusion leads to the formation of diploid
zygote. Meiosis in zygote results in the formation of haploid spores. These spores divide mitotically
forminghaploidbody. So here meiosisoccursinthe zygoteand resultingorganismis haploid.

In the sexual reproduction two fundamental processes occur i.e., meiosis that reduces the number of
chromosome from 2n to n and fertilisation or fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
Meiosis is essential insexual reproductionsince it reduces the chromosome numberto half in gametes so
that after fertilisation the number of chromosomes in species remains constant In the absence of
meiosis,thenumberofchromosomeswilldoublewitheverygenerationresultinginexcessiveenlargement
ofnucleus,geneticdegenerationanddeath of living organisms. Thus one of the significanceof meiosis is
that it maintains chromosome number in species.

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 21
Table:Chromosomenumbersinmeiocytes(diploid,2n)andgametes(haploid,n)ofsomeorganisms.

Nameoforganism Chromosome numberin Chromosome numberin

melocyte (2n) gamete (n)

Fruitfly 8 4
Housefly 12 6
Onion 16 8
Maize 20 10
Rice 24 12
Apple 34 17
Cat 38 19
Rat 42 21
Humanbeings 46 23
Potato 48 24
Dog 78 39
Butterfly 380 190
Ophioglossum 1260 630
(anadder'stonguefem)

Example12:Whatrelationshipexistsbetweenthemeiocyteandgametew.r.t.chromosomenumber?
Solution:Meiocyte is a cell which undergoes reduction division i.e., meiosis. It contains two sets of chromosomes i.e., diploid (2n) and after the meiosi

Gametechromosomes=1><meiocytechromosomes
2

TryYourself

16. Fillintheblanksw.r.t.chromosomenumberinmeiocyteandgamete.
Organism Melocyte Gamete
1. Potato A 24
2. Maize 20 B
3. Rice C 12

SexualityinOrganisms:
Lower Organisms : In most of the lower sexually reproducing organisms, two fusing gametes are
morphologically similar. If these gametes belong to the same parent then such organisms are called
homothallic, e.g., fungi (Mucor mucedo). When these gametes belong to different parents then these
organisms are called heterothallic.
Higher Organisms: In higher plants there are well-developed sex organs and there is clear distinction
betweenmaleandfemalesexorgans.Angiospermspossessflowersasreproductivestructures.Themale sex
organis called stamen andfemalesex organ is carpel or pistil. If male and female sex organs occur
inthesameflowerthentheseplantsarecalledbisexual,e.g.,Chinarose.Ifflowerspossessonly

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stamen or carpel then these plants are called unisexual. When male flower (staminate) and female
flower (pistillate) are present on same plant body such plants are monoecious, e.g., cucurbits, coconut
and maize. However, if they are present on separate plant body then these plants are known as
dioecious, e.g., date palm and papaya.

Stamen

Fig.:BisexualFlower(SweetPotato)
In some of the lower plants also themonoecious and dioecious condition occur. Forknowing this,better let
us study the sexuality in Chara and Marchantia.
Sexual Reproduction in Chara and Marchantia:The Chara is a green alga. The sex organs are
highly specialised. Some workers prefer to call the male sex organ as antheridium and female as
oogonium,whileothers didnotfavourthisterminology.Theycallthemalesexorganasglobule and the
female as nucule and this terminology is largely followed in Chara. These sex organs are
exceptionallymulticelledand covered by jacket.
Thejacketofnuculeisformedby fivetube cellsandthe jacketofglobule isformed byeightshieldcells. The
nuculehas a capoffivecoronary cells.The sexorgansareborne on theadaxialsurface of theshort lateral
branch almost oneachnode.The nucule occupies an upper position than theglobule. Whilemost of the
species of Chara are monoecious, C. wal/ichii is dioecious. The globule matures prior to nucule
(protandrous condition). Each antheridium produces many band shaped, spirally coiled, biflagellate
antherozoids. The oogonium contains a single egg. The egg is laden with starch and oil globules.

•""" --Oogonium/Nucule
(femalesexorgan)

Antheridlum/globule
(male sex organ)
Fig.:Monoeciousplant(Chara)
Marchantia is a dioecious bryophyte where male sex organ is antheridium and female sex organ is the
archegonium.Sex organsare borne on stalked uprightreceptacles or specialbranches calledgametophore.
Gametophoreof male thallus is calledantheridiophore andfemalethallusasarchegoniophore.

Archegoniophore

Femalethallus Malethallus
Fig.:Dioeciousplant(Marchantia)

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Example13:JustifythegivenbelowtermsforChara.
(a) Specialisedsexorgans
(b) Monoecious Heterogametes
(c)
Specialisedsexorgans'cf'-Antheridium-,
Solution:(a) (b)
(c)
-Oogonium.
Monoecious-cf'and- sexorgansonsamebody.
Heterogametes·cf'ismotileandsmaller-, non-motileandlarger

TryYourself
17.Fillintheblanksw.r.t.cf'and-structuresinMarchant/a.

Feature d'
Name Antheridium A
Gamete B Non-motile
Statetrueorfalse:
Unisexualflowersoccurinchinarose.
Monoeciousconditioninlowerplantsisabsent.

(b) GameteTransfer:
Aftertheformation ofmaleandfemalegametes,compatible gametes mustbephysicallybrought together
tofacilitatefusion(fertilisationorsyngamy).Infewfungiandalgae,bothtypesofgametesaremotile.Bu1 in
majority oforganisms malegameteismotileand thefemalegameteisnon-motile.So thereisaneedof a medium
through which the male gametes move.
Inalgae,bryophytesandpteridophytes,wateristhemediumforgametetransfer.Alargenumberofthe
malegameteshowever,failtoreachthefemalegametes.Tocompensatethislossofgametes,thenumber of male
gametes produced in severalthousand times thenumber offemale gametes produced.
Inseedplantsbothmaleandfemale gametes are non-motile. Herepollengrains arethe carrierofmale
gametesandovulehastheegg.Asthemalegameteisnon-motilesoitcannotswimthroughwatermedium to reach
female gamete rather pollentube serve this purpose.
Forthispollengrainproducedin anther(d'part)aretransferred to the stigmaof femaleorgani.e.,carpel
throughtheprocessof pollinafon.Pollination is of twotype i.e., selfpollination and crosspollination.Self
pollinationisthetransferofthepollengrainsfromantherofaflowertothestigmaofsameflowerordifferent flower of
the same plant. Cross pollination is transfer of the pollen grain from anther of one flower to the
stigmaofdifferentflowerofotherplant.Inbisexual,self-fertilisingplantse.g.,peas,transferofpollengrains to the
stigma is relatively easy as anthers and stigma are located close to each other. Pollen grains germinate
on stigma and the pollentubecarryingthe male gametes reach the ovule anddischarge male gametes
near egg to perform fusion.

Example14 :In whichgroup of plants thereisinvolvement of pollentubetor movement of male gamete? Justify this.
Solution:Seededplantbecausemalegameteisnon-motile.

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TryYourself
Choose odd one w.r.t. categories of plants where pollen tube is required for gamete transfer. Angiosperm, Gymnosperms, B
Statetrueorfalse:
Infewlowerplantsbothgametesaremotile.
Pollentubecancarrybothmaleorfemalegamete.

2. Fertilisation
Themostvitaleventofsexualreproductionisthefusionofgametes.Thisprocessiscalledsyngamyor
fertilisationwhichresultsintheformationofadiploidzygote.
Syngamycanoccurin external mediumas well asinside thebody of organism. On this basissyngamycan be
distinguished into two types.
(a) External fertilisation:Syngamyoccursoutsidethebodyof organisminexternalmedium(water). It is
shownbymajorityofaquaticorganismslike most ofalgae,fishesaswellasamphibians.
Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation show great synchrony between the sexes and release a large
number of gametes into the surrounding medium in order to enhance the chances of syngamy. A major
disadvantage associated with it is that the offsprings are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening
their survival upto adulthood.
(b) Internalfertilisation : Syngamy occurs insidethe body of organisms.It is present in majority of plants
like bryophytes,pteridophytes, gymnospermsand angiosperms. It occurs in few algae like spirogyra. In all
these organisms egg isformed inside the female bodywheresyngamyoccurs.
The male gametes either through water or pollen tube are transferred to female gamete. In order to
enhance the chances of syngamy large number of sperms are produced in these organisms and to
compensate for this there is significant reduction in number of eggs produced.

Fusionofgametes Zogote
Fig.:Homogameticcontactinalga
FILE--.
External and internal fertilisation should not be confused with exogamy and endogamy. Exogamy : Two fusing gametes

Example15:Fil/intheblanks:

Externalfertilisation Internalfertlllsation
Syngamy Outsidebody A
Vulnerabilitytopredator B C
Example Mostofalgae D
Solution:(A)-Insidebody, (B)-More, (C)-Less, (D)-Alllandplants

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TryYourself
Fill intheblanks:
Greatsynchronybetweenreleaseofgametesisinfertilisation.
To enhance the chances of syngamythe number o·fd'gametes show a n- d gametes show

3. Post-FertilisationEvents
Eventsinsexualreproductionaftertheformationofzygotearecalledpost-fertilisationevents.
Zygote : Itisthefirstcellofthenew generationinallsexuallyreproducing organisms.Zygoteisalwaysdiploid.
Itisformedintheexternalaquaticmediuminthoseorganismswhichperformexternalfertilization.Zygote is produced
inside the body in cases where fertilizationis internal.
Zygote is a vital link between two successive generations, which ensures the continuity of race from
generation to generation.The body of all multicellularorganisms develops from the single-celled zygote. All the
cellsofthe body, therefore,containthe samegenetictraitsaspresentinthe zygote.
In many algae and fungi, the zygote secretes a thick wall that is resistant to desiccation and damage,
whichhelporganismstotideoverunfavourableconditions.Duringunfavourableconditionsitundergoesaperiod
ofrestuntilaswingbacktosustainabilityoccurs.Inadditionvariationsfoundinoffspringofsexualreproduction
allowsomeindividualstobebettersuitedforsurvivalandprovideamechanismforselectiveadvantagetooccur.
So we caneasily answer the question which was asked in the beginning of this chapter -"Whytheir is shift from
asexual to sexual reproduction, before onset of unfavourable conditions?'Answer lies in the fact that sexual
reproduction ensures survival of organisms under unfavourable conditions.
NowwecancomparezoosporeandzygoteproducedinAlgae.

Zoospore Zygote

1. Asexualstructure 1. Sexualstructure
2. Haploidordiploid 2. Diploid
3. Usuallynaked 3. Thinwalled.Thickwalledzygoteiszygospore.
4. Motilealways 4. Maybemotileornon-motile

Example16:Explainfeaturesofzygote.
Solution:(a)Vitallinkbetweentwogenerations
Alwayssinglecelled
Alwaysdiploid

TryYourself
Statetrueorfalse
Zygoteisalwaysformedinsidethebody.
Zygotemayrepresent"overwinteringstage"inlifecycleoforganism.

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Embryogenesis : Embryogenesis is the process of development of embryo from zygote. Embryo is a

multicellularstageinthelifecycleofaplantoranimalprior toformationofanindependentindividual. In
embryogenesis, the zygote undergoes repeated cell divisions through mitosis. The divisions help in
growth of the embryo. Cells undergo differentiation attaining specific shape, size and function. Cell
differentiation occurs at specific locations resulting in production of different tissues, organs and organ
systems. Development of different external and internal structures is called morphogenesis. Embryo
formation is present in all plant groups, except algae.In flowering plants. zygote develops into embryo.
The food for development of embryo comes from a special tissue known as endosperm. Ultimately, the
fertilized ovule matures into a seed. Inside the mature seedisthe progenitor of the next generation, the
embryo. A number of seeds develop in an ovary depending uponthenumber of ovules. Meanwhile, wall of
the ovary also proliferates. It produces pericarp or fruit wall. The pericarp can be dry or fleshy. The
ripened ovary with pericarp and seeds is called fruit. As the fruit begins to develop, sepals, petals,
stamens, style and stigma normally sheds, sepals persists in few cases like pea, Withania. After
dispersal, the seeds, upon reaching suitable substratumgerminateand form new plants.
From theabove discussion a comparative chart can be formed w.r.t. gamete formation,gamete transfer,
gametic fusion and embryogenesis in different plant groups.

Gamete Gametic
Plantgroup 'Typesofgamete Embryogenesls
transfer fusion
Algae lsogametes+ H20mainly Internalor Absent
Heterogametes External
Bryophytes Heterogametes H 20 Internal Present
Pteridophytes Heterogametes H20 Internal Present
Gymnosperms Heterogametes Pollen Internal Present
Angiosperms Heterogametes Pollen Internal Present

s s
p p

Fig.:Afewkindsoffruitshowingseeds(S)andpericarp(P)

DifferencesbetweenAsexualandSexualReproduction

AsexualReproduction SexualReproduction
1. Newindividuals are formed from a single 1.Commonlytwoparentsareinvolved inthe
parent. formation of new individuals through
sexualreproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction doesnotrequire the 2. Formation of sex organs isa pre-requisite
productionofsexorgans. for sexualreproduction.
3. Itdoesnotinvolvemeiosis.Alldivisionsare 3.Sexualreproductioninvolvesmeiosisat one or
mitotic. the other stage. In higher plants,it occurs
at the time of spore formation or
sporogenesis.
4. Asexualreproductiondoesnotinvolve 4. Itinvolvesfusionofgametes.
fusionof cells or gametes

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 27

AsexualReproduction Sexual Reproduction

5. Newindividualdevelopsfromonecellora 5. Newindividualdevelopsfromzygotei.e.,
partofoneparent. fusionproductoftwogametes.
6. New individuals are genetically similar to 6.Offspring or new individuals are
theparents. geneticallydrfferentfromeitherofthetwo
parents.
7.It does not introduce variability. Hence, 7. Itintroducesvariabilityandis,henceof
asexual reproduction has no evolutionary evolutionaryimportance.
importance.
8. Itisaquickmethodofmultiplication. 8. Sexualreproduction is a slower methodof
multiplication.
9. Itissimpleprocess. 9. Itiselaborateorcomplexprocess.

Example17:InthegivenbelowdiagramwhatwillbethefateofA,B,CandDafterfertilisation?

Stamen A

Solution:A.Shrivelaway, B.Shrivelaway,C.Pericarp,D.Seed

TryYourself
Fill intheblanks:
Progenitorofnext generationinseed is _
Morphogenesisanddifferentiationispart of

EXERCISE
11. Incuttingmethod,auxinhormoneisusedto
(1) Developshoots
(2) Initiateleaves
(3)Initiateroots
(4)Developfloral buds
12. Inwhichofthefollowingplant,graftingisnotpossible?
(1) Plum (2)Pear
(3)Mango (4)Maize
13. Selecttheoddoneoutw.r.t.sexualreproduction
(1) Diverseorganismsshowgreat diversityinsexualmodeofreproduction
(2) Juvenilephaseiscalledvegetativephase inplants
(3) Offspringsarenotidenticaltotheparents
(4) Fusionofgametesresultsinformationofzygote

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28 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

14. Select the plantspecieswhich flower onlyonceintheir life time, generallyafter50-100 years,producelarge number
of fruits and die.
(1) Strobilanthus (2)Bamboo
(3)Rice (4)Teak
15. Indiploidorganisms,specialisedgametemothercellsproducegametes.Theyarecalled
(1)Meiocytes (2)Mitocytes
(3)Egg (4)Pollen
16. Findtheoorrec,tmatch
(1) Monoeciousplant Bisexualflower
(2) Dioeciousplant Polygamousplant
(3) Haploidparent Mitogametes
(4) Dissimilargametes lsogametes
17. InChara,malesexorganiscalledas
(1) Globule (2) Nucule
(3)Oogonium (4)Carpocephalum
18. Inmajorityofplants,fertilizationis
(1) External (2)Internalandoogamous
(3)lsogamous (4)Externalandoogamous
19. Thevitallinkthatensurescontinuityofspeciesbetweenorganismsofonegenerationandthenextis
(1)Zygote (2)Sperm
(3)Pollengrain (4)Egg
20. Fewalgaeshow
(1) Externalfertilisation
(2)Heterogametes
(3)Internalfertilisation
(4) Zygoticmitosistodevelopembryo

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SomeImportantDefinitions
Reproduction:Abiologicalprocessin whichanorganismgives rise to youngones similar to itself.
Asexual reproduction : Method of reproduction involving formation of offspring from single parent with or without game
Clone:Morphologically andgeneticallysimilarindividuals.
Zoospores:Motile asexual sporesproducedinsidesporangia.
Conidia:Non-motileasexual sporesproducedover conidiophore.
Binaryfission:Celldividesintotwohalvesandeachrapidlygrowsintoanadult.
Vegetativepropagules :Unitsofvegetativepropagationcapable of giving use to new individual.
Sexual reproduction : Process involving formation of offsprings by contribution of twoplants from gametic fusion.
Juvenilephase:Periodofgrowthtoattaincertainmaturitytoperformsexualreproduction.

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 29

• lnterfloweringperiod:Recoveryphasebetweentwoflowerings.
• Gametogenesis:Processofformationoftwotypesofgametesi.e..maleandfemale.
• Homogametes:Morphologicallysimilartypesofgametes.
• Heterogametes:Morphologicallydistincttypesofgametes.
• Antherozoid:Malegametealsocalledsperm.
• Egg:Femalegametealsocalledasovum.
• Monoecious:Maleandfemaleflowersareonsameplantbody.
• Dioecious:Male andfemaleflowersareondifferentplantbody.
• Unisexualflower:Flowerhavingmaleor femalepart.
• Staminateflower:Unisexualmaleflower.
• Pistillateflower:Unisexualfemaleflower.
• Bisexualflower:Flowerhavingmaleaswellasfemalepart.
• Homothallic:Twofusinggametesbelongingtothesameparent.
• Heterothallic:Twofusinggametesbelongingtodifferentparents.
• Meiocytes:Specialisedcellswhichundergomeiosis.
• Fertilisation:Fusionofmale andfemalegamete.
• Pollination:Processoftransferofpollengrainfromanthertostigma.
• Externalfertilisation:Gameticfusionoutsidethebodyofanorganism.
• Internalfertilisation:Gameticfusioninsidethebodyofanorganism.
• Embryogenesis:Processofdevelopmentofembryofromzygote.
• Embryo:Progenitorofnextgeneration.
• Seed:Productofsexualreproductiondevelopedfrom ovule.
• Pericarp:Fruitwalldevelopedfromwallofovary.

QuickRecap
1. Reproductionenables aspeciestolivegenerationafter generation.
2. Reproductionisclassifiedunderasexualandsexualreproduction.
3. Asexualreproductioninvolvesformationofprogenywithoutgameticfusion.
4. Offspringsproducedinasexualreproductionareidenticalamongthemselvesandarecalled
clones.
5. The structures involved in asexual reproduction can be specialised (spores -conidia,
zoospore)orunspecialised(budding,vegetativepropagulesliketuber,rhizome,offset,bulbil, leaf
buds, root buds).
6. Itiscommonamongorganisms havingsimpleorganisationlikealgae,fungi,monerans,protist but
also occurs in higher plant by vegetative propagation.
7. Shift from asexual to sexual reproduction occurs in algae and fungi before the onset of
unfavourableconditionsoradverseconditionssothatthevariationsfoundinoffspringsenable
themforbettersurvival.Itresultsintheformationofaresistant structurethatisabletoendure
adverseconditions.
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30 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

Sexual reproduction involves fonnation and fusion of gametes so offsprings produced are different amongst themselves a
Sexual events are characterised as pre-fertilisation (involving gametogenesis and gamete transfer), fertilisation (gamet
Sexuality in organismsis variable. In the higher plants specialised reproductivestructures are formed i.e., flowers.
Pre-fertilisation events involves fonnation of gamete. Gametes are always haploid but plant body fonning gamete is haplo
Waterismediumofgametetransferin simpleplantslikealgae,bryophytes andpteridophytes whereas non-motile gametes of se
Fertilisationcanbeinternalorexternalformingaspecialisedcellcalledzygote.
Embryogenesisinvolveddevelopmentofembryofromzygote.
Infloweringplants,post-fertilisationeventsinvolvefonnationoffruitfromovary and seedfrom ovule which contains progenitoro

D D D

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Assignment
(SET-1)

School/BoardExaminations
Students are required to solve and write the
solutions in their exercise book.
Forreferringsolutionsto theassignment (Set-
1),pleasevisitourLibraryattheCentreor logon
toour website:www.aakah.ac.in
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32 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

SECTION-A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. Mentionthenameoftwogroupswhereasexualreproductionisverycommonbycelldivision.
2. MentionthetypeofbudanditspositioninvolvedinvegetativepropagationinBryophyllum.
3. Amongst the three phases of the life cycle of organisms c abneo fv a r i a b l e durations
indifferent organisms.

4. Namethespecialised branchesoverwhichandgametesareproducedinMarchant/a.
5. Whatiscelldifferentiation?
6. MentionthenameofvegetativepropagulethroughwhichDahliaiscultivated.
7. Doesformationofzygoteandembryooccursinallthesexuallyreproducingorganisms?
8. Giveanexamplewheretransfer ofpollengrainsoccurstothestigmaofsameplant.
9. "Asexualreproductionisexhibitedonlybylowerplants".Thisstatementistrueorfalse.
10. Staminateandpistillateflowersproducethe and gametesrespectively.

ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
11. Namethebiologicalprocesswhichensures continuityof species generationaftergeneration. Mentionitstwo
broadcategories.
12. Whichpartofthegivenorganismisusedforvegetativepropagation?WhythisplantwasintroducedinIndia?

13. Whichpartofpotatotuberandrhizomeofgingerhastheabilitytoformnewplantlets?
14. WhyStrobilanthuskunthianais calledneelakuranji?
15. Fillthevacant spacesinthebelowgivenflowchartw.r.teventsinsexualreproduction.

Vitallink-B
i
Embryogenesis

!
C
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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 33
16. Explainsexualityincucurbits.
17. Whatisthefateofzygotein plantsshowinghaplonticlifecycle?
18. Howgametesaretransferredinbryophytesandpteridophytes?
19. Whatisploidyofgameteandmeiocyte?Mentionthenumberofchromosomesinmeiocyteofriceandmaize.
20. WhatdoesSandPrepresentinbelowdiagram?

Labelledstructuresareformedatwhichstageofsexualreproduction?
21. Explainembryogenesis.Mentiontwomainchanges whichoccurinzygoteduringembryogenesis.

22. Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Algae,

Fungi,Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Fromtheboxgivenabove,choosethegroupsinwhichzygotedevelopsathickresistantwall.
23. Mentionthecarrier/mediumofmalegamete inthefollowinggroups.
a. Algae
b. Bryophytes
c. Gymnosperms
d. Angiosperms
24. Writeappropriateanswersforthelifecycleofanalgahavinghaploidbody.
(a) Typeofdivisioninvolvedinforminggamete.
(b) Ploidyofzygote and gamete.
25. (a)Mentionthreeeventsinvolvedinsexualreproduction.
(b)Whicheventisinvolvedinformationofvitallinkbetweentwogenerations?
26. Mentionnameofplantsandtheirfruitingbehaviourwhichcanflower
(a) After50-100years
(b) Oncein12years
27. Amongst two modesof reproductionwhichoneismostcommononeandwhichone startsbefore onset of
unfavourable conditionsin algaeand fungi?
28. Mentionnameoffourvegetativepropaguleswithoneexampleeach.
29. (a)Mentiontwogroupswherespecialasexualreproductivestructuresareformed.
(b)Writenamesoftwosuchstructureswithexamples.
30. Givelifespanof
(a) Bananatree
(b) Riceplant
(c) Rose
(d) Banyantree

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34 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

LongAnswerTypeQuestions:
31. Mentionthenumber ofchromosomesinfollowingstructuresofmaizeplant.
(a) Zygote
(b) Ovule
(c) Sperm
(d) Femalegamete
(e) Pollen
32. Giveonewordforeachofthefollowingstatements.
(a) Morphologicallyandgeneticallysimilarindividuals.
(b) Mostvitaleventofsexualreproduction.
(c) Morphologicallydistincttypesofgametes.
(d) Patternofsexualreproductionindiversetypesoforganisms.
(e) Motileasexualstructures.
33. (a)Arrangethefollowingstructuresintheircorrectsequence.

(A) (B) (C)

(b) Mentionthenameofstructures/eventsA,BandC.
(c) Mentionthenameofplantgroupinwhichtheseevents areshown.
34. Givecorrectanswersforthegivenbelowquestions.
A

(a) Identifythevegetativepropagule.
(b) LabelpartAandB.
(c) Thisstructureisinvolvedinwhichtypeofreproduction?
(d) Dotheprogenyproducedcanbeconsidered asclone?
(e) Mentionnameoftwomoreundergroundvegetativepropagules.
35. (a)Mentionthetermsusedtodenotebisexualconditionandunisexualconditioninlowerplants.
(b) CompareMarchantiaandCharaw.r.t.sexuality.
(c) Mentionthefactorsthatregulate thereproductive processesandtheassociatedbehaviouralexpression of
organism.
(d) Explainsenescentphase.
36. (a)Howcan youjustify inspiteofhavinggreat variation inexternal,internalstructure and physiology,sexual
reproduction in organisms share a similar pattern?

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 35
(b) Givethenameofeventsw.r.tformationoffollowingstructures.
(i) Embryo
(ii) Fruit
(iii) Fusionofgamete
(iv}Gametetransfer
(v)Gameteformation
37. (a)Explainzygoteformation.
(b) Featuresofzygote.
(c) Significanceofzygote.
38. Givefivemaindistinguishingfeaturesofsexualreproduction.
39. Namefewmethods/structurethroughwhichasexual reproduction occurs.Explaintwospecialized asexual
structures.
40. (a)Whatislife span?
(b) Correlatelifespan,size,complexityoforganism.
(c) Can certainorganismsescapeharshrealityoflifei.e.,"Naturaldeath"?
{d)Givelifespanof
(i) Banana
(ii}Banyantree
(iii)Fruitfly
(iv}Butterfly
41. Fillthecorrectoptionsforfollowingplants :

Monoecious/Dioeclous Gametetransfer
(a} Chara
(b} Marchantia
(c} Cucurbits
(d) Papaya
(e) Datepalm
42. (a}Giveoneexampleoforganismwhichreproducesthroughbudding.
(b) Givediagrammaticrepresentationoft.hismechanism.
(c) Alsodifferentiateitfrombinaryfission(threepoints).
43. Marktrueorfalseforthegivenbelow statements.Givecorrectexplanationoffalsestatements.
(a) Vegetativereproductionisatypeofasexualreproduction.
(b) Axillary budarisesfromnotchesofleavesinBryophyllum.
(c) Hormonesareresponsiblefortransitioninthreephasesoflifecycleinplantsonly.
{d)Gametesareuniversallyhaploid.
(e)Sweetpotatoproducesbisexualflowers.
44. (a}Whatkindofdevelopmenttakesplacein thezygote inorganisms withhaplodiplonticandhaplonticlife cycle?
(b)Nametheplantgroupswhichshowsthislifecyclepattern.
45. (a)Differentiatebetweenmonoeciousanddioeciousplant.Sitethreeexampleseach.
(b) Whattermsareutilisedforbisexualandunisexualconditioninseveralfungi?

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36 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

SECTION-B
ModelTestPaper

VeryShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
(1Mark]
1. Defineclone.
2. Dohigherplantsalsoshowasexualreproduction?Ifyes,thenthroughwhichmethod?
3. Siteanexampleoforganismwhichreproducesthroughbuddingandbinaryfission.
4. Chooseoddonew.r.t.structureproduoedinsexualreproduction
Gamete, zygote, conidiospore, embryo
5. Nameofjuvenilephaseinplantsis .
6. NametheareaswhereStrobilanthuskunthianaflourishinIndia?
7. Mentionnameofanalgawhichformsisogametes.
8. Findthenumberofchromosomesinmeiocyteof plantifgametecontain21chromosomes.
9. Syngamyinsexualreproductionisprecededby
10. Celldifferentiationispartofwhichphaseofsexualreproduction.

ShortAnswerTypeQuestions: (3Marks]
11. Amongtwocategories ofgametewhich oneisseeninmajorityof sexually reproducing organisms. Insuch
organisms what d'and- gamete is called?
12. (a)Whatisinterfloweringperiod?
(b)Nametwoplantsshowingthiscondition.
13. Whataretheadvantagesofasexualreproductionoversexualone?
14. Giveschematicrepresentationofzoosporeandconidiaformation.
15. Mentiontwomainfeaturesofgamete.
16. Namethemostinvasiveaquaticweed.Isitanexoticspecies?
17. CanyoudifferentiatebetweenfloweringpatternofbambooandStrobilanthus?
18. Synchrony between release of d'and- gametes ispresentinwhichtypeoffertilisation?Whataredisadvan tages
of this fertilisation?
19. Mentionaboutthemotilenatureofgametesshowninmajorityoforganismsaswellasinangiosperms.
20. Isembryogenesisuniversalfeatureinallsexuallyreproducingorganisms?Justify.

LongAnswerTypeQuestions:
(5Marks]
21. (a)Comparebelowgivenstructures w.r.t.typeofbud,presence,methodofreproductioninvolved.

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 37
(b) Mentionnameoftwovegetativepropaguleswhicharesub-aerial.
(c) Definelifespan.
(d) Givetwospecialfeaturesaboutlifespanswith explanation.
(e) Givelifespanof:Bananatree,Banyantree.
22. (a)GivefourdifferencesbetweenthebelowgiventhalliofMarchantia.

A
(b) Categorisethegivenbelowfeaturesintothethreeeventsofsexualreproduction.

Zygoteformation,Pollination,Transferofmalegamete,Celldifferentiation,Syngamy, Fruit
formation, Embryogenesis,Egg formation, Meiosis (haplontic lifecycle)

23. (a)(i) Forwhichofthefollowingorganismsthereisnonaturaldeath?

Bacteria,Unicellularalga,Protists,Marchantia,Amoeba
(ii}Forabovegivenorganismssitemainmodeofreproductioninvolved.
(b) Forthegivenbelowstructuregivefivepoints.

24. (a)(i) Siteexamplesoflowerplantsshowingmonoeciousanddioeciouscondition.

(ii) Intheseorganismsatwhichstagemeiosisoccurs.
(iii) Mentiontypeoflifecycle.
(b) Mentiontheploidyofmainbodyinthefollowing.
(i) Bryophytes
(ii) Pteridophytes
(iii) Gymnosperms
(iv) Angiosperms
(v) Mostofalgae

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38 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

25. Giveappropriateanswersforlifecyclesequenceforbamboo.

Juvenile----+ ._IA_.1----+ Senescence

(a) WhatdoesArepresent?
(b) Whatissounusualaboutfloweringphenomenon?
(c) Mentionitscategoryw.r.t.flowering,fruitingpattern.
(d) Canwesayitshowsclearcutdistinctionbetweenthreephasesofitslifecycle?
(e) Whatistheothernameofjuvenilephaseinthisplant?
26. (a)Whichmodeofreproductionisresponsibleforcreatinggeneticvariationsinprogeny?
(b) How isitpossible?
(c) Only sexualmode ofreproduction ispresent in mostof theplants.Isthisstatement trueor false?
Justify it.
(d) Amongsttwomodesofreproductionwhichoneisslow?

□□

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Assignment
{SET-2)

NEET&AIIMS
(CompetitiveEntranceExams.)
 Vivek Krishna
40 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

SECTION-A 9. Inwhich ofthefollowing plantsrootbudis involved in

vegetative propagation?
ObjectiveTypeQuestions
(1) Sugarcane (2)Banana
1. Arrangethefollowingw.r.t.increasinglifespan: (3) Ginger (4)Dahlia
Rose,Fruitfly, Rice
10. Chooseincorrectoptionforgivenbeloworganism
(1) Fruitfly,Rice, Rose(2)Rose,Rice,Fruitfly
(3)Rice,Rose,Fruitfly(4)Fruitfly,Rose,Rice
2. Whichofthefollowingfactorsis/areresponsiblefor
how organism reproduces?
(1) Organismshabitat
(2) Internalphysiology
(3) Environmentalfactors
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect
(1) Scourgeofthewater bodies
3. Processofreproductionwhichresultsinproduction of
(2) Reproductionthroughoffset
identical offsprings is
(3) Foundinrunningwater
(1) Complex,fast (2)Simple,slow
(4) Drainsoxygen fromwater
(3)Fast,simple (4) Fast,elaborate 11. Forcommercialpropagation ofbananaandginger
4. Asexualreproductioniscommonin whichofthefollowingpartsareutilised
(1) Singlecelledorganisms respectively?
(1)Rhizome,Sucker (2)Rhizome,Tuber
(2) Organismshavingsimple organisation
(3)Tuber, Bulb (4)Sucker, Rhizome
(3) Aquaticplants
12. Offsprings producedthroughwhichofthefollowing
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect
processes/structures represent clone?
5. ForWhichofthefollowingorganismsthereis no (1) Gameticfusion
natural death?
(2) Syngamy
(1) Bacteriareproducingbysporulation
(3) Vegetativepropagule
(2) Yeast reproducingbybudding
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect
(3) Unicellularorganismsreproducingbyspores 13. "Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual
(4) Unicellularorganismsreproducingby binary reproduction." Which of the following statements
fission justifythis?
6. Celldivisionitselfisamodeof reproductionin (1) Involvementofoneparent
(1) Amoeba,Penicil/ium (2) Gametesarenot involved
(2) Chara,Bacteria (3) Doesnotinvolvemeiosis
(3) Chlamydomonas,Penicillium (4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect

(4) Amoeba,Bacteria 14. Chooseincorrectmatch

7. Duringbuddinginyeast (1) Bulbil-Agave
(1) Cytokinesisisunequal (2) Sucker-Pineapple
(2) Identityofparentislost (3) Tuber-Bryophy/fum
(3) Clonesareproduced (4) Runner-Grasses
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect 15. In allthe sexually reproducingorganisms, events
involved are
8. Mostcommonasexualstructureproducedin
(1) Same,sequential
algae is
(2) Same,non-sequential
(1) Thickwalled (2)Multicellular
(3) Different,sequential
(3)Flagellated (4)Producedinchains
(4) Different,non-sequential
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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 41

16. Chooseoddonew.r.t.sexuality 24. Arrangethefollowingplantsw.r.t.increasing number of

chromosome
(1) Coconut (2)Cucurbits
Rioe,Maize,Apple
(3)Chara (4)Papaya
17. Whatwould be the numberofchromosomes inthe (1)Maize,Rice,Apple (2)Apple,Rice,Maize
meiocyte and gamete of onion respectively? (3)Apple,Maize,Rice (4)Rice,Maize,Apple
25.
(1) 24,12 (2)34,17 Strobilanthuskunthiana
(3)16,8 (4)14,17 (1) Showsfloweringonoein12months
18. Majorityofsexuallyreproducingorganismsform (2) TransformedhillytracksofKerala,Karnataka.
TamilNaduintobluestretches
(1) lsogametes
(3) ShowedfloweringduringNovember-December
(2) Homogametes
2006
(3) Heterogametes (4) Anannualplant
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect 26.
Infungihomothallictermisusedtorepresent
19. Charapossess (1) Dioeciouscondition
(1) Sexorgansabovenodes (2) Unisexualcondition
(2) Multicellularandjacketedsexorgans (3) Bisexualcondition
(3) ·d"structure-Globule,· -Nucule (4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect
27. Thick walled resistant zygote can be produced in
(4) Both(2)&(3) the life cycle of
20. Givetheploidyoffollowingstructuresin (1) Algae,fungi
angiospermic plants. (2) Bryophytes,pteridophytes
!Zygote,Endosperm,Ovuml (3) Gymnosperms,algae
(1) n,n,2n (2)2n,2n,n (4) Angiosperms,fungi

(3)2n,3n,n (4)2n,n,2n 28. GivenfigureslabelledbyA&Brepresent

21. Fromthe givenbelowprocesseshowmanyare

associated with post-fertilisation event?
(1) Syngamy,gametetransfer
(2) Gametogenesis,celldivision
(3) Gelldifferentiation,gameticfusion
(4) Embryogenesis,PENformation A B
(1) lsogametesofRhizopus Heterogametes
22. Infloweringplants,zygoteisformed ofFucus
(1) Insideovule (2) lsogametesof Heterogametes
Cladophora ofFucus
(2) Insidearchegonium
(3) lsogametesofRhizopus Heterogametes
(3) Inwater ofangiosperms
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect (4) lsogametesofChara Heterogametes
ofSynchytrium
23. Whichofthefollowingfeatureisuniversalinall sexually
reproducing organisms? 29. Selffertilisationisseenin
(1) Embryo formation (1) Unisexualflowerofpapaya

(2) Gameticmeiosis (2) Bisexualflowerofpea

(3) Zygoteformation (3) Unisexualflowerofdatepalm

(4) Bisexualflowerof coconut
(4) Pollengraintransfer
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42 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

30. Chooseincorrectoptionw.r.t. transitionafter

fertilisation in angiosperms 2. Members of which of the following groups reproduce
through special asexual reproductivestructures?
(1) Zygote--4 Embryo
(1) Algae,Bryophytes
(2) PEN---+Endosperm
(2) Fungi,Algae
(3) Ovary---+Fruit (3) Pteridophytes,Angiosperms
(4) lntegument--4 Pericarp (4) Fungi,Pteridophytes
31.
Whichofthefollowingvegetativepropagule 3. oospore, Conidia, Tuber,
Z
Offset, Pollen, Zygote
representslargesizefleshybud?
(1) Bulbil From thestructures givenin above boxhow many are
(2) Bulb
not associatedwith asexual reproduction?
(3) Sucker
(4) Rhizome (1) Three (2)Two
32. Choosecorrectsequencefordifferentstagesinthe life (3) Four (4)One
cycle of rice.
4. InvegetativepropaguleofpotatoandBryophyllum
(1) Juvenile phase --+ Recovery phase --+Flowering newplantsarisefromrespectively
phase --+ Senescence (1) Axillarybud,Adventitiousbud
(2) Juvenilephase--+lnterfloweringphase--+ (2) Adventitiousbud,Axillarybud
Reproductivephase (3) Axillarybud,Axillarybud
(3) Juvenilephase--+Reproductivephase--+ (4) Leafbud,Axillarybud
Senescence
5. Selecttheincorrectstatement
(4) Juvenilephase Senescence--+lnterflowering (1) Zygoteisthickwalleddiploidsexualspore
phase
(2) Flowersarebisexualinsweetpotato
33. Chooseoddonew.r.t.floweringandfruitingpattern (3) Ulothrixshowsexternalfertilisation
(1)Rice,Wheat (2)Marigold, Maize (4) ThenuculeinCharahasacapoffivecoronary cells
(3)Pea,Rice (4)Mango,Apple 6. Choosecorrectoptionw.r.tfollowingstructures
34. Chooseoddonew.r.tmediumthroughwhichmale
gametes are transferred? Cellular Flagella
structure Wall
(1) Algae,Bryophytes
(a) Zoospore Unicellular Present Thick
(2) Pteridophytes, Algae
(b) Conidia Unicellular Absent Thin
(3) Simpleplant,Bryophytes (c) Gamete Unicellular Canbe Thick
(4) Gymnosperms,Angiosperms present
35. Chooseoddonew.r.t. vegetative propagule involved
in cultivation in following plants (1) (a)&(b) (2) (b)&(c)
(1) Banana (3) (a)&(c) (4) (b) only
(2) Ginger
(3) Bryophyllum 7. Choosecorrectoptionforasexualandsexual
(4) Potato reproductioninorganismsthathavearelatively
simpleorganisation.
SECTION-B (3) Ther etesmayormay
eisn notbefused
ObjectiveTypeQuestions one Asexual Sexual
Feature reproduction reproduction
1. Intheprocessofasexualreproduction edto
sear
(a) Condition Favourable Unfavourable
(1) Largenumber of individuals are produced due chfo
to involvement of reduction division (b) Occurrence More Less
ram
(2) Individualsare geneticallysimilartoone (c) Structures
ate Spore Gamete
anotherbut nottotheirparent (d) Division
(4) Gam Meiosis Mitosis

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(1)(a)&(d) (2)(b)&(c)only
(3)(a),(b)&(c) (4)(c)&(d)

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 43
8. Which of thefollowing plants producenon-motile
male gametes? 15. Whichofthe following features cannotbe shown
by structure which is vital link between two
(1) Ulothrix,Marchantia
generations ensuring continuity of species?
(2) Strobilanthus,Chara
(a) Thickwalled
(3) Spirogyra,Ulothrix
(b) Multicelled
(4) Mangifera,Pinus (c) Onesetofchromosomes
9. Fleshybudsinaquaticplantsareknownas (d) Meiocyte
(1) Bulbils (2)Offset (e) Restingstructure
(3)Turions (4)Rhizome (1) (a),(b)&(e) (2)(a),(b)&(d)
10. Clearcutdistinctionbetweenvegetative, (3)(b)&(c) (4)(d)&(e)
reproductive and senescent phaseis shownby
16. Organisms showing internal fertilisation shows
(1) Allannualsandperennials reductionin numberof gamete and
(2) Allbiennialandperennials increase in number of gamete.
(3) Allannualsandbiennials (2) Sperm,eggs
(4) Allperennials
(4)Male,female
11. Infewfungiandmost ofthealgae
17. Choose correct option w.r.t. features of different
(1) ·d'gamete-motile,- gamete-motile
plant groups
(2) ·d' gamete -non-motile,· gamete-non Asexual
Group Embryo Gametes
motile spore
(1) Bryophytes Present Homogamete Absent
(3) ·d'gamete-non-motile,· gamete-motile
(2) Pteridophytes Present Homogamete Present
(3) Ulothrix Absent Homogamete Present
(4) ·d'gamete-motile, gamete-non-motile
(4) Gymnosperms Absent Heterogamete Present
12. Select correct option w.r.l.chromosomes number in
18. Synchronybetweenthematurityofsexesand
sexual life cycle of apple.
release of large number of gametesis shown by
(1) Megasporocyte-34;Microspore-17;PEN-51
(1) Allsperrnatophytes
(2) Oosphere-34;Nucellus-34;Pollengrain- 17
(2) Allbryophytes
(3) Meiospore-34;Microspore-17;Embryo-34 (3) Mostofthealgae
(4) Meiocyte-34;Sporocyte-34;Pollentetrad-34 (4) Mostofthelandplants
13. Choosecorrect optionw.r.t.divisionduringgamete 19. Choosecorrectoptionw.r.t.givenbellowthallus
formation and division in zygote for organisms
having haplontic life cycle respectively.
(1) Mitosis,mitosis
(2) Meiosis,meiosis
(3) Mitosis,meiosis
(4) Meiosis,mitosis
14. Which of the following plant groups shows internal
fertilisation only?
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes (1) Producemalegamete
(c) Pteridophytes
(d)Fungi (2) Formsexualbranchesasantheridiophore
(1) (b)&(c) (2) (a)&(b) (3) Afterfertilisationpossesszygote
(3)(c)&(d)
(4)(a)&(c)
(4) Morethanoneoptioniscorrect
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44 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

20. Which of the following represents the correct

25. Examine the figures A, B, C &D given below and
sequence of phases in the life cycle of wheat?
select the right option for female sex organs.
[whereJ-Juvenilephase,R-Reproductivephase, I-
lnterfloweringperiod,G-Gapphase, S-
Senescence, V - Vegetative phase]

(1) V- I- R- G- S
(2) J- R- G- R- S :/
(3) J- R- S [A] (BJ
(4) V- R- S-G
21. Study the following statements and choose the
correct option.
I.Life spans of organisms are correlated with
sizes.
ILDeathof allindividualsis certain
(CJ
Ill.Theorganism's habitat,internalphysiology etc.
are collectively responsible for how it (1) a,d&f (2) b,d&f
reproduces. (3)a,c&e (4) a,d&e
IV. When offspring is produced by single parent
with or without involvement of garnets 26. Study the following statement and choose the
formation is called asexual reproduction. correct option

(1) I,IIarecorrect I. Asexualreproductioniscommonamongsingle

celledorganismsandorganismswithrelatively
(2) 111,IVare correct
simple organisation.
(3) I,Illarecorrect
II. Conidia, bud, gemmulesare common sexual
(4) II,IVarecorrect structures.
22. A portion of undergroundstem bearing bud forms a
Ill.Runner,rhizome,sucker,tuber,offset,bulbare
new plant in
vegetative propagules.
(1) Adiantum,ColocasiaandVallisneria
IV. Theinvasiveweedsfound growing infresh
(2) Narcissus,GladiolusandFreesia
water bodies is Zostera.
(3) Garlic,OnionandWaterhyacinth
(1) I,IIarecorrect (2) Ill,IVarecorrect
(4) Turmeric,GingerandStrawberry
(3)I,Illarecorrect (4) II,IVare correct
23. Which ofthefollowingstatementaboutvegetative
reproductionisincorrect? 27. Read the following statement carefully:
(1) Stemcuttingis acommonhorticulturalmethod of "Furtherdevelopmentofzygotedependsonthe
plant propagation type of life cycle the organism has and the
environmentitisexposedto."
(2) In trench layering, the basal branch may
pegged at several places in soil at regular Identify thecorrectly matchedpairw.r.t. the above
intervals statement.
(3) Stock has large diameter than scion in crown
Thickwalledzygote Haplonticlifecyde
grafting Haplodiplontic
Zygote forms new generation,bymitosis, lifecycle
representedbyfewce
(4) Gootee is anancient methodofpropagation in Zygoteundergoes meiosistoformhaploid generation
subtropical trees and shrubs Zygoteformsmulticellular
24. Graftingmethodcanbeused diploidgeneration
-Diplonticlifecycle
(1) Inalltracheophytes
(2) Onlyingymnospermicplants
-Haplonticlifecycle.
(3) Incambiumcontainingeustelicplants
(4) Onlyinatactostelicplants
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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 45
28. Thevitallinkthatensurescontinuityofspecies
betweenorganismsofonegeneration andnextare 32. The progenitorof thenextgenerationinmature seed
is
all,except (1) Gamete (2) Spore
(1) Zygospore (2) Oospore (3) Oospore (4)Emrbyo
(3) Zygote (4) Oosphere 33. Examinethefiguregivenbelowandselectthe
29. correctoption forlabelledparts,a,b, c, d.
Choosethecorrectoptionsfromthefollowing
I. Annualandbiennialplantsshowclearcut
vegetative,reproductiveandsenscentphases.
II. a
Bamboospeciesfloweronlyonceinlifegenerally
after 50-100 years.
Ill.Strobilanthus kunthiana is a monocarpic plant
which flowers only once-after 6 years.
(1) I,Illarecorrect (1) a- Buds

(2) IIiscorrect b -Adventitiousroot

(3) I,IIarecorrect
(4) Illiscorrect c - Leaves
30. Choosethecorrectoptions d - Nodes
I. Gametesare always producedfromdiploid (2) a -Nodes
parent plant body. b - Adventitiousroot
II. Meiocytesaresporocytesinallplants. c - Leaves
Ill.Thegymnospermsandpteriodophytes have diploid d - Buds
parent body. (3) a - Buds
IV. Inseedplants.pollengrainsarecarrierofmale b -Adventitiousroot
gametes.
c - Nodes
(1) I.IIarecorrect
d - Leaves
(2) Ill,IVarecorrect
(4) a - Nodes
(3) I,Illarecorrect
b - Adventitiousroot
(4) II,IVarecorrect c - Buds
31. d -Leaves
Choosethecorrectoptionfromfollowingstatem
34. From the given categories of bud choose the one
ents.
which is present on potato tuber?
I. Duringembryogenesis,zygoteundergoes
mitotic cell division. (4) I rrectbutI,IVarecorrect
I
II. Inorganismswith diplonticlife cycle, zygote
,
divides by meiotic cell division.
I
Ill.Thepericarp(fruitwall)developfromintegument of l
ovule, after fertilization. l
a
IV. Inbrinjal,sepalsremainedattachedtofruit even
r
after fertilization. e
(1) I,II areincorrectbutIll,IVarecorrect i
n
(2) 111,IVareincorrectbut11,Illarecorrect
c
(3) I,IVareincorrectbut11,Illarecorrect o
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Nod (3) Leaf,extra-axillarybud
alb (4) Nodal,adventitiousbud
ud,
Adv Whatisthecarrierof ·o
gameteinthePinus,
enti Marchantia,Mango,Chara,Funariarespectively? [where
tiou
sbu A - Pollen tube, B - H20]
d,A (1) A,B,B,A,A (2)A,B,A,B,B
xilla
35. ryb (3) B,A,A,B,A (4)A,B,A,A,B
ud,
Lea
fbu
d,E
xtra
-
axill
ary
bud
(1) A
d
v
e
n
t
i
t
i
o
u
s
,
a
x
i
l
l
a
r
y
b
u
d
(2) N
o
d
a
l
,
a
x
i
l
l
a
r
y
b
u
d

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46 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

SECTION-C 7. lsogamousconditionwithnon-flagellatedgametes is
found in [NEET-2013]
PreviousYearsQuestions (1) Spirogyra (2) Votvox
1. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisnot (3) Fucus (4) Chlamydomonas
correct? [NEET(Phase-2)-2016)
(1) Offspring produced by the asexual reproduction 8. Productofsexualreproductiongenerallygenerates:
are called clone [NEET-2013]
(2) Microscopic, motile asexual reproductive
(1) Prolongeddormancy
structuresarecalledzoospores
(2) Newgeneticcombinationleadingtovariation
(3) In potato,banana and ginger, the plantlets
arise from the internodes present in the (3) Largebiomass
modified stem (4) Longerviabilityofseeds
(4) Water hyacinth,growing inthe standingwater, 9. Whichoneofthefollowingiscorrectlymatched?
drainsoxygenfromwaterthatleadstothe
[AIPMT(Prelims)-2012]
death offishes
(1) Chlamydomonas - Conidia
2. Whichone of the following generates new genetic
(2) Yeast -Zoospores
combinations leading to variation?
[NEET(Phase-2)-2016) (3) Onion -Bulb
(1) Vegetativereproduction (4) Ginger -Sucker
(2) Parthenogenesis QuestionsaskedPriortoMedicalEnt.Exams.2005
(3) Sexualreproduction 10. Selectthewrongstatement:
(4) Nucellarpolyembryony
(1) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function
3. In bryophytes andpteridophytes,transport of male or behaviour
gametes requires: [NEET-2016)
(2) InOomycetesfemalegemeteissmallerand
(1) Water (2) Wind motile, while male gamete is larger andnon
(3)Insects motile
(4)Birds
(3) Chlamydomomasexhibitsbothisogamyand
4. Whichofthefollowingpairsisnotcorrectly anisogamyandFucusshowsoogamy
matched? [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(4) lsogametesaresimilarinstructure,function
Modeofreproduction Example andbehaviour
(1) Conidia Penicil/ium 11. Monoeciousplant ofCharashowsoccurrenceof
(2) Offset Waterhyacinth (1) Stamenandcarpelonthesameplant
(3) Rhizome Banana (2) Upperantheridium andloweroogoniumonthe
(4) Binaryfission Sargassum same plant
5. Ingingervegetativepropagationoccursthrough (3) Upperoogoniumandlower antheridiumonthe
same plant
[AIPMT-2015]
(1) Runners (4) Antheridiophore and archegoniophore onthe
(2) Rhizome
(3) Offsets same plant
(4)Bulbils
12. Whichoneofthefollowingiscommonto
6. WhichoneofthefollowingiswrongaboutChara? (4) Globuleismalereproductivestructure
[AIPMT-2014)
(1) Upperoogonium andlowerroundantheridium
(2) Globuleandnuculepresentonthesameplant
(3) Upperantheridiumandloweroogonium
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multicellularfungi,filamentousalgaeandprotonemaof
mosses?
(1) ModeofNutrition
(2) Multiplicationbyfragmentation
(3) Diplonticlifecycle
(4) MembersofkingdomPlantae

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Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductioninOrganisms 47
13. The"Eyes"ofthepotatotuberare 18.Inwhichoneofthefollowingpairboththeplants
(1) Axillarybuds canbevegetativelypropagatedbyleafbuds?
(2)Rootbuds
(3)Flowerbuds (1) AgaveandKalanchoe
(4)Shootbuds
(2) BryophyllumandKalanchoe
14. Whichoneofthefollowingpairsiswrongly (3) AsparagusandBryophyl/um
matchedwhiletheremainingthreearecorrect?
(4) Chrysanthemumand Agave
(1) Bryophyllum-Leafbuds
19. Whyisviviparyanundesirablecharacterforannual
(2) Agave-Bulbils crop plants?
(3) Penici/lium-Conidia (1) Itreducesthevigouroftheplant
(2) Itadverselyaffectsthefertilityoftheplant
(4) Waterhyacinth-Runner
(3) Theseedsexhibitlongdormancy
15. Examine thefiguregivenbelowandselecttheright
(4) Theseedscannotbestoredundernormal
option giving all the four parts (a, b, c, d) correctly
conditions for the next season
identified
20. Vegetativepropagationinmintoccursby
(1) Sucker (2)Runner
(3)Offset (4)Rhizome
21. Whichoneofthefollowingplantsismonoecious?
)
(1) Papaya (2)Marchantia
(c)
(3)Pinus (4)Cycas
22. Whichoneofthefollowingisapolygamousplant?
(1) Maize (2)Coconut
(3)Litchi (4)Papaya
(dJ 23. Examine the figures (A-D) given below and select
the right option out of 1-4, in which all the four
(a) (b) (c) (d) structures A, B, C andD are identified correctly
(1) Seta Sporophyte Protonema Rhizoids Structures:
(2} Antherid- Male Globule Roots
iophore thallus
(3) Archego- Female Gemma- Rhizoids
niophore thallus cup
(4) Archego- Female Bud Foot
niophore thallus
16. Whichofthefollowingpropagatesthroughleaf-tip?
(1)Walkingfern (2)Sprout-leafplant
(3) Marchantia (4)Moss
17. Inoogamy,fertilizationinvolves
(1}A smallnon-motile female gamete and a large
motile male gamete Options:
(2) A large non-motile female gamete and asmall
motile male gamete
(3) A large non-motile female gamete and asmall
non-motile male gamete
(4) Alargemotilefemalegameteand asmall non-
motile male gamete
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A B C D
(1) Rhizome Sporangiophore Polarcell Globule
(2) Runner Archegoniophore Synergid Antheridium
(3) Offset Antheridiophore Antipodals Oogonium
(4) Sucker Seta Megaspore Gemmacup
mothercell

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48 ReproductioninOrganisms Board&CompetitiveExams.

24. VegetativepropagationinPistiaoccursby 6. A:Mostofthespeciesof Charaaremonoecious but

(1)Stolen (2)Offset show cross fertilization.
(3)Runner (4)Sucker R:Theplantbodyshowsprotandrouscondition.
25. Syngamycanoccuroutsidethebodyofthe 7. A:Multiplication occurs rapidlywithequalratein
organism in apomixis as well as in amphimixis.
(1) Fungi (2)Mosses R: Bothtypesshowmitoticaswellasmeiotic division.
(3)Algae (4)Fems
8. A:Fucus, a brownalgashows oogamy.

SECTION-D R:Femalegameteisquitelargeascompareto

Assertion-ReasonTypeQuestions malegamete.

Inthefollowingquestions,astatementofassertion 9. A:Runner,tuber,sucker,offsetetc.are vegetative

(A) isfollowedbyastatementofreason(R).
propagules.

(1) IfbothAssertion &Reason are true and the R:Twoparentsareinvolvedintheformationof these

reason is the correct explanation of the structure.
assertion, then mark (1) 10. A:Cerealsaremonocarpicplants.
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the R:Theyhave distinct juvenile, reproductiveand
reason is not the correct explanation of the senescent phases.
assertion, then mark (2)
11. A: Thenumber of male gametes produced is
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is several times than the number of female
false, then mark (3) gametesproduced.
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false R:Thiscompensatestheloss of malegametes during
statements, then mark (4) movement.
1. A:Attheendofjuvenility,theorganismdevelops
12. A:InVolvox,heterogametesareformedinsexual life
thecapacitytoreproduce.
cycle.
R :It represents the time period between the first
and next flowering in plants. R:Non-motilec! gametesaretransferredby water.
2. A :Reproduction is a biological process of giving
rise to young ones. 13. A :Zygote is the first cellof the new generation in all
R : Reproduction increases population and sexually reproducing organisms.
maintainsthecontinuityofspecies. R :Cell divisionand cell differentiationare the
3. A:Endogamyiscommonismajorityofanimals. stages of embryogenesis.
R :Fusinggametesarequitedifferentanddevelop
14. A :Waterhyacinth isone of the mostinvasive
from the different individuals.
weed.
4. A : The higher organisms must evolve a special
mechanism for gamete transfer. R:Itincreasesthedissolvedoxygenofwater.
R : Male and female gametes are formed in 15. A: Noindividualisimmortalexcept onecelled
different individuals. organisms.
5. A : Air layering does not produce a composite
plant. R: Afewnumber of plants and animals species
haveexistedonearthanddonotdiebecause of
R :Stockand scionare fusedtoformacomposite
plant during grafting. budding.

□ □ □

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Chapter3

ReproductiveHealth
ChapterContents

Introduction Introduction
• ReproductiveHealth-Problems Reproductivehealthreferstohealthy reproductive organswithnorm.al
and strategies
functions.However.ithasa broaderperspectiveasit involveswell-being in
HwnanPopulationGrowth other aspects too. According to World Health Organisation (WHO),
• MethodsofBirthControl
reproductivehealthmeanswellbeinginphysical,emotional,behavioural
andsocialaspeclsofreproduction.Therefore,reproductively,ahealthy
Sexuallyn-ansmittedDiseases
socielycomprisesofpeoplehavingphyicallyandfunctionally normal
Infertility
reproduliveorgansandnormalemotionalandbehaviouralinteractions
Assisted Reproduciive amongtheminall sex-relatedaspects.Thischapterdealswith.problems
Ti chnologi (ART]
andtrat glforr produ tlvh alth,varioupUonorontrapti n
QuickRecap (populationcontrol),knowldgeofsexuallytransmitteddiseases,causes
andremedyofinfertilityandassistedreproductivetechnologies.

REPRODUCTIVEHEALTH-PROBLEMSANDSTRATEGIES
Problemsandstrategiesofreproductivehealthinhumanbeingsareexplained as
follows.
(i) Overpopulation : Themainproblem ofIndiaisitsexcessivepopulation
which is directly connected with reproductive health. To achieve total
reproductive health, some plans and programmes were started. Family
planning programme was initiated in 1951in India and was periodically
assessed over the past decades. These programmes were popularly
named Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes. The
major taskscarriedoutunder theseprogrammes areto provide facilities
andsupport for building up a reproductively healthy society.
(ii) Awareness about reproduction : Audio-visual and print media,
governmental and non-governmental agencies are doing a good job to
createawarenessamongpeopleaboutreproductioninhumans.Parents,
closerelatives,friends and teachers alsohave amajorrole in giving the
above information.
90 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

(iii) SexEducation : Sex education in schools should also be introduced and encouraged to provide right
information about myths and misconceptions about sex-related aspects.
(iv) Knowledge of growth of reproductive organs and STDs : Proper information about reproductive organs,
adolescence (period of rapid growth between childhood and adulthood), safe and hygienic sexual practices.
sexuallytransmitted diseases (STDs). e.g., AIDS etc., would help to lead a reproductively healthy life.
(v) Birthcontroldevicesand careofmother and child: Fertilecouplesandpeopleofmarriageable age group
should know about available birthcontrol devices,careofpregnant mothers.postnatal (after birth)care of the
mother and child, importance of breast feeding, equal importance for the male and female child, etc.
(vi) Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crimes : Awareness of problems due to uncontrolled population
growth, social evils like sexabuse andsex-related crimes,etc.needtobe created sothatpeopleshould think and
take up necessarysteps to prevent them and thereby build up a reproductively healthy society.
(vii) Information about reproduction related problems : The success of plans to attain reproductive health
requiresgoodinfrastructuralfacilities,professional expertknowledge andmaterial support.Thesearenecessary to
provide medical help and care for reproduction related problems like menstrual problems, infertility,
pregnancy, delivery, contraception,abortions,sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Implementationof better
techniquesandnewstrategiesisalsorequiredtoprovidebettercareandhelptopeopleforreproductivehealth.
(viii) Amniocentesis -Meaning and Use :Amniocentesisis a foetal sex and disorder determinationtest based on
the chromosomal patternof theembryo's cells in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.

Fig.:Amniocentesis
Procedure : Amniotic fluid contains cells from the skin of the foetus and other sources. These cells can be
used todeterminethesexoftheinfant.toidentifysomeabnormalitiesinthenumberofchromosomesand to detect
certain biochemicals and enzymatic abnormalities.If it isestablished thatthe child is likelyto suffer from a
serious incurable congenital defect, the mother should get the foetus aborted.
Misuse of Amniocentesis : It is being misused to know the sex of unborn baby followed by medical
termination of foetus, in case its female.

KnowledgeCloud
Recent studies have discovered that amniotic fluid can be a rich source of multipotent mesenchymal, hematopoietic, neural, epithelialand e
(ix) Research in reproductive health area : It should be encouraged and supported to find out new methods.
"Saheli" a new oral contraceptive for the females was developed by our scientists at Central Drug Research
Institute (CORI) in Lucknow, India.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth 91
(x) Medical facilities : Betterawareness aboutsexrelatedproblems,prenatalcareofmother,medically assisted
deliveriesandpostnatalcareofmotherandinfantdecreasematernalandinfantmortality.Smallfamilies,better
detection and cure of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and increased medical facilities for sex-related
problems,etc. indicate improved reproductive health of male and female individuals and children.

Knowledge Cloud
Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis, is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the foetal umbili

MeasurestoControlOver Population
1. Education : People, particularly those in the reproductive age group, should be educated about the
advantage of a small family.Massmedia andeducational institutions can playanimportant roleinthis
campaign.Postersshowingahappycouplewithtwochildrenwithaslogan"HumDoHumareDo"should be
displayed. Many couples have even adopted "one child norm".
2. Marriageable Age : Raisingof the age ofmarriage isamoreeffectivemeanstocontrolthepopulation (now
marriageable age of female is 18 years and that of male is 21 years).
3. Incentives:Coupleswithsmallfamiliesshouldbegivenincentives.
4. Familyplanning:Therearemanybirthcontrolmeasureswhichcancheckbirthrate.

HUMANPOPULATIONGROWTH
Humanpopulationgrowthismeasuredastheannualaveragegrowthratewhichiscalculatedasfollows:

P2-P1]
Averageannualgrowthrate(inpercent)=[pxNx100
1

where, P1ispopulationsizein thepreviouscensus;

P2ispopulationsizeinthepresentcensus;and
Nisnumberofyearsbetweentwocensus.

SDIIES---+t
• • 4

f
POPULATION

-----ffllll!----

-1101DLPOPUt.An01,i
-----D&IIIHIUll'll
---81ft'THllllll1!
Fig.:Differentstagesofthedemographictransition
(1)Highbirthratebutfluctuatingdeathrate,(2)Decliningdeathrateandcontinuinghighbirthrate,
(3)Decliningbirthrateanddeathrate,(4)Lowdeathratebut fluctuatingbirthrate
92 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

Censusgives informationaboutthenumberofindividualspresentinagivenregionatagiventime.Thetime
requiredforapopulationtodoubleitselfiscalledthedoublingtime.Thepresentgrowthrateofapproximately
1.7percentper year (17individualsper1000 of population) for India is smallerthan thepeakof about 2.1 percent per
year during 1965-1970.
Population growth rate is indicated by (i) the annual average growth rate and (ii)thedoubling time. Growth
rate depends on birth (fertility) rate, death (mortality) rate, migration and age sex ratio.
1. Fertility(Natality):Fertilityistheabilityofthereproductivelyactiveindividualstoproducebabies.Birth rate is
the number of babies produced per thousand individuals. It differs from the population growth rate as it
is never negative while the growth rate can be negative. Total fertility rate (TFR) is the
averagenumberofchildrenthatcanbeborntoawomanduringherlifetime.Thetotalfertilityratevaries
fromregion to region. The more developed countries have lower fertility ratesthan the less developed
countries. Fertilityis mainly controlled by economics and humanaspirations. Replacement level (RL)
isthenumberofchildrenacouplemustproducetoreplacethemselvessoas tomaintainthepopulation at zero
growth level. RL is slightly higher than 2.0 because some children die before reaching
reproductiveage.RLis2.1indevelopedcountriesand2.7indevelopingcountriesduetoahigherdeath rate at
immature age.
2. Mortality : Mortality is the deathrateperthousand individuals.Deathratehasfalleninmostcountries. It is
due to improved personal hygiene, sanitation and modern medicines.
Demographers generally use crude birth rate and crude death rate. Crude birth rate is the number of live
births per thousand persons in the middle ofa given year (i.e.,onJuly07). Crudedeath rateis thenumber of
deaths per thousand persons in the middle of a given year (i.e., on July 07). Thedifference between the
numberof birthsandthatofdeathsiscalledtherateofnatural increase. Ifbirthanddeathrates wereequal, a zero
population growth rate would result which is known as demographic transition. It has occurred in most
developed countries.
AgeandSexStructures:
The age structure of a given population refers to the proportion of individuals of different ages within that
population. This aspect is important because many functional aspects of the individuals are related to age.
For example, infants below one year of age and the older people have higher mortality rate than
individuals of other ages. In addition, the proportion of reproductively active males and females in a
population influences the population growth. The numberof female individuals in active reproductive age
(usually 15-44 years) influences the birth rate within a population.
Age
Males 75 Females
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
32028024020016012080 40 0 0 4080120160200240280320
Population(millions)
(a)
Males Age
75 Females
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
32028024020016012080 40 0 0 40 80120160200240280320
Population(millions)
(b)
Fig.:Age-sexpyramidsbetween1975and2000: (a)Developedcountries,(b) Developingcountries
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth 93
Age-sex structureofapopulationcanbedepictedintheformofapyramiddiagrambyplottingthepercentage of
population of each sexin each age.Figure shows theage-sex pyramid for the developed and developing
countriesfortheyearsbetween1975and2000.The age-sexstructureofthedevelopedworldgivesasteeper
pyramid, which represents a nearly stable population. In contrast, a rapidly growing population, like that of
India, is represented by a much less steep pyramid, as it hasa much larger number of young people. The
female side of the diagram is particularly important in understanding future growth.

TryYourself
Which wasthefirstcountryin thedevelopingworld toinitiate'Familyplanning programmes'?
Whenwerefamilyplanning programmesinitiated?
Whichconditionshadanexplosiveimpactonthegrowthofpopulation?
Whatarethesuggestedreasonsforpopulationexplosion?

METHODSOFBIRTHCONTROL
Contraceptives
They are the devices whichpreventconception orpregnancy without interferring in the reproductive healthof the
individualsin any way. Characteristics of an ideal contraceptiveare :
(i) Userfriendly,i.e.,comfortableandeasytouse.
(ii) Absenceofsideeffects.
(iii) Reversible,i.e.,whentheuserwantstoconceive,itshouldbeeasytobeinterrupted.
(iv) Completelyeffectiveagainstpregnancy.
There are several methods of contraoeption natural or traditional,barriers,IUDs,oralcontraceptives, injectables,
implants and surgical methods.
Couple protection is the process of bringing eligible couples under family planning measures. In India, it is
over 55% at present and is voluntary in nature. In 2004, there were 60·79 lakh IUD insertions, 48·74 lakh
sterilisations or surgical interventions, 249-9lakh condom users and 87-54 lakh oral pill users.
1. Natural Methods : They are the methods which do not require any device, medicine or religious
sanction. Natural methods are of three kinds-safe period, withdrawal and breast feeding.
(i) Safe period (Rhythm Method) : Ovulation occurs roughly about the middle of menstrual cycle.
Fertility period when fertilisation can occur is upto 24 hours after ovulation. Avoidingsex during
the fertility period will naturally prevent conception. Ovulation period can be known as the basal
body temperature rises by about 1°F during ovulation.
Cervical mucus is slippery abundant, stretchable due to influence of estrogens. Period prior to
ovulation is safe. Period after fourth day of rise intemperature(or last positive Spinnbarkeittest) is
also considered safe.Itis however. alwaysbetterto avoid sexfromday10-17 of the menstrual cycle.
(ii) Withdrawal Method {Coitus lnterruptus) : The method is based on withdrawal of penisbefore
ejaculation.Thismethodhasahighfailurerateduetopre-ejaculatoryemissionofspermsorfailure to
withdraw penis before ejaculation.
{iii)LactationalAmenorrhoea:Just afterparturition,thereisaphase of amenorrhoeaorabsence of
menstruation. It is also the phase of intense lactation. Breast feeding the child fully prevents
conception.The method is however, effective only upto a maximum period of six months.
94 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

2. BarrierMethods:Theyaremechanicaldeviceswhichpreventthedepositionofspermsintovaginaand
theirpassageintouterus.Further,theycanbeself-insertedbytheuserincompleteprivacy.Thecommon barrier
methods are condoms,diaphragms, fem shieldsand cervicalcaps.
(i) Condom : It is a tubular latex sheath which is rolled over the male copulatory organ during sex.
The common brand provided by family welfare services is Nirodh.The device alsoprovides
protection against sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS.
(ii) FemShield (Female Condom) : The device is a polyurethane pouch with a ring at either end.
Theinnerring is smaller and presentat theinnerclosedend.The device coversthe externalgenitalia
aswellaslinesthevagina.Femshieldprovidesprotectionfromsexuallytransmitteddiseasesalso.
(iii) Diaphragm : Itis a tubularrubber sheathwithaflexiblemetalorspringringatthemarginwhichis fitted
inside the vagina.
(iv) Cervical Cap : It is a rubber nipple whichis fittedover thecervix andisdesigned to remainthere by
suction. The device preventsthe entryof sperms into uterus.
(v) Vault Cap : It is a hemispherical dome-like rubber or plastic cap with a thick rimwhich is meant
forfittingoverthevaginalvault overthecervix.
3. Chemical Methods : They are the contraceptives which contain spermicidal chemicals. The chemical
contraceptives are available in the form of creams (e.g., delfen), jellies (perceptln, volpar paste),
foam tablets (e.g., aerosol foam, chlorimin Torcontab). They commonly contain lactic acid, boric
acid,citricacid,zincsulphateandpotassiumpermanganate.Thecontraceptivesareintroducedinvagina
priortosex.Sponge(Today)isa foamsuppository ortabletcontainingnonoxynol-9 asspermicide.It kills
the sperm by disrupting the membrane. It is moistened before use to activate the spermicide. The
device also absorbs ejaculate.
4. Intrauterine Devices(IUDs)(Intrauterine Contraceptive DevicesorIUCDs) : Thedevicesaremade
ofplastic, metaloracombinationof thetwoandareinsertedintotheuterustopreventconception.IUDs
arecalledloops, spirals,rings,bows,shields orTs depending upontheshape. IUDsareofthreetypes
inert,copperreleasing andhormonereleasing.The inertIUDsaremadeofpolyethyleneimpregnated with
barium sulphate or stainless steel e.g., Lippe's loop.The exact mechanism of inertIUDcontraception is
not clear.
(i) Thereisimpairmentofspermascent.
(ii) There is quick tubalmotility resultingin premature migration of fertilised eggs into uterus beforeit is
ready for receiving it.
(iii) Histologicalandbiochemicalchangesinendometriumwhichhavegametotoxicandspermicidaleffect.

MaleCondom FemaleCondom DiaphragmCervicalVault

cap cap

SpermicideCuTMuttiload 375
,;
Oral
- Hormone
Cream TwoIUCDs Contraceptive Implant Hormone'
Pills Capsules Injection
Fig.:Some commonlyusedcontraceptivedevices
CopperIUDscommonlycalledCopper-Tshaveionisedcopperwhichslowlydiffusesattherateofsome 50
µg/day. It has a local antifertility effect by bringing about release of toxic cytokines . They
suppressspermmotilityandtheirabilityto fertilizetheovum. The deviceisto bereplacedafter 3-
5yearswhencopperreleasebecomesscantyduetocalciumdeposition.CuT380Ahasareplacement period of
7-10 years. Copper IUDs are designated by the exposed surface area of copper in sq mm, e.g., Cu T
200, MultiloadCu T250, Multiload Cu T 375, Cu T 380, Cu 7.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth 95
Hormone releasing IUDs include progesterone IUD (e.g., progestasert) and levonorgestrel IUD (e.g.,
LNG-20).Thesedevicesreleasesmallquantitiesofhormoneswhichsuppressendometrialchangesand
changes in cervical mucus, cause anovulation and insufficient luteal activity.
5. OralContraceptives(OralPills):Theyarepreparationscontainingeitherprogestin(progestogen
orsyntheticprogesterone)aloneoracombinationofprogestogenand oestrogen(estrogen).
Thepillsaretakenorallyfor21daysinamenstrualcyclestartingfrom5 thdayandending
on2sttiday.However,itisadvisabletorestartthecourseafteragapof7days,irrespectiveoftheonset ornonset
of menstruation during the pillfree days.When a pillis missed,it should be taken whenever
one remembers, sometimes two at a time. This helps in keeping the hormonal level required for
contraception. Hormonal pills act by four ways (a) Inhibition of ovulation. (b) Alteration in uterine
endometriumto make it unsuitable forimplantation. (c)Changesin cervical mucus impairing its
ability to allow passage and transport of sperms. (d) Inhibition of motility and secretory activity
of fallopiantubes. Oral pills are of two types,combinedpills and minipills.
Combined pills contain both oestrogen and progestin. They are synthetic products. Oestrogen is
anovulatory (inhibits FSH production). Progestin isalsoanovulatory (inhibits LH production). Itprotects the
endometrialliningfromadverseeffectofoestrogen.The hormonealsochangescervicalmucus.Themost
commonlyusedprogestinis levonorgestrelordesogestrel.Themostcommonoestrogenisethinyloestradiol or
menstranol. In monophasic combined pill, both oestrogen and progestin are present in nearly the
same amount, e.g., Mala D, Mala L. In multiphasic combined pills, oestrogen in maintained at the
samelevelthroughout the 21day course.The amountofprogestinis increasedgraduallye.g.,triquilar,
orthonovum.
Minipillsareprogestinonlypills(withnoestrogen).Itshouldbetakendailywithoutbreakeg.,POP.
Saheli, anonsteroidalpreparation, istaken once a weekafteran initialintakeoftwice-a-weekdose for 3
months.
6. InjectableContraceptives(Depo-Provera):Twotypesofprogestinpreparationsareusedsingly.They are
depot-medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) effective for three months and norethisterone
enanthate (NET EN) effective for two months. Cyclofem and mesigna are combined injectable
contraceptives which are given once every month. They contain progestin preparation as well as
oestradiol.
7. Implants : They are hormone containing devices which are
implantedsubdermally for providing long term contraception.Norplant is
progestin only device having six small silicone (permeable) capsules
each having levonorgestrel. Theyare inserted under the skin ina fan
shaped manner
insideupperarmorforearmthroughasmallincision.Suturingisnot
required.Norplantremainseffectiveforabout5 years.lmplanonisa single rod-
likedevicewhichisimplantedthroughawide-boredneedle.Itcontains
3-ketodesogestrel(progestin).Itremainsfunctionalforthreeyears.
Implant
Table-1:AverageFailureRateofVariousContraceptiveTechniques

Contraceptivemethod Average failure rate

(Annual pregnancles/100women)
None 90
Natural(rhythm)methods 20-30
Coitusinterruptus 23
Chemicalcontraceptives 20
Barriermethods 10-15
--
Oralcontraceptives 2-3
Intrauterinecontraceptivedevices 6
Implantedcontraceptives <1
96 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

8. Emergency Contraception : It is the treatment for unprotected sex, sexual assault, missed pills and
other reasons which haveriskofpregnancy.Thedrugsusedfortreatingemergency contraceptionsare
calledmorning-after pills.Theyarealsoavailablein IndiaunderFamilyWelfareProgramme since2002- 2003.
Two ovral tablets to start and two tablets after 12 hours provide relief. Other morning after pills
arenoral,norgynonand ovidon. An antiprogesteronepill(mifepristone)isa singlepilltreatmentInsertion of
IUD within 72 hours of unprotected sex prevents implantation.
9. Surgical Methods of Family Planning : They are alsocalled terminal methods of family planning.
Surgical methods are permanent methods of familyplanning where there is no needof replacement or
augmentation but the reversibility is poor. The methods are operative procedures which block the
passage of semen in males and ova in females. The techniques are also called sterilisation
procedures. They are called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females.
Vasectomy (L. vas-vessel, ektome-excision). It is a surgical method of sterilisation of males. Vasa
deferentia areblocked by cutting andoccluding themso thatspermsareunable topassdownthemale
reproductive system.
(I)Convent.ionalVasectomy (Scalpel Surgery) : Under localanaesthesia,transverse1cm incision is
made through the skin of the scrotum with the help of the scalpel over the area of vasa
deferentia. Each vas is exposedand cut. The two ends are separated and tied. Agapof 1-4 cm is
must between the two ends, otherwise reunion can occur.
(ii)No-scalpel Vasectomy : Here instead of scalpel, a dissecting forceps and a ringed forceps are
required. The skin is punctured and the vas is taken out. It is occluded by removal of 1-2 cm of
vas, followedby ligation ofends. Occlusioncan also beachieved byheat and clips.Vasectomy is a
reversible procedure as the cut endscan be joined together to allow sperm passage but the
reversibility is poor.
Tubectomy (L. tubes-pipe, ektome-excision).It is a surgical procedure of female sterilisation where a
portion of both the fallopian tubes is excised or ligated to block the passage of ovum through them.
Tubectomy is performed by conventional transabdominal surgery, conventional laparotomy and
minilaparotomy. In surgical procedures, the fallopian tubes are cut and thecut ends aretied to prevent
reunion. The procedure is reversible as the cut ends can be rejoined. In laparoscopic procedures,
sterilisation is achieved by loop development and constricting the basal region of loop with the helpof
silastic ring either through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.

FallopianTubes
cut and tied
VasDeferens
CutandTied

Vasectomy Tubectomy
Table-2 :DifferencesbetweenVasectomyandTubectomy

Vasectomy Tubectomy

1. Itisthe surgicalsterilisation 1.Itisthesurgicalsterilisation

technique forthemales. techniqueforthefemales.
2. The two 2. Thetwooviducts areinterrupted by
vasadeferentiaareinterrupted either ligationorcuts.
bygivingcuts.
3. Transportofovaisblocked.
3. Transportofspermsisblocked.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth97

Side Effects of Contraceptive Methods: Except the natural methods, all other contraceptive procedures
are unnatural. Therefore, they must have some side effects like nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough
bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding etc. Some even try to link breast cancer with them. However, the
major cause of these discomforts is mental burden about accepting an artificial procedure for preventing
unwanted pregnancy. The benefits are several times the side effects experienced by some persons.
CondomsprotecttheusersfromcatchingSTDs, includingAIDS.Oneortwochildrenbyacouplemeans along
andsatisfyingfamilylife,happyreproductivehealthandwellbrought-upchildren.
10. Induced Abortion : Abortion refers to the premature expulsion of the conception products from the
uterus, usually before the 20th week of pregnancy. An abortion may be spontaneous (naturally
occurring), sometimes called a miscarriage or induced (intentionally performed). When birth control
methods are not used or fail toprevent an unwanted pregnancy, induced abortion may be performed.
Induced abortions may involve vacuum aspiration(suction), infusion of a saline solution, or surgical
evacuation (scraping).
Certain drugs, most notablythe French drug RU-486, can induce, a so-callednonsurgicalabortion. RU-
486 (mifepristone) is an antiprogestin; it blocks the action of progesterone. Progesterone
preparesthe uterine endometrium forimplantation. If progesterone levelsfallduringpregnancy or ifthe
action of the hormone is blocked, menstruation occurs and the embryo is sloughed off along with the
uterine lining.

MedicalTerminationofPregnancy(MTP)
It is voluntary or intentional abortion, induced and performed to end pregnancy before the completion of full
term. Worldwide, nearly 20% of the total pregnancies get aborted. The number of MTPs is 40-50 million/yr.
Therefore, MTPs have a significant role in containment of population though they are not performed for this
purpose. They are mainly meantfor removingunsustainable pregnancies. Many countries do not havealaw
about MTPsbecause thelatter involve emotional,ethical,religious and socialissues.However,in Indiathere is a
proper act, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971. It is mainly meant for preventing unnatural
maternaldeaths due tounsafe abortions (8.9% of the totalmaternal deaths).The act wasamended in 2002.
Underthisact,terminationof pregnancy can bedoneupto20weeks,ifthepregnancy is likely toproduce a
congenitallymalformed child, is a result of rape or contraceptivefailure or is likely to harm the mother.
MTPissafeifitisperformedupto 12weeks(firsttrimester)ofpregnancy.Misoprostol (prostaglandin)alongwith
mifepristone (antiprogesterone)is an effective combination. Vacuum aspiration and surgical procedures are
adoptedthereafter.Secondtrimesterabortionsarerisky.Theyaregenerallyperformedaftertestingthesexof thebaby
through amniocentesis or sonography. It has resulted in large scale female foeticide and complications due to
unsafeabortions inthehandsofuntrainedpersons.To preventsuchmis-happenings,thegovernment has enacted
a law, Pre-natal diagnostic techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 with
amendments in 2003.Itprohibitspreconception andprenatalsexdetermination.

KnowledgeCloud
Methodsunderresearch For Females :
PraneemisapolyherbalvaginaltabletbeingstudiedinIndiaasaspermicide,andamicrobicide
activeagainstHIV.
BufferGelisaspermicidalgelbeingstudiedasamicrobicideactiveagainstHIV.
A longer actingvaginal ring isbeing developedthatreleasesboth estrogenandprogesterone,and is effective for over 12 months.
ForMales:
RISUG (Reversible Inhibition of Sperm Under Guidance) is an experimental injection into the vas deferensthatcoatsthewallsofthevaswithaspermicidalsubs
98 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

TryYourself
Whichhormonesarepresentinbirthcontrolpills?
Nameanyoneinjectable contraceptive.
Nametheidealcontraceptivesforafemalewhowantstodelaypregnancyorspacechildren.
Whichdrugisprogesteroneantagonistandhelpfulininducingabortion?
Which methodistheterminalmethodofcontraception?

EXERCISE

1. Whichofthefollowing can'tbeconsideredasadvantageofamniocentesis?

(1) Prenataldiagnostics
(2) Detectionofbiochemicalabnormalities

(3) Detectionofcongenitaldefects
(4) Determinationofsextoabortfemalefoetus
2. Populationgrowthratedependsupon
(1) Birth rate
(2) Deathrate
(3) Age-sexratio
(4) Allofthese
3. Replacement levelis the number of children acouple mustproduce toreplacethemselves soas tomaintain
population at zerogrowthlevel. The value of replacement levelfor developedcountries is
(1) 2.7
(2) 2.1
(3) 1.9
(4) 1.2
4. Whichofthefollowingdefinesthe stageofdemographictransition?
(1) Birthrateishigherthan deathrate

(2) Death rateishigherthanbirthrate

(3) Birthrateanddeathrateare equal
(4) Both(1)&(2)
5. Theaveragenumberofchildrenthatwouldbebornetoafemaleduringherlifetimeiscalled
(1) Natality
(2) Birthrate
(3) Populationgrowthrate
(4) Totalfertility rate
6. Whichofthefollowingcanbeincludedundernaturalmethodsof birthcontrol?
(1) Rhythm method
(2) Coitusinterruptus
(3) Lactationalamenorrhoea
(4) Allofthese
7. Which ofthefollowingcontraceptivedevicesalsoprotectsagainstsexuallytransmitteddiseases?
(1) Femshield
(2) Sponge
(3) IUDs
(4) LNG-20
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth 99
8. Which ofthefollowingchemicalscanbeusedunderchemicalmethodsforcontraception?
(1) Lacticacid (2) Boricacid
(3) Citricacid (4) Allofthese
9. Whichofthefollowingis/arehormone releasingIUDs?
(1) Progestasert (2) Levonorgestrel
(3) Both(1)&(2) (4) Lippe'sloop
10. Whichofthefollowingcanbeincludedunderemergencycontraception?
(1) Anantiprogesteronepill
(2) InsertionofIUDwithin72hoursofunprotectedsexualcontact
(3) Both(1)&{2)
(4) Vasectomy

SEXUALLYTRANSMITTEDDISEASES
The generaltermsexually transmitted disease (STD)isapplied to any of thelargegroupof diseases that can
be spread by sexualcontact.Thegroupincludesconditions traditionally specifiedas venerealdiseases
(VD),suchaschlamydia,gonorrhoea,syphilis,andgenitalherpes.AIDSandhepatitisaresexuallytransmitted
diseasesthatmaybecontractedbyotherwaysalso.STDsarealsocalledRTI(Reproductivetractinfections).
Exceptfor hepatitis-8,genitalherpes and HIVinfections,other STDs arecompletely curable ifdetectedearly and
treated properly.
Early symptoms include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings etc. in the genital region. Later
complications includepelvicinflammatory disease (PID),abortions, stillbirths,ectopic pregnancies, infertility or
even cancer of the reproductive tract.
Though all persons are vulnerable to these infections, but their incidences are high among persons in the age
group of 15-24 years.

1. Chlamydia
Causativeagent:Chlamydiatrachomatis.
Chlamydiaisasexuallytransmitteddiseasecausedbytheunusualbacteriumwhichcannotreproduceoutside
thebody cells; it "cloaks" itself inside the cells to divide.
Inmales,urethritisisthe principalresult.Symptomsofurethritisincludeathickdischarge,burningonurination,
frequentandpainfulurination.Withouttreatment,theepididymismay alsobecomeinflamed,leadingtosterility. In
females, the most common site of infection is the cervix, resulting in oervicitis and production of a thick mucus
andpus discharge.Symptomsincludepelvicsoreness, lowerbackpainand abdominalpain. Dueto its proximity to
the vagina, the female urethra may also become infected, leading to urethritis and symptoms similar to those
that occur in males. Moreover, theuterine tubes may also become inflamed,which increases theriskofectopic
pregnancy (implantation ofa fertilized ovumoutsidetheuterus)and sterilitydue toformation
ofscartissueinthetubes.Chlamydiamay bepassedfrommothertoinfantduringchildbirth,infectingtheeyes.
Treatment consists of administration of tetracycline or doxycycline.

2. Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea or ''clap" is an infectious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria
gonorrhoeae.Dischargefrominfectedmucous membranes isthe sourceoftransmissionofthebacteria during
sexual contact or duringpassage ofa newborn through the birthcanal.The siteof infection relates to the type of
sexual contact, occurring in the mouth and throat after oral-genital contact, vagina and penis after genital
contact or rectum after recto-genital contact.
100ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
Males usually suffer from inflammation of the urethra with pus and painful urination. The prostate gland and
epididymismayalsobecomeinfected.Infemales,infectiontypicallyoccursinthevagina,oftenwithadischarge of pus.
Bothinfected males and females may harbor the disease without any symptoms, however, untilit has
progressedtoamoreadvancedstage.Infemales,theinfectionandconsequentinflammationcanproceedfrom the
vagina into the uterus, uterine tubes, and pelvic cavity. Peritonitis or inflammation of the peritoneum, is a life
threatening disorder. If the bacteria are transmittedto the eyes of a newborn in the birth canal, blindness can
result.
Administration of 1% silver nitrate solution in the infant's eyes prevents infections. For many years, penicillin
and tetracycline were the drugs of choice forthe treatment of gonorrhoea in adults.However, bacteria strains
resistant to these antibiotics have become very prevalent since the mid-1980s. Currently, ceftriaxone is the
antibiotic that most effectively attacks the majority of gonorrhoea bacteria.

3. Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pal/idum. It is transmitted
throughsexualcontactorexchangeofbloodorthroughtheplacentatoafetus.Thediseaseprogressesthrough several
stages. During the primary stage, the chief symptom is painless open sore called a chancre, at the point of
contact.The chancre heals within 1-5 weeks. From6 to24 weeks later,symptoms such asskinrash, fever and
aches in the joints and muscles usher in the secondary stage. These symptoms also eventually
disappear(inabout4-12weeks}andthediseaseceasestobeinfectious,butabloodtest forthepresence
ofthebacteriagenerallyremainspositive.Duringthis"symptomless" periodcalledthelatent stage,whichmay last up
to 20 years, the bacteria may invade body organs. When signs of organ degeneration appear, the disease is
said to be in tertiary stage.
If theorgans ofthenervous system becomeinvolved,thetertiary stageiscalledneurosyphilis.Neurosyphilis
maytakedifferentforms,dependingonthetissueinvolved.Cerebellar damageismanifestedbyuncoordinated
movements in activities such as writing. As the motor areas become extensively damaged, victims may be
unable to control urine and bowel movements. Eventually, they may become bedridden, unable even to feed
themselves. Damageto the cerebral cortex produces memory loss and personality changes thatrange from
irritability to hallucinations. AIDS and other disorders that compromise the immune system may speed the
progression of neurosyphilis, possibly by impairing macrophages and antibody production.
Syphilis can be treated with antibiotics (penicillin) during the primary, secondary and latent periods. Certain
forms of neurosyphilis may also be successfullytreated, but the prognosis for others is very poor.

4. GenitalHerpes
TypeIIherpes simplex virus(HSV-2}causesgenital infections, suchaspainfulgenitalblisterson theprepuce, glans
penis and penile shaft in males and on the vulva or sometimes high up in the vagina in females. The blisters
disappearandreappearinmostpatients,but thevirus itselfremains inthe body.A relatedvirus, type I herpes
simplex virus (HSV-1), causes cold sores on the mouth and lips.
Infectedpersonstypicallyexperience recurrencesofsymptoms severaltimesayear.Treatmentofthesymptoms
involves painkiller medication, saline compresses,sexual abstinence for the durationof theeruption,anduse of
oraldrugcalledacyclovir (Zovirax).Thisdruginterferes withviralDNA replication butnot withhostcellDNA
replication. Acyclovir speeds the healing and sometimes reduces the pain of initial genital herpes infections.

5. Chancroid
Chancroid is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the short gram -ve bacillus Haemophi/us ducrei. The
incubation period is 3-5 days. The initial lesion at the site of inoculationbreaks down to form a painful, soft
ulcer with a necrotic base. With lymph node involvement, fever and chills may occur. Women may have no
external signs of infections.
Chancroid must be differentiated from other genital ulcers. The chancre of syphilis, by contrast, is clean and
painless,withahardbase.Asingledoseofeitherazithromycin orceftriaxone givenintramuscularlyiseffective.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth101

6. Genital Warts
Wartsareinfectiousdiseasescausedbyviruses.Sexualtransmissionofgenitalwartsiscommonandiscaused by the
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Patients with a history of genital warts may be at increased risk for cervical,
vaginal, anal, vulval and penile cancers. Treatment consists of cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen,
electrocautery,excision, laser surgery and topicalapplicationof podophyllin in tinctureof benzoin. Alpha-interferon is
also used to treat genital warts. PAP smearis done asscreeningtest for cervical cancer.

7. AIDS:AcquiredlmmunoDeficiencySyndrome
AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV can get transmitted through blood and also by
sexualcontactbetweenmalesand females through vaginal,oraloranalintercourse. Malehomosexuals transmit HIV
to their partner by anal or oral intercourse.
HIVentersbodycellsbyCD4receptor-mediatedendocytosisinvolvingT4cells.Withtime,thenumberofT4
cells, mainly helper T cells, declines due to death of infected cells. The result is progressive collapse of the
immunesystemandthepersonbecomes susceptibletoopportunisticinfections(invasionofnormallyharmless micro-
organisms that now proliferate widely because of the defective immune system).
The first and stillmost commonly useddrug totreat AIDS is AZT (azidothymidine)orRetrovir. Otherdrugs are
DOI(Dedeoxyinosine), DOC(dedeoxycytidine)and D4T (stavudine) orZerit.

8. Trichomoniasis
The microorganism Trichomonas vagina/is, a flagellated protozoan, causes trichomoniasis,an inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the vaginain female and urethra in males whereitis a common inhabitant. If the
normalacidityofthevaginaisdisrupted,theprotozoanmayovergrowthenormalmicrobialpopulationandcause
trichomoniasis. Symptoms include a yellow vaginal discharge with a particularly offensive odour and severe
vaginalitch.Mencanhaveitwithoutovertsymptomsbutcanneverthelesstransmitittowomen.Sexualpartners must
be treated simultaneously. The drug of choice is metronidazole.

TryYourself
Name the causativeorganismforsyphilis.
Inwhichstageofsyphilis,chancreisthechiefsymptom?
Whatisthedrugofchoiceforchlamydia?

EXERCISE

11. Whichofthefollowingisavenerealdisease,causedbyavirus andcan gettransmittedbyblood contact also?

(1) Gonorrhoea
(2) Syphilis
(3) Trichomoniasis
(4) Hepatitis-B

12. Themost common siteofinfection inafemalesuffering fromchlamydiasis?

(1) Urethra
(2) Ureters
(3) Cervix
(4) Peritoneum
102ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

13. Whichofthefollowingpathogen canpassfrom mothertoinfantduringchild birth?

(1) Chlamydia
(2) Neisseria
(3) Trypanosoma
(4) Both(1)&(2)

14. Thesiteofinfectionincaseof'Gonorrhoea'or'Clap'canbe

(1) Vagina
(2) Penis
(3) Throat
(4) Allofthese
15. Whichofthefollowingisthecausativeagentofsyphilis?

(1) Trypanosoma
(2) HumanPapillomavirus
(3) TrefX)nema
(4) Haemophi/usducrei

16. Whichofthefollowingsymptomcanberelatedtothetertiarystageofsyphilis?

(1) Appearanceofpainlessopensore (2) Skinrash,fever

(3) Jointaches (4) Signsoforgandegeneration

17. Thecausativeagentofchancroidis

(1) HSV-1 (2) HSV-2

(3) HPV (4) Haemophilusducrei

18. WhichofthefollowingcanbeusedforthetreatmentofGenitalwarts?

(1) Cryotherapywithliquidnitrogen
(2) Applicationofpodophyllum

(3) Alphainterferon

(4) Allofthese

19. AIDSiscausedbyHumanImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV).HIVcangettransmittedthrough
(1) Bloodcontact
(2) Sexualcontact
(3) Handshake
(4) Both{1)&(2)

20. WhichofthefollowingSTDiscaused byaprotozoan?

(1) Trichomoniasis
(2) Chlamydiasis
(3) Gonorrhoea
(4) Syphilis

INFERTILITY
Infertility (L.in-not,ferti/is-fruitful)is the failure toconceive even after 1-2years of regular,unprotected sex.
Thetermisnotsynonymous with sterility;whichmeanscomplete inability toproduceoffspring.Infertilitycan best
be defined as relative sterility. It is of two types - primary and secondary. Primary infertility is the infertility
found in patients who have never conceived. Secondary infertility is found in patients who have previously
conceived. Infertility can be caused by defects found in males or females.

InfertilityinMales
Semen of a fertile male is 2.5 to 5 ml perejaculation with a sperm count of over 200-300 million, mostly
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motile,having proper fructose content andfluidity whichisdeposited high inthevagina. Any defect in sperm
count, sperm structure, sperm motility of seminal fluid leads to infertility. Low sperm count is called
oligospermiawhilenearabsenceofspermsisknownasazoospermia.Lowspermmotilityiscalled
 104ReproductiveHealth
Board&CompetitiveExams. 103
Board&CompetitiveExams.
ReproductiveHealth

asthenozoospermia while defective sperm morphology is termed as teratozoospermia.Various causes of

infertility in males include :
1. Cryptorchidismorfailureoftestestodescend intoscrotum.
2. Absenceorblockageofvasadeferentia.
3. Hyperthermia or higher scrotal temperature due to varicocele (varicose veins), hydrocele or filariasis, tight
undergarment, thermal undergarment or working in hot environment cause oligospermia or depressed
spermatogenesis.
4. Infections like mumps after puberty (orchitis or inflammation of testes), bronchiectasis(chronic dilation
ofbronchioles), infection ofseminal vesicles or prostate result inoligospermia. Infectionsof Chlamydia
trachomatisandT.mycoplasma('=Ureoplasma)alsocauseoligospermia.
5. Alcoholisminhibitsspermatogenesis.
6. Klinefelter'ssyndrome.
7. Gonadotropindeficiency.
8. Cytotoxicdrugs,radiations,antidepressantandanticonvulsantdrugssupressspermatogenesis.
9. Lowfructosecontent,highprostaglandincontent,highviscosityandlowvolumeofejaculateleadtomale
infertility.

InfertilityinFemales
A fertile woman is the one who regularly ovulates once every cycle, passes the egg down the reproductive
tractwhichdevelopsconditions for smoothpassageof spermsandimplantation of fertilisedegg.Thevarious
causesof infertility in females are as follows :
1. Anovulation(nonovulation)andoligoovulation(deficientovulation)arecausedbydeficientfunctioningof
hypothalamo-pituitarycomplex or secondarilyby thyroid and adrenal dysfunction.
2. Inadequategrowthandfunctioningofcorpusluteumresultinginreducedprogesteronesecretionand deficient
secretory changes in endometrium. It is called luteal phase defect. It inhibits implantation.
3. Theovumisnotliberatedbutremainstrappedinsidethefollicleduetohyperprolactinaemia.
4. Fallopiantubemayfailtopickupovum,haveimpairedmotility,lossofciliaandblockedlumen.The defects may be
caused by infection or endometriosis.
5. Noncanalisationofuterus.
6. Defectiveuterineendometriumduetoreducedorexcessivesecretoryactivity.
7. Congenitalmalformationofuterus.
8. Fibroiduterus.
9. Defects in cervix likecongenital elongation, occlusion of cervix by a polyp, cervicitis, scanty or excessive
cervical mucus and presence of antisperm antibodies.
10. Defectivevaginalgrowth.

ASSISTEDREPRODUCTIVETECHNOLOGIES(ART)
More thantwo decadesago, in an experimentalprocedurecalled invitro fertilization(IVF),doctors joined a
woman's egg and a man's sperm in a glass dish in a laboratory. For the first time, fertilisation happened
outside a woman'sbody. Nine months later, the first test-tube baby was born.
Today, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)refers not onlyto IVFbutalsoto several variationstailored to
patient's unique conditions. These procedures are usually paired with more conventionaltherapies, such
asfertilitydrugs, toincreasesuccessrates.AlmostoneoutofeverythreecyclesofARTresultsinthe birth of a baby.

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104ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

ButARTprocedures areinvasiveand expensive. Thoughno long-termhealtheffectshavebeenlinkedtochildren

bornusingARTprocedures,mostdoctorsrecommendreservingARTasalastresortforhavingababy.
Here'sarundownofthemainARTtechniques:
1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) : This is oneof the most commonly used procedures. Eggs are combined
with partner's sperm in a dish in a laboratory. Once fertilization has occurred, the resulting embryos
develop for 3 to 5 days before being placed in uterus.
2. lntracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) :One ofthe partner's spermsis placed inside the eggwith
amicroscopicneedle, ratherthan many spermspositionedclose tothe outsideoftheeggasinIVF, in a dish
in a lab. Once fertilizationoccurs,the resultingembryois placed in uterus.
3. Gameteintrafallopian transfer (GIFT) : Transfer ofan ovum collectedfromadonor intothe fallopian
tube (GIFT) of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for
fertilisation and further development
4. Zygoteintrafallopiantransfer(Z.IFT): In test-tubebabyprogramme,ovafromthewife/donor(female) and
sperms from thehusband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to formzygote under simulated
conditions in the laboratory. The zygote or early embryo (with upto 8 blastomeres) could then be
transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus
(IUT-Intra-UterineTransfer) tocomplete its further development.
5. Artificial Insemination (Al): Iftheinfertility ofmaleiseitherdue to inabilityof malepartnertoachieve an
erection of penis to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm count in the semen, it is corrected
by Al.
In Al,thesemen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into
the vagina or into the uterus {IUI-intra uterine insemination) of the female.
6. Donor egg or embryo : If one is unable to conceive using her own eggs,anegg donated by another
woman is mixed with partner's sperms and the resulting embryo is implanted in the uterus. This
procedure can also be done with a donated embryo or sperm.
7. Surrogacy or use of a gestational carrier : Another woman carries embryo or a donor embryo to
term.

Knowledge Cloud

• Gossypol : It is a yellow pigment (C30H30O8)present in cotton seeds takenorally(10-20mg)daily for 3 months and thereafter twice wee

Saheli:(Gentchroman)isanonsteroidaldrug,takenorallyonceaweek. Itisapotentcontraceptive
whichprevents implantation but doesnot inhibit ovulationin majority ofcases.Itisaresearch product of Central Drug Research Institute, Luckn

TryYourself

Whatisazoospermia?
Whichdrugssuppressspermatogenesis?
ExpandIVF.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth105

DidYouKnow?

SomeImportantSTOsandCommonTechniquesfortheirDetection

STD Causativeagent Detectiontechniques

1.Chlamydiasis Chlamydiatrachomatis Clinical, Gram-staining of

discharge,antigendetection,
nucleicacidhybridisation
2.Gonorrhoea I Neisseriagonoffhoea
IGram-stainingofdischarge,culture
3.Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vagina/is Microscopicexamination, culture

4.GenitalHerpesj
5. Syphilis
Herpessimplexvirus
Treponemapallidum
IClinical,antigentest,PCR
Antibodydetection,e.g.,VDRL
(VenerealDiseaseResearchLaboratory)

6. Chancroid Haemophilusducrei Clinical,culture

Humanpapillomavirus I Clinical,antibodydetection,culture,DNA
-
7. Genitalwarts
I (HPV) hybridisation

SomeBiologicalTerms:

IVF-ET
In vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer
GIFT
Gamete intra-fallopian transfer
ZIFT
Zygote intra-fallopian transfer
IUI
Intra-uterine insemination
POST
Peritonealoocyteandspenntransfer
SUZI
Subzonal insemination
ICSI
Intra-cytoplasmic sperminjection
TESE
Testicularspermextraction
MESA
Microsurgicalepididymalspermaspiration

QuickRecap
1. Physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being are the parameters of reproductive
health.

2. India is the first country to initiate various national levelplansfor attaining reproductivelyhealthy
society. It involves creating awamess about reproductive organs, adolescence, hygienic sexual
practicesandsexuallytransmitteddiseases.
3. Reproductive and child healthcare programme involvesprovidingmedical facilities and care to
problems like menstrual irregularities, pregnancy related aspects, delivery, medical
termination of pregnancy, STDs, birth control, infertility, post-natal child and maternal
management.
106ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

Reduced maternal and infant mortality rate, improved health facilities and better living conditions have resulted in rapid increase
Variouscontraceptive methodsareavailablesuchasnaturalortraditional,barrier,IUDs,pills, injectables, implants and surgical metho
MTPismedicalterminationofpregnancy and islegalisedinourcountry.Itisgenerallycarried outtogetridofunwantedpregnancies dueto
Diseases/infections transmitted through sexual intercourse are called venereal or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Thesecanleadtocomplicationslike pelvicinflammatorydiseases,stillbirth,infertility.
Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce children evenafter 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation. In vitro fertilization

□ □ □
Assignment
{SET-1)

School/BoardExaminations
Students are required to solve and write the
solutions in their exercise book.
Forreferringsolutionstotheassignment (Set-
1),pleasevisitour LibraryattheCentreor
logontoourwebsite:www.aakah.ac.in
108ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

SECTION-A
School / Board Exam. Type Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. Namethemostimportant componentoforalcontraceptivepill.
2. Expandthefollowing:
(i) ZIFT
(ii) ART
3. ExpandthetermSTDusedinhumanbiology.
4. NametwoSTDswhichcanbe transmitted throughcontaminatedblood.
5. Nameanytwohormone-rnleasingIUDs.
6. Definecontraception.
7. ExpandMMRandIMRw.r.t.populationexplosionand birthcontrol.
8. Whatareinjectablecontraceptives?
9. Whatissterilisation?
10. NametwoSTDswhicharenotcompletelycurable.
ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
11. DefinereproductivehealthaccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganisation(WHO).
12. Ourpopulationwhichwasapproximately350millionatthetimeofourindependencereachedclosetothebillion mark
by 2000 and crossed 1 billion in May 2000. Mention the probable reasons for this.
13. Mentionanytwoeventsthatareinhibitedbytheintakeoforalcontraceptivepilltopreventpregnancyinhumans.
14. WhatisLNG-20?Explainitsmodeofaction.
15. Amother ofone-year-old daughter wanted to spaceher second child.Her doctor suggested Cu-T. Explainits
contraceptive actions.
16. Explainbrieflyamniocentesis.
17. Afterasuccessfulin-vitrofertilisation,thefertilisedeggbeginstodivide.
(i) Whereisthiseggtransferredinfemalereproductivetractbeforeitreachesthe8-cell stage?
(ii) Whatisthistechniquenamed?
18. Differentiatebetweenvasectomyandtubectomy.
19. Definesexuallytransmitteddisease.MentiontheSTDswhicharecompletelycurable.
20. STDsareamajorthreatto ahealthysociety.Mention thecomplicationsresultingfromSTDsifignored.
21. Whatdoyouunderstandbyinfertility?Mentionanythree causesofinfertility.
22. Correctthefollowingstatementsbychangingtheboldwords
(i) Amnioticfluiddiagnosisismisusedinterminationofpregnancy.
(ii) InIUDs,ovumandspermsarepreventedfromphysicallymeetingwiththehelpofbarriers.
23. Definefertileperiodandexplainperiodicabstinence.
24. Ifinacouple,infertilityisduetoinabilityofmalepartnertoinseminatethefemale.Suggesttheassisted reproductive
technology to assist this couple and explain.
25. Suggesttwomeasuresforcontrolofhumanpopulation.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth109

26. Fillintheblanks:
(i) 'Saheli' was developedbyscientistsat ,Lucknow.
(ii) IUDs phagocytosisofsperms withinthe uterus.
(iii) isoneofmostwidelyacceptedmethodsofcontraceptionin India.
27. Whatarethemeasuresadoptedbygovernmenttocontroloverpopulation?
28. Test-tubebabyprogrammeisaboon to infertilecouples.Explainthestepsfollowedinthis procedure.
29. Whyaresurgicalmethodsofcontraceptiontopreventpregnancy calledterminalmethods?Explainthesurgical
method of contraception in females.
30. ExpandanddefineMTP.WhyareMTPsperformed?
LongAnswerTypeQuestions:
31. Givenbelowarethefiguresoffewcontraceptivedevices labelledA,B andC.
(i) Identify thecontraceptivedevicesillustratedinfiguresA, B andC.
(ii) Whichofthefollowingwillpreventconceptionandalsoprovideadditionalbenefitofprotectingtheuserfrom
contracting STDs and AIDS. Also explain, Why?
(iii) Whichoffollowingdevices areincludedinbarrier methodsofcontraception?

(iv) Which ofthefollowingdevice(s),is/areinsertedbydoctorsorexpertnursesintheuterusthroughvagina?

A.
B. C.

32. (i)Identifythecontraceptivedeviceillustrateinthefigure,givenbelow.
(ii) Howisthis deviceused?
(iii) Explainthemechanismofactionofthisdevice.

33. (i)Identifythemethodsofcontraceptionillustrated infigureAand B.

(ii) Which method of contraceptionillustrated in figureA and B would you advise to a female, who does not
want any more children?
(iii) Whichoneofthe twomethods,illustratedinthefigures AandB,isusedto delaypregnancyorspace children and
is one of the most widely accepted methods of contraception in India?
(iv) Explainthemethodof contraceptionillustratedinfigure B.

A. B.
110 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
34. (i)Identifythecontraceptivedevicedepictedinthefiguregivenbelow.
(ii)Explain,howitisused,givingthemechanismofaction.

35. Inthetablegivenbelowarethefiguresoffewcontraceptivedevices/methods.
(a) Fill intheblanks A,B,CandDw.r.t.categoriesofmethodsofcontraception,namelynatural,barriers, IUDs, Oral
contraceptive, Injectable, Implant, Surgical methods.
(b) Whichamongthedevices/methods givenareusedin malesandwhichareusedinfemales?
(c) Whichamongstthemiscalledaterminalmethodof contraception?
Device MethodofBirthControl

(i) (A)

(ii) (B)

(iii) (C)

(iv) (D)

36. (a)GivenbelowisthediagramoffemalereproductivesystemwithpartslabelledasA,B,CandD.
Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth111

Listed belowarefew contraceptive devicesinthetable.Selectthelaballedpartofthefemale reproductive system in

which they are inserted.

(i) Condomforfemale

(ii) Cu-T
(iii) Diaphragms
(iv) LNG-20

(b)Castrationcannotbeusedasamethodofcontraception.Explain.
37. Given below are the various methods of ART(Assisted Reproductive Techonologies) in Column-I, Column-II
includes the description of these methods.
Column-I
Column-II
(a) IVF (i)
Embryoswithmorethan8blastomeres,transferredintouterus
(b) GIFT (ii)
Semencollected eitherfromhusband ora healthy donorisartificially introduced into
vagina
(c) Al (iii)
Zygote orearlyembryos upto8blastomerestransferredintofallopian tubes Transfer of
(d) ZIFT (iv) an ovum collected from donor into the fallopian tube of female Fertilisation outside
(e) IUT (v)
the body almost in similar conditions as in the body
Selectthecorrectoption

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(1) (i) (ii) (iii) (rv) (v)

(2) (ii) (i) (iii) (rv) (v)

(3) (v) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(4) (v) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
38. GivenbelowarethevariousmethodsofARTinColumn-I.FillthesuitabledefinitionsinColumn-II.
Column-I Column-U

(a) Test-tubebaby A
(b) ZIFT B

(c) ICSI

(d) IUI Q
(e) IUT
39. IdentifyTrue/Falsestatements.Correcteachfalsestatementtomakeit true.
(i) InZIFTembryoswithmorethaneightblastomeresaretransferredintofallopiantubes.

(ii) MTPsarerelativelysafeduringsecondtrimester.
(iii) Surgicalmethodsofcontraceptionblocksgamete formationandtherebypreventconception.
(iv) Saheli,theneworalcontraceptiveforfemalescontainsanon-steroidalpreparation.Itisadailypill.
(v) Amniocentesisforsexdeterminationisbannedinour country.
112 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

40. Commentuponoralcontraceptivepills.

41. Explainbrieflyamniocentesis.

42. IdentifyTrue/Falsestatements.Correcteachfalsestatementtomakeittrue.

(i) InCu-T.Cuionsreleasedpromotespermmotilityandfertilisingcapacityofsperm.

(ii) Saheli,theneworalcontraceptiveforthefemales,containsasteroidalpreparation.

(iii) Administrationof progestogens or progestogen-estrogencombination or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have

been found to bevery effective as emergencycontraceptive.

(iv) Surgicalmethodsofcontraceptionarehighlyeffectiveand arecompletelyreversible.

(v) GIFT isusedto assist thosefemales who cannot produce gametes but can provide suitable environment
for fertilisation and further development.

43. Givenbelowarefivemethods(AtoE)ofcontraception.Fillinthe blanksw.r.t.themodeofactionof contraceptive

device.

(A) Pill (i)

(B) Condom (ii)

(C) Vasectomy (iii)

(D) Copper-T (iv)

(E) Lactationalamenorrhoea (v)

44. Considerthestatementsregardingcontraceptionandanswerasdirected.

(i) Medicalterminationofpregnancyduringfirsttrimesterisgenerallysafe.

(ii) Chancesofcontraceptionarenil untilthemotherbreastfeedstheinfantsuptotwoyears.

(iii) Intrauterinedeviceslikecopper-Tareeffectivecontraceptives.

(iv) Contraceptivepillsmaybetaken uptooneweekafter coitustopreventconception.

(a) Whichoftheabovestatementsarecorrect?

(b) Whichoftheabovestatementsare false?Correcteachfalsestatementtomakeittrue.

45. Givenbelow are four methods of contraception (A to D). Fillin theblanks(i to iv) w.r.t.themode of action of
contraceptive device.

(A) Periodicabstinence (i)

(B) Withdrawalcoitusinterruptus (ii)

(C) LNG-20 (iii)

(D) Nirodh (iv)

 Board&CompetitiveExams. ReproductiveHealth113

SECTION-B
ModelTestPaper
VeryShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
[1 Mark]
1. WhatisthedefinitionofreproductivehealthaccordingtoWHO?

2. Mentionthemisuseofamniocentesis.

3. Whatarethereasonsforpopulationexplosioninourcountry?

4. Whatisthecurrentpopulationgrowthrateaccordingto2001 censusreport?

5. NameanytwocopperionreleasingIUDs.WhatistheadvantageofcopperionsintheseIUDs?

6. Whatistheadditionaladvantageofusingcondoms,besidesprovidingcontraception?

ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
(2 Marks]
7. WhatistheadditionaladvantageofhormonereleasingIUDs?

8. WhatiswithdrawalorCoitusinterruptus?

9. What aretheconditionsinwhichMTPcanbelegallyperformed?

10. Whatisvasectomy?

11. WhatcouldbethecomplicationsofSTDsiftimelydetectionandpropertreatmentisnotdone?

OR

What areinjectablecontraceptives?Whatistheirmodeofaction?

12. Mentionthecharacteristicsofanidealcontraceptive.

ShortAnswerTypeQuestions:
[3Marks]
13. Whatistest-tubebabyprogramme?

14. Differentiate betweeninvitroandin vivofertilisation.How do theseARTtechnique helptheinfertilecouples to

havechildren?

15. DifferentiatebetweenICSIandIUI.

16. Discussthebarriermethodsusedbyfemalesapartfromfemalecondoms.

17. Whatisperiodicabstinence?

18. Whatis'Saheli'?Howisitused?

LongAnswer TypeQuestions :
(5Marks]
19. DifferentiatebetweenZIFTandGIFT.

OR

Whatis'LactationalAmenorrhoea'?Explain.
114 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
20. Commentonthereproductive and child healthcareprogrammeofthegovernment toimprovereproductive health of
the people.
OR
(i) Mentiononeadvantageand disadvantageof naturalmethodsofcontraceptionover artificialmethods.
(ii) STDs area threattoreproductive health.This is truefor allbut largelyfor whichagegroupof individuals.
Suggest two preventive measures.

□ □ □
Assignment
{SET-2)

NEET&AIIMS
(Competitive EntranceExams.)
---
116 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
C. Coitusinterruptus
SECTION-A
D. Lactationalamenorrhoea
ObjectiveTypeQuestions
(1) A&Bonly
1. According to the World Health Organisation
(WHO), reproductive health means a total well (2) B&Conly
beinginallaspectsofreproduction,i.e.,physical, (3) A,B&C
emotional, behavioural and social. The
headquarters of WHOare locatedin (4) A,B,C&D

(1) USA (2) Geneva 9. In the rhythm method of birth control, the couple
(3) England refrains from intercourse
(4)France
(1}Onedaybeforeandafterovulation
2. India was amongst the first countries in the world
toinitiateactionplansandprogrammesatnational (2) Twodaysbeforeandafterovulation
levelto attainreproductive health.The programmes (3) Threedaysbeforeandafterovulation
called as 'family planning' were initiated in _
year in India. (4) Oneweekbeforeandafterovulation

(1)1951 (2)1976 10. Which of the following method of contraception has

maximum chances of failure?
(3)1971 (4) 1987
(1) Rhythm/Periodicabstinence
3. According to 2001 census, the populationgrowth
rate was (2) Vasectomy
(3) Condoms
(1)2.6% (2) 1.7%
(4) IUDs
(3)2.1% (4) 2.7%
4. WorldPopulationDayis 11. Which of the following is an incorrect statement
for periodic abstinence?
(1)11thJuly (2) 21stSeptember (1) The couple should abstain from ooitus from
(3)7thApril (4) 1stJuly day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when
5. In India, marriageable age for boys is and ovulation could be expected
girls is respectively. (2) 1othto17thdayofthecycleisfertileperiod,
(1)21,18years (2) 15,14years whenthechancesoffertilisationarehigh
(3)15,18years (4) 18,21years (3)Thispreventsthechancesofunionofmale

6. Among the following methods, which one has the B. Withdrawal

highest failure rate?
(1) Diaphragmwithspermicide
(2) Condom
(3) Intrauterinedevice
(4) Rhythmmethod
7. Which of the following is not a natural method of
contraception?
(1) Periodicabstinence
(2) Withdraw!method
(3) Lactationalamenorrhoea
(4) Condoms
8. Natural methods of contraception work on the
principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm
meeting. It includes
A. Periodicabstinence
 andfemale gametes
(4) In this method, the ovum and sperms are
prevented fromphysically meeting with thehelp of
barriers
12. Lactational amenorrhoea, is a natural way of birth
spacing. It is due to the high level of
(1) FSHandLHhormones
(2) Estrogen
(3) Prolactin
(4) Progesterone
13. Use ofwhichof thefollowingcontraceptive device
hasincreased in recent years dueto its additional
benefit of protecting the user from contracting STDs
and AIDS?
(1) Diaphragmsandcervicalcaps
(2) IUDs
(3) Condoms
(4) Contraceptivepills
Board&CompetitiveExams.
118 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
ReproductiveHealth117
14. Whichofthefollowingstatementis/arecorrect about
diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults? 22.Oralcontraceptivepills contain

A. Barriermethodsofcontraception (1) FSHandLHhormones

B. Goverthecervixduringcoitus (2) Progestogenandestrogencombination

C. ProtecttheuserfromcontractingSTDs (3) Prolactin

(4) Mifepristone
D. Theyarereusable 23. Contraceptive pillsare veryeffectivewithlesserside
(1) A&Bonly (2)A,B&C effects used by females. They wor'k by
(3) A,B&D (4)A,B,C&D (1) Inhibiting ovulation
15. 'Nirodh'isapopularbrandof (2) Inhibitingimplantation
(1) IUDsfor female (3) Theyalterthequalityofcervicalmucusto
prevenVretard the entry of sperms
(2) Contraceptivepillforfemale
(3) Condomformale (4) Allofthese

(4) Condomforfemale 24. Whichoneof thefollowingisthemostwidely used

method of contraception by females in India?
16. The diaphragmisarubberdomeshapedstructure
and stops the sperms from entering into (1) Oralcontraceptivepills
(2) Condoms
(1) Vestibule (2) Vagina
(3) IUDs
(3) Cervix (4)Both(1) &(2)
(4) Sterilisation
17. Use of spermicidal creams, jellies and foams along
25. Which of the following contraceptive device is
withdiaphragms,cervicalcapsandvaultsleadsto
inserted by the doctor or trained nurse in the
(1) Increasedcontraceptiveefficiency uterusthroughthe vagina?
(2) Preventionofovulation
(1) Diaphragm (2)CU-T
(3) Preventionofimplantation (3)Condom (4)Vault
(4)Increasedsexualdesireanddrive
26. Which of the following is an additional advantage of
18. Which of the following is not included under barrier hormone releasing IUDs?
methods of birth control? (1) Increasephagocytosisof sperms
(1) Vaginalpouch (2)Suppressspermmotilityand thefertilising
(2)Diaphragm
(3)Cervicalcap capacity of sperms
(4)Implant
(3)Theymaketheuterusunsuitablefor
19. Whichofthefollowinghormone/sis/aremaintained at implantationandcervixhostile tothesperms
high level during hormonal method of birth
control? (4) Theyalwaysinhibitovulation
(1) FSH 27. Amongstthe followingmethodsof contraception,
(2) LH
which can be regarded as the most cost effective
(3) Progesterone (4)Both(1)&(2) andeasilyreversiblemethodofcontraception?
20. Whichofthefollowingisworld'sfirstnon-hormonal (1)CU-T (2)Tubectomy
oral contraceptive pill for females, developed by
scientistsatCentralDrugResearchInstitute(CORI) (3)Vasectomy (4)Sterilisationmethod
inLucknow,India? 28. WhichofthefollowingishormonereleasingIUD?
(1) Mala-D
(2) Saheli (1) CU-T (2) LNG-20
(3)Morningafterpills
(4) PoP (3)Multiload375 (4)Implant
21. Whichofthefollowingisaonce-a-weekpillwith very few
29. Which of the following cannot protect the user from
side effects and highcontraceptive value?
contracting AIDS?
(1) Mala-D
(2)Saheli (1)Diaphragm (2)Cervicalcaps
(3)Depo-provera
(4)Norplant (3)Vaults (4)Allofthese
120 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
30. Implantsundertheskinandinjectablescontain
38. Which of thefollowinghavebeenfound tobe very
(1) Progestogenalone effectiveas emergencycontraceptiveastheycould
(2) Progestogenandestrogen be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rapeif
given within 72 hours?
(3) FSHandLH
A. Administrationofprogestogens
(4) Both(1)&{2)arecorrect
B. Progestogen-estrogencombination
31. Abirthcontrolimplanthavingsixsmall,plastic
C. IUDs insertedwithin72hoursofcoitus
cylinders and with the effective period much longer
(1) Aonly (2) A&Bonly
upto 5 years is
(1) Norplant (3) Bonly (4) A,B&C
(2) Multiload-375
(3) Injectable 39. Sexuallytransmitteddiseasescanget transmitted
(4) LNG-20
easily during use of
32. Whichofthefollowingisaterminalmethodof
(1) Diaphragm (2) Cervicalcap
contraception to prevent any more pregnancies?
(1) Barriermethod (3) Birthcontrolpills (4) Allofthese
(2) IUD
(3) Hormonalmethod (4)Sterilisationmethod 40. Which of thefollowingSTDs is notcaused by a
bacterium?
33. 'Norplant'isthenew formofbirth controlandit
(1) Chlamydia (2)Gonormoea
(1) Allowsovulationbutdoesn'tallowfertilization
(3)Syphilis (4)GenitalHerpes
(2) Makes the cervical mucus thin making sperm
41. Which of the following STD and its causative agent
entry into the uterus difficult
is not correctly matched?
(3) Hasprogestinastheactiveingredient (1) Genitalwarts Haemophilus ducrei
(4) Is effective foramaximumofoneyear (2) Syphilis Treponemapallidum
34. MTPs are considered relatively safe up to _ (3) Genital herpes Type II Herpes simplex
weeks of pregnancy virus (HSV-2)
(1)12 (2)20 (4) Trichomoniasis Trichomonasvagina/is
(3)25 (4)18 42. Whichofthefollowingsexuallytransmitted diseases
35. Whichofthefollowingdrugisprogesterone iscausedbyaprotozoan?
antagonistandactsasanabortiondrug? (2) Trichomoniasis
(1) Gonorrhoea
(1) Saheli (2) Mifepristone (3) Chlamydiasis (4) Syphilis
(3) Mala-N (4) Depo-provera 43. WhichofthefollowingSTDscannotbetreated
36. All thefollowing are uses of amniocentesis, but withantibiotics?
one is misuse. Which one is misuse?
A.Gonormoea B.Syphilis
(1) The centres for genetic counselling offer
C.Chlamydia D.Genitalherpes
amniocentesis on request to women for
chromosomeanalysis (1)Donly (2)BandD
(2) This technique has been developed for (3)CandD (4)Conly
detecting foetal abnormalities by analysing 44. Which of the following STDs is caused by the
chromosomal defects human papilloma virus (HPV) and is transmitted
(3) It is usedto studymetabolic defects of foetus through intimate contact with infected person?
like PKU {phenyl ketonuria) (1)Genitalherpes (2)Genitalwarts
(4) It is done to examine the sex of the foetus (3)AIDS (4)Chlamydia
leading to increasing female foeticides
45. Most of the sexually transmitted diseases are
37. A sterilisation technique in females which blocks completely curable if detected earlyand treated
gametetransportandtherebypreventsconceptionis properly, except
(1) Vasectomy (2) Copper-T (1) Hepatitis-B (2)Genitalherpes
(3)Condom (4) Tubectomy (3)HIVinfections (4)Allofthese
Board&CompetitiveExams.
122 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
ReproductiveHealth119
46. AIDSdayis
2. Whichofthefollowing can betakenascharacteristic
(1)11thJuly st demographicfeaturesofthedevelopingcountries?
(2)1 December
(3)1stJuly (a) Highfertilityrate
(4)ythApril
(b) Rapidlyrisingmortalityrate
47. Which of the following is the most appropriate
statement defininginfertility? (c) Veryyoungagedistribution

(1) Couple is unable to produce children inspite of (d) Rapidpopulationgrowth

unprotected sexualco-habitation even aftertwo (e) Rapidly falling mortalityrate
years
(f) Veryoldagedistribution
(2) It is the inability to produce a viable offspring (1) (a),(b),(c),(d) (2)(a},(c),(d),(e)
and is always due to defects abnormalities in
the female partner (3)(a),(b),(c),(e) (4)(a},(b},(d),(e)

(3) Infertilityisduetoimmaturesexorgans 3. Which of the following can be taken as the most

convincingfactorforindicatingtherapidincreasein
(4) InfertilitycannotbehelpedbyART population growth of a country?
48. Surrogatemotheris (1) Lowmortalityrate
(1) Motherwithoutlactation (2) Highnatalityorbirthrate
(2) Future motherwith embryoimplantedfrom (3) Lowreplacementlevel
another (4) Highpopulationofyoung children
(3) Femalecarryingseveralembryos 4. InIndia, population crossed one billion mark in May
(4) Artificiallyinseminatedfemale 2000. The probable reasons for this are, decline in
49. ThelatesttechniquetoproduceachildisGIFT. A. Maternalmortalityrate(MMR}
Thefullformis B. Infantmortalityrate(IMR}
(1) Gameticinternalfertilizationandtransfer C. Numberofpeopleinreproducibleage
(2) Gameticintrafallopiantransfer D. Deathrate
(3) Gameticinterfallopian transfer
(1) A&Bonly (2)A,B&C
(4) Generalinternalfallopiantransfer (3)A,B&D (4)A,B,C&D
50. All the following statements about ZIFT are correct, (4) Both(1)&(2)
but oneis wrong. Which one is wrong?
(1) Itiszygoteintra fallopiantransfer
(2) Zygoteistransferredintothe fallopiantube after
IVF
(3) Earlyembryosupto8blastomerescanalsobe
transferred into the fallopian tubes
(4) Embryoswith morethan 8 blastomeresare also
transferred into the fallopian tubes

SECTION-B
ObjectiveTypeQuestions
1. Apopulationissaidtoachievedemographic
transition, if
(1) Birthrateequalsdeathrate
(2) Emigration equals immigration if population is
same, in both places
(3) Doublingtimeis33years
5. Castration cannot be taken as a
contraceptive device, because
(1) Deficiency oftestosterone
hormone,willdeprive a person of
sexual drive, desire and/or the
sexual act
(2) Itinhibitsgametetransport
(3) It is surgical method of
contraception also called
sterilisation
(4) This technique is highly
effective but its reversibility is
poor.
6.
Inlactationalamenorrhoea,thereisno
ovulationor
menstruationduringtheperiodof
intenselactation following
parturition, due to highlevel
ofprolactin, which?
(1) Inhibitsthereleaseofgonadotropins
(2) Inhibitsthereleaseofestrogena
nd progesterone
(3) Stimulate thereleaseofFSHandLH
(4) Stimulatesthereleaseofestro
genand progesterone
124 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
7. Whichof the following is a wrong matchbetween 13. Contraceptive pillsareveryeffectivewithlesserside
the type of contraception and its function? effectsandarewell acceptedby thefemale. They
Contraceptive Function workby
device
(1) Inhibitingovulation
(1) Contraceptivepills-Inhibitovulation
(2) Inhibitingimplantation
(2) Sterilisation Inhibitgameteformation (3) Theyalterthequalityofcervicalmucusto
(3) IUDs Inhibitimplantation prevent/retard the entry of sperms
(4) Naturalmethods Avoidchancesof ovum (4) Allofthese
and sperm meeting 14. Vasectomyhasnoeffectonthesexuallifeofmale
8. Whichofthefollowingisacopperreleasing IUD? because:
(1)Lippesloop (2)Multiload375 (1) He can still ejaculate and has normal
(3) LNG-20 (4)Progestasert secretion of sex hormones in blood

9. Whichofthefollowingisincorrectlymatched? (2) Vasectomy affectsthehormonal secretionbut

the person can ejaculate semen with normal
(1) Non-medicatedIUDs -Uppesloop number of sperms
(2) CopperreleasingIUD -LNG-20 (3) He cannot ejaculate but the hormone levels
(3) HormonereleasingIUD-Progestasert arenormal

(4) Saheli (4) Vasectomydoes not affectthe sexual desire

-Once a week
but can cause impotency
contraceptive pill
10. What is the function of copper ions in copper (4) It increases the phagocytosis of the sperm
releasing IUDs? within the uterus
(1) They increase phagocytosisofsperm within
the uterus
(2) They suppress spermmotility and the fertilising
capacity of sperms
(3) Theymaketheuterusunsuitableforimplantati
on
(4) Theyinhibitovulation
11. Which of the following statement is not correct
about oral contraceptive pills?
(1) They have to be taken dailyfor aperiod of 21
days, starting preferably within the first five
days of menstrual cycle
(2) They contain small doses of progestogen
estrogen combination
(3) Theyinhibitovulationandimplantation
(4) Ovum and sperms are prevented from
physically meeting withthe help of barriers
12. All the following statements are correct about
'Saheli', but one is wrong. Which one is wrong?
(1) Neworalcontraceptivepillforfemales
(2) Containsnon-steroidalpreparation
(3) It is'onceaweekpill'
15. Which of the following statements is not truew.r.t.
tubectomy or tubal ligation?
(1) Itis moredifficult than vasectomy and iseven more
difficult to reverse
(2) No ovulation occurs. hence nofertilizationis
possible
(3) Itinvolvesligationofbothfallopiantubes
(4) The failure rate of this approach is almost zero
percent
16. Use of whichof thefollowingcontraceptive device
hasincreased in recent years due toits additional
benefit of protecting the user from contracting STDs
and AIDS?
(1) Coitusinterruptus
(2) IUDs(IntraUterineDevices)
(3) Condoms
(4) Vasectomy
17. Which of the following graphs is the correct
representationofthelevelofprogesteroneinafemale who
has been using Mala-Das a method of birth control.

(1)
 Jil
Board&CompetitiveExams.
126 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
ReproductiveHealth121
22. Which of the following causative agents of STDs
can cross the placenta?

(2) (1)Hepatitis-B (2)HIV

1 I I I I I
10 1520 25 30 (3)Syphilis (4)Allofthese

Jil Days 23. Which of the following virus has ds-DNAas the
genetic material and is transmitted mainly by
sexual contact?

(3) (1) Hepatitis-A (2)Hepatitis-B

I I I
1 20 25 30 (3)Hepatitis-C (4)Allofthese
Days 24. Themostcommonsiteofinfectionincaseof

Jil
Chlamydiainfemaleis

(1) Cervix (2) Urethra

(3}Uterinetubes (4)Bladder
(4) I I I I
1 1520 25 30 25. Whichofthefollowing partscannotgetaffectedin a
Days female suffering from chlamydia?
18. Marktheincorrectstatements (1}Cervix (2) Urethra
A. Castrationisamethodofcontraception (3) Uterinetubes (4)Bladder
B. MTPshaveasignificantroleindecreasingthe 26. Whichofthefollowingcan'tbetakenasthe
sizeof population, so it is legal. symptomofafemalesufferingfromgonorrhea?
C. Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned (1) Enlargementofuterus
in our country
(2}Dischargeofpusfromvagina
D. Nearly45to50millionMTPsareperformedin a
year all over the world (3)Inflammationofuterinetubes
(4}Peritonitisor inflammationoftheperitoneum
(1) A&Bonly 27.Incaseofapersonsufferingfromsyphilis,the
(2) C&Donly chancreformationoccursduring
(3) A,B&C (1)Primarystage (2)Secondarystage
(4) A,B,C&D (3)Tertiarystage (4)Neurosyphilisstage

19. Actionofwhichofthefollowinghormonesis blocked 28. Whichofthefollowingstagesofsyphilisischaracteri

during use of RU 486 (mifepristone)? sed bya skinrash,feverand achesin
(1) FSH the jointsandmuscles?
(2)LH
(3)Progesterone (1)Primarystage (2)Secondarystage
(4)hCG
20. Whichofthefollowingmethodsisusedduring (3) Tertiary stage (4) Neurosyphilis stage
abortion? 29. The·symptomless' period or latent periodin case
of syphilis may last for
(1) Vacuum aspiration
(1) 1-5weeks
(2) Infusionofasalinesolution/antiseptics
(2) 6-24weeks
(3) Scraping/D&C
(3) 4-12weeks
(4) Allofthese
(4) 20years
21. Whichofthe followingisanimportant detection
technique for syphilis? 30. Whichofthefollowingcellsareinfectedina
personsuffering fromAIDS?
(1) Gram stainingofthedischarge
(1}CD4 receptorcells
(2) Nucleicacidhybridisation,PCR (2}CD8receptor cells
(3) Antibodydetection e.g.,VDRL (3}Killer T cells
(4) Microscopicexaminationofculture (4)Germcells
128 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
31. Whichofthefollowing statements abouthepatitis-8
(3) Ovafromwife/donor (female)andspermsfrom
isincorrect?
husband/donor (male) are induced to form
(1) ItisoneoftheexamplesofSTD zygote by IVF and then implanted in female
(2) Itisspreadprimarilybysexualcontact,even (4}Babybornafterartificialinsemination
by contaminatedsyringesandblood
transfusion
SECTION-C
(3) It is 42 nm enveloped viruscontaining ss-RNA
as the genetic material PreviousYearsQuestions
(4) Recombivax HB,vaccine isavailabletoprevent 1. WhichofthefollowingishormonereleasingIUD?
hepatitis-8 infection
[NEET(Phase-2)2016]
32. Syphilis is an infectious bacterial disease caused
(1) LNG-20 (2) Multiload-375
by Treponema pallidum with 3 stages
(A) Infectious painless ulcers (i)First (3) Lippesloop (4)Cu?
on thegenitals 2. Whichofthefollowingisincorrectregarding
(8)Blindness, heart trouble, (ii)Second vasectomy? [NEET(Phase-2)2016]
aorticimpairment (1) Nospermoccursinseminalfluid
(C) Skin lesions, hairloss, (iii)Third (2) Nospermoccursinepididymis
swollenjoints
(3) Vasadeferentiaiscutandtied
Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectmatchbetween the
symptoms and stage? (4) Irreversiblesterility

(1) (A}-(i),(B)-(ii),(C)-(iil) 3. Embryo withmore than16 blastomeres formeddue to

in-vitro fertilization is transferredinto
(2) (A)-(iii),(B)-(i),(C)-(ii)
[NEET(Phase-2)2016]
(3) (A)-(i),(8)-(iii),(C)-(ii)
(1) Uterus
(4) (A)-(ii),(B)-(iii),(C)-(i)
(2) Fallopiantube
33. Which of the following can be complications
resulting from STDs without timely detection and (3) Fimbriae
treatment? (4) Cervix
A. Pelvicinflammatorydisease(PID) 4. Incontextofamniocentesis,whichofthefollowing
B. Stillbirths statementis incorrect? [NEET-2016]

C. Infertilityorevencancerofreproductivetract (1) ItcanbeusedfordetectionofCleftpalate.

D. Ectopic pregnanoies (2) It is usually done when a woman is between

14-16 weeks pregnant.
(1) A&Bonly (2) A,B&C (3) Itisusedforprenatalsexdetermination.
(3)Aonly (4)A,B,C&D (4) ItcanbeusedfordetectionofDown
34. If apersonissufferingfromseveremaleinfertility syndrome.
duetoveryfewsperms(oligozoospermia)oreven
5. Which of the following approaches doesnot give
nolivesperms(azoospermia) intheejaculate,it
thedefinedactionofcontraceptive?[NEET-2016]
can be overcome by .Thisshouldoffer
couplesan alternativetousingdonorsperm
(1) GIFT (1) Vasectomy Prevents spermatogenesis
(2)ZIFT
(3)res, (2) Barriermethods Preventfertilization
(4)IVF
(3) Intrauterine Increasephagocytosisof
35. Testtubebabyistheone devices sperms,suppresssperm
(1) Whoisrearedonartificialmediumoutside the motility and fertilizing
womb capacity of sperms
(4) Hormonal PrevenUretard entry of
(2) Growth of human baby insidethe fallopian
contraceptives sperms,preventovulation
tube instead of uterus andfertilization
 Board&CompetitiveExams.
ReproductiveHealth123
6. Achildlesscouple can be assistedto have achild
through a technique called GIFT. The full form of (3) Introductionofspermsofahealthydonor directly
thistechniqueis [Re-AIPMT-2015] into the ovary

(1) Germ cellinternalfallopiantransfer (4) Transferofspermsofahealthydonortoa test

tube containing ova
(2) Gameteinseminatedfallopiantransfer
13. TheTest-tubeBabyProgrammeemployswhichone of
(3) Gameteintrafallopiantransfer the following techniques?
(4) Gameteinternalfertilizationandtransfer [AIPMT(Prelims)-2012]
7. Whichofthefollowingisnotasexuallytransmitted (1) Zygoteintrafallopiantransfer(ZIFT)
disease? [AIPMT-2015]
(2) Intracytoplasmicsperminjection(ICSI)
(1) Encephalitis
(3) Intrauterineinsemination(IUI)
(2) Syphilis
(4) Gameteintrafallopiantransfer(GIFT)
(3) AcquiredlmmunoDeficiencySyndrome(AIDS)
(4) Trichomoniasis 14. Whatisthefiguregivenbelowshowinginparticular?

8. Tubectomyisamethod ofsterilizationinwhich
[AIPMT-2014]
(1) Small partof the fallopiantube is removed or
tied up
(2) Ovariesareremoved surgically [AIPMT(PreIims)-2012]
(3) Small partof vasdeferens is removed or tied (1) Vasectomy
up
(2) Ovariancancer
(4) Uterusisremovedsurgically
(3) Uterinecancer
9. Which of the following is a hormone releasing Intra
Uterine Device (IUD)? [AIPMT-2014] (4) Tubectomy
(1) Multiload375 (2)LNG- 20 15. Whichofthefollowingisthemostwidely accepted
method of contraception in India, as at present?
(3)Cervicalcap (4)Vault
10. Assistedreproductivetechnology,IVFinvolves [AIPMT(Prelims)-2011]
transfer of [AIPMT-2014] (1) IUDs'(Intrauterinedevices)
(1) Ovumintothefallopiantube (2) Cervicalcaps
(2) Zygoteintothefallopiantube (3) Tubectomy
(3) Zygoteintotheuterus (4) Diaphragms
(4) Embryowith16blastomeresintothefallopian 16. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is
tube considered safe up to how many weeks of
11. Whichofthefollowingcannotbedetectedina pregnancy [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
developingfoetusbyamniocentesis? (1) Sixweeks (2)Eightweeks

[NEET-2013] (3)Twelveweeks (4)Eighteenweeks

into the vagina
(1) Sexofthefoetus
(2) Downsyndrome
(3) Jaundice
(4) Klinefeltersyndrome
12. Artificialinseminationmeans [NEET-2013]
(1) Transfer of sperms of husband to a test tube
containing ova
(2) Artificialintroductionofspermsofahealthy donor
17. T nded for those females
h
[AIPMT(Mains)-
e
2011]
t
e (1) Whose cervical
c 130 canalistoonarrowto
ReproductiveHealth allow Board&CompetitiveExams.
h passage for the sperms
n (2) Who cannot
i providesuitable
q environment for
u fertilisation
e
c (3) Whocannotproduceanovum
a (4) Whocannotretainthefoetusinsideuterus
l
l
e
d
g
a
m
e
t
e
i
n
t
r
a
f
a
l
l
o
p
i
a
n
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r

(
G
I
F
T
)

i
s

r
e
c
o
m
m
e
124ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.
18. The permissible use of the technique QuestionsaskedPriortoMedicalEnt.Exams.2005
amniocentesisisfor [AIPMT(Prelims)-2010) 22. Oneofthelegalmethodsofbirthcontrolis
{1)Detectinganygeneticabnormality (1) Byabstainingfromooitusfromday10to17of the
(2) Detectingsexoftheunbornfoetus menstrual cycle
(3) Artificialinsemination (2) Byhavingooitusatthetimeofdaybreak
(4) Transferofembryointotheuterusofa (3) Byapremature ejaculationduringcoitus
surrogatemother (4) Abortionbytaking anappropriatemedicine
19. Cuionsreleasedfromcopper-releasingIntra Uterine 23. Oneofthefollowingisnotamethodof
Devices (IUDs) (AIPMT (Prelims)-2010) contraception -which one?
{1}Preventovulation (1) Tubectomy
(2) Makeuterusunsuitableforimplantation (2) Condoms

(3) Increasephagocytosisof sperms (3) Pillsofacombinationofoxytocinand

vasopressin
(4) Suppressspermmotility
(4) Lippesloop
20. Given below are four methods (A - D) and their
24. Which oneof thefollowingstatementiscorrect
modes of action (a - d) in achieving oontraception.
regarding Sexually Transmitted Diseases {STD)?
Select their correct matching from thefour options
that follow (1) The chances of a 5 year boy contacting a STD
are very little
Method ModeofAction
(2) A personmay contactsyphilisby sharingmilk
(A) Thepill (a) Prevents sperms with one already suffering from the disease
reachingcervix
(3) Haemophiliais oneofthe STD
(B) Condom (b) Preventsimplantation
(4) Genitalherpesandsickle-cellanaemiaare both
(C) Vasectomy (c) Preventsovulation STD
(D) CopperT {d) Semen contains no 25. Thestagetransferredintotheuterusafterinduced
sperms fertilization of ova in the laboratory is
[AIPMT(Prelims)-2008) (1) Zygote
(1)A-(b},B-(c),C-{a),D-(d) (2) Embryoat4blastomerestage

{2)A-(c),B-(a},C-{d),D-(b) (3) Embryoat2blastomerestage

(3) A-(d),B-(a),C-(b),0-(c) (4) Morula

26. The most important factor which determined the
(4) A-(c),B-{d},C-{a),D-{b}
increase in human population in India during the
21. Consider the statements given below regarding 20thcentury
contraception and answer as directed thereafter
(1) Natality (2)Mortality
(a) Medicalterminationofpregnancy(MTP)
during first trimester is generally safe (3)Immigration (4)Emigration

(b) Generally chances of conception are nil until 27. Theageofpyramidwithbroadbaseindicates

mother breast-feedsthe infantupto twoyears (1) Highpercentageofyoungindividuals
(c) Intrauterinedeviceslikecopper-Tare effective (2) Lowpercentageofyoungindividuals
contraceptives
(3) Highpercentageofoldindividuals
(d) Contraceptionpillsmaybetakenuptoone week
(4) Lowpercentageofoldindividuals
after coitus to prevent conception.
28. Thepresentpopulationofthewor1disabout
Whichtwooftheabovestatementsarecorrect?
(1) 15 billion
(AlPMT(Prelims)-2008)
(2) 6billion
(1) a,b (4)a,C
(2)b,c
(3)c,d
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 (3) 500
milli
on
(4) 100
milli
on

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 126ReproductiveHealth
Board&CompetitiveExams. Board&CompetitiveExams.
ReproductiveHealth125
29. Themostimportantcomponentoftheoral
contraceptive pills is SECTION-D
(1) Thyroxine Assertion-ReasonTypeQuestions
(2)Luteinizinghormone
(3)Progesterone Inthefollowingquestions,astatementof assertion
(4)Growthhormone
(A)isfollowedbyastatementofreason(R)
30. Tabletstopreventfemalecontraception contain
(1) IfbothAssertion&Reasonaretrueandthe
(1) Progesterone (2)LJ-i reasonisthecorrectexplanationofthe
(3)FSH (4) Both(2)&(3) assertion,then mark(1).

31. (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the
Whichisshowingaccuratepairing?
reason is not the correct explanation of the
(1) Syphilis -Treponema pallidum
assertion, then mark (2).
(2) AIDS -Bacillusanthracis (3} If Assertion is true statement but Reason is
(3) Gonorrhoea-Leishmaniadonovani false, then mark (3).
(4) Typhoid -Mycobacteriumleprae (4)IfbothAssertionandReasonarefalse
32. Whatis the functionofnon-medicatedIUD? statements,thenmark(4).
(1) Toinhibitovulation 1. A : Population of India crossed one billion in
(2) Toinhibitfertilization May2000.

(3) Toinhibitimplantationofblastocyst R : It is the result of rapid decline in death rate,

maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant
(4) Toinhibitgametogenesis mortality rate (IMR) as well as an increase in
33. Whatistheworkofprogesterone whichispresent in number of people in reproducible age.
oral contraceptive pills? 2. A : Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are very effective
(1) Toinhibitovulation contraceptive method.
(2) Tocheckoogenesis R:IUDsdon'tallowspermstoentertheuterus.
(3) To check entryof sperms into cervixandto 3. A : Surgical method blocksgamete transport and
make them inactive thereby prevents conception.
(4) Tochecksexualbehaviour R : Surgical method used in the male for this
34. Testtubebabymeansababybornwhen purpose is called vasectomy.

(1) Itisdevelopedinatesttube 4. A : Saheli - the new oral contraceptive for the

female contains a non-steroidal preparation.
(2) Itisdevelopedthroughtissueculturemethod
R :It is 'once a week' pill with very few sideeffects
(3) Theovumisfertilizedexternallyandthereafter and high contraceptive value.
implanted in the uterus
5. A: Intest-tube baby programme, ova from wife/
(4) Itdevelops fromanon-fertilizedovum donor(female)andspermsfromthehusband/
35. In vitro fertilisation is a technique that involves donor(male}arecollectedandinducedtoform
transfer of which one of the following into the zygoteundersimulatedconditions inlaboratory.
fallopian tube?
R : Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres are
(1) Zygoteonly then transferred to fallopian tube (ZIFT) to
(2) Embryoonly,upto8cellstage complete its further development.

(3) Eitherzygoteorearlyembryoupto8cell stage 6. A:Onceconceptionhasoccurredabortioncanbe

induced by mifepristone drug.
(4) Embryoof32cellstage
R:Mifepristoneisprogesteroneantagonistic.
36. Spirochetesare
7. A:Lactationalamenorrhoea isduetohighlevelof
(1) Aclassofinsects (2)Aclassofviruses prolactin.
(3)Bacteria (4)Fungi R: Prolactin stimulates the release of
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 gonadotropins.

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126 ReproductiveHealth Board&CompetitiveExams.

8. A:Surgical method of contraception is terminal 15. A:Inabilitytoconceiveorproducechildreneven

method to prevent any more pregnancies. after 2 years of unprotected sexual
R: Surgical methods of contraception prevent cohabitation is infertility.
gameteformation. R : In vitro fertilization followed by transfer of
9. A: Castration cannot be considered as a embryo into the female genital tract is 'Test
contraceptionoption. Tube Baby' programme.

R:Itshouldinnowayinterferewiththesexualdrive, 16. A:EverysixthpersonintheworldisanIndian.

desire and/or the sexual act of the user. R: Life expectancy depends upon average life
10. A: Disease or infections which are transmitted span.
through sexual intercourse are collectively 17. A: Use of condom is a safeguard againstAIDS
called sexually transmitted diseases. and sexual diseases besides checking
R:STDsifnotproperlytreatedmay leadtopelvic pregnancy.
inflammatory diseases, abortion, still birth, R : Certain contraceptives are planted under the
ectopic pregnancies, infertility or evencancer skin of upper arm to prevent pregnancy.
of reproductive tract.
18. A: Maximum chances of failure in Rhythm
11. A : Periodic abstinence is one such natural
methodofcontraception.
methodof contraception in which thecouples
avoidor abstainfromcoitus fromday10to17 of R: Very few women have absolutely regular
the menstrual cycle, when ovulation could be cycles.
expected.
19. A: Both vasectomy and tubectomy are very
R : Day 10 to day 17 of menstrual cycle is effective,as the failure rate of such surgical
considered as safe period. approaches is almost zero percent.
12. A: 'Saheli'-neworalcontraceptiveforthefemales R:Reversibilityis poor.
was developed at CORI, Lucknow.
20. A: Lactational amenorrhoea is one of natural
R:Ithasnosteroidinit. methodofbirthcontrol.
13. A : Surgical method also called sterilisation are R :Highlevelof prolactin inhibits the secretion of
generally advised for themale/female partner gonadotropins.
as a terminal method to prevent any more
pregnancies. 21. A : Nearly 20% of the total pregnancies get
aborted world-wide.
R : These techniques are highly effective but their
reversibility is poor. R : Under MTP Act, 1971 medical termination of
pregnancy can be done upto 20 weeks but it
14. A:Inabilitytoconceiveorproducechildreneven is safe upto 12 weeks of pregnancy.
after 2 years of unprotected sexual
cohabitation is called infertility. 22. A:Gossypol inhibits spermatogenesis.
R:Infertilityissynonymforsterility. R :Gentchroman inhibits ovulation.

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