Dave Woods Room G187

Table of Contents
TOPIC PAGE
ECL Checklist 1
English Verb Forms (V1 – V5) 2
Helping Verbs 3
Times in English 5
Since and For 7
Used To 7
Reported Speech 8
Modal Verbs 12
Passive Voice 17
IN / ON / AT 19
“IF” Conditionals 20
Causative (Boss & Worker) 22
Adjectives 23
Contrast Signals 24
Addition Signals 25
Result Signals 26
Question Patterns 27
Irregular Verbs & Plurals 28
 ECL Checklist 1

Look for these topics in your ECL questions:

ACTIVE Does the subject
or do the action or only
PASSIVE receive the action?
HELPING Can you see
VERBS
do / modal / have / be?
Is it right now,
TIME in the past, in the
future, or always?

NUMBER
Is it singular or
plural? Just one,
or are there many?
SAME Do the parts
or of your sentence
DIFFERENT agree or disagree?
REAL Are you talking
or about real things,
UNREAL or just about ideas?
 English Verb Forms 2

VERB ONE — SIMPLE PRESENT

V1 ▶︎ We eat. ▶︎ You get.

▶︎ They study. ▶︎ I run.

VERB TWO — SIMPLE PAST

V2 ▶︎ We ate. ▶︎ You got.

▶︎ They studied. ▶︎ I ran.

VERB THREE — PAST PARTICIPLE

V3 ▶︎ We have eaten. ▶︎You have gotten.

▶︎ They have studied. ▶︎ I have run.

VERB FOUR — PRESENT PARTICIPLE

V4 ▶︎ We are eating. ▶︎ You are getting.

▶︎ They are studying. ▶︎ I am running.

VERB FIVE — SHE•HE•IT + S

V5 ▶︎ He eats. ▶︎ She gets.

▶︎ She studies. ▶︎ It runs.
The Helping Verbs 3

Helping Verb Main Verb Examples

DO
I don’t own a Ferrari.
Verb 1 Did you eat all of your lunch?
Doesn’t Mrs. Bell drive a bus?
“DO” family: do / does / did / don’t / doesn’t / didn’t

Modal The Army can fight at night.

Verb 1 You must always study vocab.

Verbs Will you assist me tomorrow?

We might visit Houston today.
MODAL verbs: can / may / should / must / will (→ Page 12)

He had never met me before.

HAVE Verb 3 The girls have won the game.
DLI has taught so many pilots.
“HAVE” family: have / has / had / haven’t / hasn’t / hadn’t

BE
Are we playing football today?
Verb 4 My boss was eating lunch.
I will be sleeping at 0100.
“BE” family: am / is / are / was / were / wasn’t / weren’t

Passive BE + I was bitten by a dog.

Books are read by students.
Voice Verb 3 Joe is loved by his spouse.
 ECL Practice Questions 4
TOPIC: Helping Verbs
Do + V1 / Modal + V1 / Have + V3 / Be + V4
1. Do you _____ that President Biden will win reelection in 2024?
(a) think (b) thinks (c) thought (d) thinking
2. Today, Mister Pearce can _____ ten languages.
(a) speak (b) speaks (c) spoke (d) spoken
3. But when he was a boy, Mister Pearce could _____ only two languages.
(a) speak (b) speaks (c) spoke (d) spoken
4. Have you ever _____ Jordanian food?
(a) eat (b) eats (c) ate (d) eaten
5. The cowboys are _____ horses across the desert.
(a) ride (b) ridden (c) rode (d) riding
6. The cowboys were _____ horses across the desert last week.
(a) ride (b) ridden (c) rode (d) riding
7. Are you ever _____ to Mexico, or will you stay in Texas forever?
(a) go (b) going (c) gone (d) went
8. Manchester United didn’t _____ yesterday but will _____ tomorrow.
(a) plays / play (b) not play / not play (c) play / play (d) play / be played
9. The Ukrainian military has _____ the Russian forces in Donbas.
(a) counter (b) countered (c) counters (d) countering
10. Michelle and Leia _____ studying medicine at Nigeria’s biggest university.
(a) do (b) have (c) can (d) are
11. A stray cat on the street _____ be careful about violent dogs.
(a) do (b) is (c) must (d) has
12. Won’t you ______ to school early tomorrow morning? We have to study for the quiz.
(a) come (b) came (c) coming (d) will come
13. Farmers _____ grow crops if there is too much rain.
(a) can’t (b) does (c) have (d) aren’t
14. The Statue of Liberty _____ be seen by any boat entering New York Harbor.
(a) does (b) can (c) is (d) has
15. The statues in ancient Greek temples _____ be seen by people in history.
(a) can (b) were (c) have (d) could
16. Many World Cup goals _____ scored by Pele, Ronaldo, and Messi.
(a) have been (b) has been (c) can (d) could
 5
Times in English Language
PAST Event was completely
finished in a previous time:
▶︎ Brazil defeated Italy in 1994.
VERB TWO: —ed or irregular

PRESENT Present doesn’t mean ‘now.’

It means always or usually.
▶︎ Brazil plays in every World Cup.
VERB ONE or VERB FIVE

FUTURE Event in the future;

it has not happened yet.
▶︎ I think Brazil will win in 2032.
Will + V1 / Be + going to + V1

PAST NOW Past event has influence

or importance now.
▶︎ Brazil has won the Cup five times.
Have + V3 / Had + V3

STARTED Event is in progress.

BUT NOT It is happening at that time.
FINISHED ▶︎ Brazil is practicing for the next Cup.
Be + VERB FOUR
 TOPIC: TIME SIGNALS: Always check for a clue about time
6
1) My dog _______ a car yesterday for more than three kilometers!
. (a) chases (b) chased (c) chasing (d) has chased
2) Tomorrow my dog ______ that car if he runs a little faster.
. (a) catches (b) will catch (c) has caught (d) is catching
3) That dog never changes. He _____ since he was a puppy.
. (a) chases (b) chased (c) is chasing (d) has been chasing
4) On December 13, 1972, Gene Cernan ______ on the moon.
. (a) walked (b) walks (c) has walked (d) was walked
5) Every morning, my father ______ my mother and says, “Bye bye honey.”
. (a) kiss (b) kisses (c) has kissed (d) is kissing
6) Look at that plane in the sky! The pilot must be crazy-–he _____ in circles!
. (a) spins (b) is spinning (c) has spinning (d) spinning
7) Last night at 11:43 PM, I _____ a movie called The Gray Man.
. (a) watched (b) am watching (c) have watched (d) was watching
8) The pilots ______ a pre-flight briefing each morning before they take off.
. (a) attend (b) attends (c) are attending (d) have attended
9) The pilot ______ a pre-flight briefing each morning before he takes off.
. (a) attend (b) attends (c) are attending (d) have attended
10) The pilots ______ a pre-flight briefing this morning before they took off.
. (a) attend (b) attends (c) have attending (d) attended
11) The pilots ______ a pre-flight briefing this morning when the general walked in.
. (a) is attending (b) was attending (c) are attending (d) were attending

Past → Now = Have + V3 Past → Past = Had + V3

▶︎ From 2018 until today, ▶︎ From 2018 until 2021,
Arturo has served in the military. Arturo had served in the military.

1) Alicia speaks French well. She ______ in Paris since 2015.

. (a).lived (b).was living (c).has lived (d).had lived
2) Andrew spoke French when I met him. He _____ in Paris from 2009 to 2010.
. (a).has lived (b).was lived (c).is living (d).had lived
3) I am happy to be at DLI finally. I _______ for five years to get here!
. (a).study (b).am studying (c).have studied (d).had studied
4) I was happy to be at DLI finally. I _______ for five years to get there!
. (a).study (b).am studying (c).have studied (d).had studied
5) The car sank in the river. It _______ on top of the water for five minutes.
. (a).float (b).floated (c).have floated (d).had floated
6) The Titanic can never sail again. It _______ on the ocean floor since April, 1912.
. (a).rest (b).rested (c).has rested (d).had rested
 Past → Now = Have + V3 and . . . 7
SINCE = the start time FOR = how much time
▶︎ Arturo has served in the ▶︎ Arturo has served in the
military since January 23, 2022. military for one and a half years.
1) I’ve been in the military _______ 2018. 5) My father ______ a builder
. (a) for (b) since (c) in (d) before for twenty-five years.
2) My family has lived here ______ 300 years. . (a) is (b) might been
. (a) for (b) since (c) minimum (d) maximum (c) has been (d) have been
3) They’ve been studying _____ twelve hours straight. 6) I _____ since my graduation
. (a) for (b) since (c) after (d) at from flight school in 2020.
4) __ December 13, 1972, nobody has visited the moon.. (a) fly (b) have been flying
. (a) for (b) since (c) at (d) during (c) flew (d) am flying

Past Actions = Familiar / Routine Actions =

used to + V1 [be] + used to + V4
▶︎ I was in the Army ten years ago. ▶︎ I have been in the Army for ten
Back then, I used to march a lot. years, so I am used to marching.
1) Ahmed _____ because his mother makes him cook dinner every Friday.
. (a) used to cooking (b) is used to cooking
(c) used to cook (d) is used to cook
2) Ahmed was a mechanic many years ago. Back then, he _____ helicopters.
. (a) used to repairing (b) is used to repairing
(c) used to repair (d) was used to repair
3) Our friend _____ in Mexico, but now he is back home in Texas.
. (a) used to study (b) was used to study
(c) used to studying (d) was used to studying
4) My family lives in the desert. We _____ hot, dry days.
. (a) used to have (b) are used to having
(c) used to having (d) were used to having
5) When I was a little boy, I _____ spiders. But now I know not to do that.
. (a) used to eat (b) am used to eat
(c) used to eating (d) am used to eating
6) When I was a child, I _____ a bike because I did it every day.
. (a) used to riding (b) am used to riding
(c) used to rode (d) was used to riding
7) Messi _____ in Barcelona, but he moved to the U.S. He’s not ____ in America yet.
. (a) used to play / used to live (b) used to playing / used to live
(c) used to playing / used to living (d) used to play / used to living
 Reported Speech (1)
(1) 8

Whenever we change from

BASIC DIRECT SPEECH to REPORTED SPEECH,
RULE: we move ONE TENSE BACK.
Simple Present → Simple Past
▶︎ John: “I have a pick-up truck.”
→ John said that he had a pick-up truck.
▶︎ Colonel Barnes: “Soldiers are the future of our military.”
→ The colonel said that soldiers were the future of our military.

Present Progressive → Past Progressive

▶︎ Lola: “Rhianna is performing in Las Vegas.”
→ Lola said that Rhianna was performing in Las Vegas.
▶︎ Lola: “Rhianna and Shakira are making a joint album.”
→ Lola said Rhianna and Shakira were making a joint album.

Simple Past → Past Perfect

▶︎ SGT Dean: “The truck ran out of gas.”
→ SGT Dean said that the truck had run out of gas.
▶︎ The teacher: “I prepared a test for you.”
→ The teacher told the students he had prepared a test for them.

Past Progressive → Past Perfect Progressive

▶︎ CPT Ross: “In the past, I was hoping to get married.”
→ CPT Ross said that he had been hoping to get married.
▶︎ Jackie: “My dog was sleeping in my bathtub.”
→ Jackie said her dog had been sleeping in her bathtub.

Present Perfect → Past Perfect

▶︎ Helena: “The Air Force has been a great career for me.”
→ Helena said that the Air Force had been a great career for her.
▶︎ John: “I have purchased a new pick-up truck.”
→ John said that he had purchased a new pick-up truck.
 Reported Speech (2)
(2) 9
Whenever we change from
BASIC DIRECT SPEECH to REPORTED SPEECH,
RULE: we move ONE TENSE BACK.
Present Perfect Progressive → Past Perfect Progressive
▶︎ The boys: “We have been living in Houston for six months.”
→ They said that they had been living in Houston for six months.
▶︎ News: “A woman has been leading the Army for two years.”
→ The news reported a woman had been leading the Army for two years.

Past Perfect → NO CHANGE

▶︎ My father: “President Obama had been a law professor.”
→ My dad said that President Obama had been a law professor.
▶︎ My mother: “We had left before the rain.”
→ My mom said that they had left before the rain.

Past Perfect Progressive → NO CHANGE

▶︎ Lee: “The dog had been drinking a lot of water.”
→ Lee said that the dog had been drinking a lot of water
▶︎ The teacher: “Roberto had been doing his homework.”
→ The teacher said that Roberto had been doing his homework.

MODALS: Will / Can / May → Would / Could / Might

▶︎ The Teacher: “You can leave class early today.”
→ The teacher said that we could leave class early today.
▶︎ Max: “The military will not order you to eat pork.”
→ Max said that the military would not order us to eat pork.”
▶︎ Boss: “Two soldiers may be promoted soon.”
→ The boss said that two soldiers might be promoted soon.
NOTE: Other modals usually do not change.
▶︎ My friend: “Hey, you should learn how to drive a tank.”
→ My friend said that I should learn how to drive a tank.
▶︎ The chef: “You had better try my delicious spaghetti.”
→ The chef said we had better try her delicious spaghetti.”
 Reported Speech (3)
(3) 10

Reported Speech for Questions

“YES” or “NO” QUESTIONS
1. Use “IF” or “WHETHER” to begin the reported speech.
2. For a “DO” helping verb, eliminate “DO” but KEEP the TENSE.
3. In reported speech, we usually use SUBJECT-VERB order.
4. Follow the BASIC REPORTED SPEECH rules (one tense back).
▶︎ Jeremy: “Do you enjoy climbing mountains?”
→ Jeremy asked if I enjoyed climbing mountains.
▶︎ Renatta: “Is Walter in the military?”
→ Renatta asked whether Walter was in the military.
▶︎ Commander: “Can every trainee do twenty push-ups?”
→ The commander asked if every trainee could do 20 push-ups.
▶︎ Travel agent: “Have you ever been to Australia?”
→ The travel agent asked whether we had ever been to Australia.
▶︎ Travel agent: “Have you ever been to Australia?”
→ The travel agent asked whether we had ever been to Australia.

INFORMATION QUESTIONS
1. Information questions use “WH” question words.
➢ Such as What / When / Where / Why / Who / Whose / Which / How
2. Use the WH QUESTION WORD to begin the reported speech.
3. For a “DO” helping verb, eliminate “DO” but KEEP the TENSE.
4. In reported speech, we usually use SUBJECT-VERB order.
5. Follow the BASIC REPORTED SPEECH rules (one tense back).
▶︎ Luis: “Where is the latrine?”
→ Luis asked where the latrine was.
▶︎ PVT Joh: “How did the captain choose the platoon leader?”
→ PVT Joh asked how the captain chose the platoon leader.
▶︎ Vance: “Which vehicle can travel over 500 miles?”
→ Vance asked which vehicle could travel over 500 miles.
▶︎ Raj: “When have you been the happiest in your life?”
→ Raj asked when I had been the happiest in my life.
▶︎ Louisa: “Why can’t Maria score a goal?”
→ Louisa asked why Maria couldn’t score a goal.
TOPIC: Reported Speech
Basic rule: Always move the verb one tense back
11
1) My friend: There are no good movies this weekend.
My friend said there _____ no good movies this weekend.
. (a).are (b).were (c).is (d).had been
2) Luis: I am studying helicopter maintenance.
Luis said that he _____ helicopter maintenance.
. (a).studies (b).is studying (c).was studying (d).has studied
3) My friend: There were no good movies last weekend.
My friend said there _____ no good movies last weekend.
. (a).are (b).was (c).were (d).had been
4) Luis: I was studying helicopter maintenance in 2020.
Luis said that he _____ helicopter maintenance in 2020.
. (a).studied (b).was studying (c).had been studying (d).had studied
5) Shirley: My brothers will ride horses across the field.
Shirley said that her brothers _____ horses across the field.
. (a).ride (b).will ride (c) would ride (d).are riding
6) Basil: I can dance and study English at the same time.
Basil said he _____ English at the same time.
. (a).dances and studies (b).can dance and study
(c) could dance and study (d).could dancing and studying
7) Nasser: Brazil may win the World Cup in Qatar.
Nasser said that Brazil _____ win the World Cup in Qatar.
. (a).will (b).may (c) must (d).might
8) Batman: I have defeated the Joker!
Batman said that he _____ the Joker.
. (a).has defeated (b). have defeated (c) had defeated
9) Batman: I have been fighting against the Joker for fifty years.
Batman said that he _____ against the Joker for fifty years.
. (a).was fighting (b). has fought (c) had fought (c) had been fighting
10) Dave: Am I extremely handsome?
Dave asked _________ extremely handsome.
. (a).if I am (b). if he is (c) whether he were (d) whether he was
11) General Groves: Who will lead the attack?
General Groves asked _________ lead the attack.
. (a).who will (b). who would (c) if who would (d) if we could
12) Stevie Ray: How many goals did Manchester City score?
Stevie Ray asked _________. (a) whether Manchester city scored many goals
(b) how many goals Manchester City had scored
 Modals Verbs 12

BASIC RULE: MODAL + Verb 1

Ability
Can
➢ Soldiers can retire after 20 years.
[be] Able to ➢ You can’t park your car on the highway.
➢ Americans are able to vote for their leaders.

Can Permission
May ➢ Can I go to the restroom, please?
➢ May I go to the restroom, please?
[be] Allowed to ➢ Americans aren’t allowed to visit North Korea.

Possible / Perhaps
May
➢ Look at those clouds. It may rain later today.
Might ➢ Wow, it’s so cold. It might snow later today.
➢ It’s 10 pm. The store may be closed already.

Should Advice / Suggestions

Ought to ➢ You should check the air pressure in your tires.
➢ Students ought to do their homework carefully.
Had better ➢ My dad’s sick. I’d better take him to the doctor.

Must No Choice / Order

Have to ➢ Must I go to the meeting, or is it optional?
➢ The teacher has to record the students’ grades.
Need to ➢ In the military, we need to wear our uniforms.

Past Modals / Polite Requests

Would
➢ When she was a kid, she would eat only candy.
Could ➢ When I was younger, I could do 100 push ups.
➢ Would you (Could you) please lend me $50?

Future
Will
➢ Iran and Saudi Arabia will work together soon.
[be] Going to ➢ Barcelona and Real Madrid are going to play.
➢ I’m going to visit Dallas. Will you come along?
 Modals for the Past 13

MODAL + “HAVE” + VERB 3 =

BASIC 1) Something did NOT happen in the past
RULE: OR
2) Something POSSIBLY/MAYBE happened in the past

It was possible in the past,

Could but it did not happen.
▶︎ I could have bought a Toyota, but I chose a Ford.
Have ▶︎ PVT Joh could’ve joined the Navy, but he went into
the Army instead.
It possibly happened
May Have PVT
▶︎in Johpast
the could’ve
(or
the Army instead.
joined the Navy,
maybe it but
didhe went
not).into
▶︎ Look—his arm is cut. A cat might’ve scratched him.
Might Have ▶︎ I can’t remember the first president’s name.
It may have been Washington.
We wish for a different past.
Should We regret a past action.
▶︎ Sandy got a 52 on the quiz this morning. She
Have should’ve studied harder last night.
▶︎ I crashed my car. I shouldn’t have driven drunk.
Would have is for past activities
Would that we did not do.
▶︎ We would’ve gone to the beach, but it was raining.
Have ▶︎ I would have selected 31B as my MOS, but the
recruiter said 88M was more interesting.
Must have is for guessing what
Must probably happened in the past.
▶︎ This handbook is really useful. The teachers
Have must’ve worked on it for a long time.
▶︎ My car is all wet! It must have rained last night.
TOPIC: Modal Verbs 14
Rules: Modal + V1 / BUT / Modal + have + V3 (in the past)
1. If you enjoy action movies, you _____ check out “Mission: Impossible.”
(a) would (b) had better (c) had better not (d) can’t
2. _____ anyone here speak Japanese? I need a translator for my meeting.
(a) Can (b) May (c) Able to (d) Should
3. I didn’t hire him because he doesn’t have the ability to drive a cargo truck. For this
job, I must hire a person who _____ drive a very large vehicle.
(a) could (b) is able to (c) has to (d) will able to
4. Norma: Why didn’t Hillary come to school today?
Valerie: I don’t know. She _____ the bus.
(a) will miss (b) could miss (c) would miss (d) could have missed
5. Charles regrets not joining the Air Force. He told me, “I _____ become an Airman.”
(a) should (b) should have (c) rode (d) riding
6. The bathroom floor is wet! Be careful; you _____ slip and fall.
(a) might (b) would (c) able to (d) ought to
7. The bathroom floor was wet yesterday. I didn’t slip and fall, but I _____ .
(a) could (b) could have (c) would (d) would have
8. The Navy does not allow smoking on this ship. Sailors _____ bring cigarettes aboard.
(a) could (b) couldn’t (c) can (d) can’t
9. In the past, the Navy did not allow smoking at all. Sailors _____ own cigarettes.
(a) weren’t allowed to (b) were allowed to (c) aren’t allowed to (d) are allowed to
10. Oh no! The cat is all bloody. He _____ been fighting with another cat.
(a) might (b) must have (c) would have (d) couldn’t have.

One action interrupts another action

➢ First action/longer action = was/were + V4
➢ Second action/faster action = V2
1) While I _____, a thief came into my bedroom and stole my pillow!
. (a).sleep (b).slept (c).have slept (d).was sleeping
2) As the rain was falling, Michael _____ into a puddle.
. (a).falls (b).fell (c).has fallen (d).was falling
3) Mr. Joseph _______ dinner when Mr. Nick ______ him.
. (a).is eating / punches (b).ate / was punching
(c).was eating / punches (d). was eating / punched
4) A public bus _______ into Lou’s car while Lou ______ to school.
. (a).crashed / was driving (b).crashes / is driving
(c).crashed / drove (d). was crashing / drove
 Passive Voice (1)
(1) 15

Subject DOES the action = ACTIVE

ALWAYS ➢ Clouds produce rain.
CHECK: ➢ That student is preparing for the test.
Does the ➢ The parents will give their daughter a gift.
SUBJECT Subject DOES NOT do the action = PASSIVE
➢ Rain is produced by clouds.
do the ➢ The test is being prepared for by that student.
action? ➢ A gift will be given by the parents to their daughter.

BASIC RULE: BE + Verb 3

Simple Present Tense
The soldiers do PT everyday. PT is done by the soldiers everyday.

Do the soldiers wear combat boots? Are combat boots worn by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants make The training plans are made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Present Progressive Tense

The soldiers are doing PT right now. PT is being done by the soldiers right now.
Are the soldiers wearing Are combat boots being worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants are making The training plans are being made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Simple Past Tense

The soldiers did PT yesterday. PT was done by the soldiers yesterday.
Did the soldiers wear Were combat boots worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants made The training plans were made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.
 16
Passive Voice (2)
(2)

Past Progressive Tense

The soldiers were doing PT at 0600. PT was being done by the soldiers at 0600.
Were the soldiers wearing Were combat boots being worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants were making The training plans were being made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Present Perfect Tense

The soldiers have already done PT. PT has already been done by the soldiers.

Have the soldiers worn combat boots? Have combat boots been worn by the soldiers?

Our drill sergeants have made The training plans have been made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Past Perfect Tense

The soldiers had already done PT. PT had already been done by the soldiers.

Had the soldiers worn combat boots? Had combat boots been worn by the soldiers?

Our drill sergeants had made The training plans had been made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Simple Future Tense

The soldiers will do PT tomorrow. PT will be done by the soldiers tomorrow.
Will the soldiers wear Will combat boots be worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants will make The training plans will be made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.
 Passive Voice (3)
17
(3)

Future Perfect Tense

The soldiers will have done PT by 0730. PT will have been done by the soldiers by 0730.

Will the soldiers have worn Will combat boots have been worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants will have made The training plans will have been made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Present Perfect Progressive

The soldiers have been doing PT PT has been being done by the soldiers
since 0600 this morning. since 0600 this morning.
Have the soldiers been wearing Have combat boots been being worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants have been making The training plans have been being made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Past Perfect Progressive

The soldiers had been doing PT PT had been being done by the soldiers
when Private O’Ryan passed out. when Private O’Ryan passed out.
Had the soldiers been wearing Had combat boots been being worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants had been making The training plans had been being made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.

Future Perfect Progressive

The soldiers will be doing PT PT will be being done by the soldiers
tomorrow at 0600. tomorrow at 0600.
Will the soldiers be wearing Will combat boots be being worn
combat boots? by the soldiers?
Our drill sergeants will be making The training plans will be being made
the training plans. by our drill sergeants.
 TOPIC: Passive Voice 18
Passive voice is different: Be + V3
1. Ten languages are _____ by Mister Pearce.
(a) speak (b) speaking (c) spoke (d) spoken
2. Horses are _____ across the desert by cowboys.
(a) riding (b) rode (c) ridden (d) rides
3. My favorite food can be _____ using rice, tomatoes, onions, and chicken.
(a) prepare (b) preparing (c) prepared (d) prepares
4. If our nation is not _____ by the enemy, we will not fire our missiles.
(a) attacked (b) attacking (c) attack (d) attacks
5. Their house _____ .
(a) build (b) built (c) was build (d) was built
6. A video of the musical group _____ whenever they are on stage.
(a) took (b) taken (c) is taken (d) was taken.
7. A video of the musical group _____ while they were on stage.
(a) took (b) taken (c) is taken (d) was taken.
8. San Juan, Puerto Rico, _____ in 1521 by people from Spain.
(a) found (b) founded (c) is founded (d) was founded
CHALLENGE: Are these active questions or passive questions?
9. The school principal _______ the students who broke the window.
. (a).discipline (b).disciplined (c).is disciplined (d) was disciplined
10. The school window _______ by the naughty students.
. (a). breaks (b).broke (c).is breaking (d) was broken
11. Look! Two police officers _______ a criminal in a stolen car.
. (a).are chase (b).are chasing (c).are chased (d).were chased
12. Smell that delicious bread! It _______ for us to share.
. (a).bakes (b).were baking (c).baked (d).was baked
13. Shelia _______ three loaves of bread for us to share.
. (a).bake (b).is baked (c).baked (d).was baked
14. Ten horses ______ across the desert.
. (a).ride (b). riding (c) were rode (d) were ridden.
15. Ten horses ______ across the desert.
. (a).running (b). are running (c) was running (d) were ran
16. English ______ inside DLI’s classroom building.
. (a).study (b).studying (c).is studies (d).is studied
17. The very hot coffee _______ into cups.
. (a).pours (b).is poured (c) poured (d) were poured
18. After Dr. Theopolis ______ to New York, he could visit Times Square daily.
. (a).move (b).moved (c).was move (d).is moved
19. The U.S. President _______ in Dallas, Texas in 1963.
. (a).shot (b).was shooting (c).is shot (d).was shot
CHALLENGE: Is it a PASSIVE, HELPING VERB, or TIME question?
1) Can President Biden _______ reelection in 2024?
19
. (a).wins (b).winning (c).will win (d).win
2) In November 2009, massive floods ______ in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
. (a) occur (b) are occurring (c) occurred (d) have occurred
3) Since November 2009, the citizens of Jeddah ______ about floods.
. (a) worry (b) are worrying (c) worried (d) have worried
4) The floors ______ inside DLIELC’s classroom building.
. (a). are vacuumed (b).are vacuuming (c).vacuum (d). can vacuum
5) There is a big storm coming. Don’t _______ if the sky looks threatening.
. (a).take off (b).took off (c) taken off (d) taking off
6) If you would ______ to Colorado, you could see the beautiful mountain scenery.
. (a).move (b).moving (c).moved (d).moves
7) My parents got divorced last year and moved to separate houses. Before that,
every morning, my mother ______ my father and said, “Love you, honey.”
. (a) kiss (b) kisses (c) kissed (d) is kissing
8) This news channel ______ a lot of reporters.
. (a) employ (b) employs (c) is employed (d) has employed
9) A lot of reporters ______ by this news channel.
. (a) employ (b) employs (c) are employed (d) have employed
10) Yesterday morning, the TV ______ .
. (a) watched (b) is watched (c) has watched (d) was watched

PREPOSITIONS IN / ON / AT : EXCEPTION:
Same rule for PLACES and for TIME “Inside” = IN
LARGE size = IN MEDIUM size = ON SMALL size = AT If we can “inside,” we
can reduce “inside”
IN a country AT an address
ON a street to just “in”—
IN a state AT a building even for small things.
ON a river
IN a city AT a specific place • IN a room
IN a year ON a day AT a specific • IN a car
IN a month ON a date time • IN a minute
1) Patricia lives _______ 635 North Mayhaven Avenue.
. (a).in (b).on (c).at (d).with
2) My next birthday party will be held _______ January 24 _______ 2024.
. (a).on / at (b).at / on (c).in / in (d).on / in
3) I am studying English _______ DLI _______ San Antonio _______ Texas.
. (a).in / at / in (b) in /on / at (c).at / in / in (d) in / in / in
4) The group is going to meet _____ Tuesday _____ 0900 _____ the classroom.
. (a).in / at / in (b).on / at / in (c).on / at / on (d).in / on / at
5) I used to live _______ a city called Brasilia, which is the capital city _______ Brazil.
. (a).in / in (b).at / on (c).at / in (d) on / in
 “IF” Conditionals
20

ACTIONS THAT ALWAYS HAPPEN

Zero Conditional
(HABITS, DUTIES, NATURAL FACTS)

IF + Verb 1/Verb 5 + Verb 1/Verb 5

PRESENT

CONDITIONAL

▶︎ If dark clouds appear in the sky, it rains.

REAL

▶︎ If it rains, I open my umbrella and hold it up.

▶︎ We always move fast if the drill sergeant yells.

FUTURE DECISIONS & PREDICTIONS

First Conditional
IF + Verb 1/Verb 5 + future (will + V1)
▶︎ If my dog leaves me, I will cry and cry.
▶︎ If you get punished, you won’t get your phone.
▶︎ The US will go to war if another country attacks us.

Second Conditional
IMAGINATION / WISHES / SUPPOSING
CONDITIONAL
PRESENT
UNREAL

IF + Verb 2 + would/could/might
▶︎ If Jenny had a car, she could drive to Dallas.
▶︎ If it snowed in Hawaii, people would be shocked.
▶︎ I might gain a lot of weight if I only ate ice cream.

IMAGINING A DIFFERENT/FAKE PAST

Third Conditional
CONDITIONAL
UNREAL

IF + HAD + verb 3 + would/could/might + HAVE + verb 3

PAST

▶︎ If Jenny had owned a car, she could have driven

to Dallas last week.
▶︎ If it had snowed in Hawaii during Christmas,
people would have been shocked.
▶︎ I might have gained a lot of weight if I had eaten
all the ice cream produced in 2020.
TOPIC: “IF” Conditional 21
• IF + present + present / IF + present + future
• IF + past + would-could-might + V1
• IF + HAD + V3 + would-could-might + HAVE + V3
1) If it rains, I always _____ an umbrella with me.
. (a).take (b).taking (c).took (d).have taken
2) If it rains tomorrow, I _____ an umbrella with me.
. (a).take (b).am going to taking (c) will take (d).had taken
3) If it rained, the flowers _____ some water to help them grow.
. (a).get (b).getting (c) could have gotten (d).could get
4) If it had rained, the flowers _____ some water to help them grow.
. (a).got (b).would get (c) could have gotten (d).could get
5) The US Army _____ its bases if an enemy attacks.
. (a).defend (b).defends (c) defending (d).will defend
6) The US Army _____ this base if the enemy attacks it next year.
. (a).defend (b).defends (c) defending (d).will defend
7) The US Army _____ its bases if an enemy attacked.
. (a).defend (b).defends (c) would defend (d).could defending
8) The US Army _____ its bases if an enemy had attacked.
. (a).will defend (b).would have defended (c) is defending (d) defended
9) If the ECL is easy this week, CPT Mario _____.
. (a).qualify (b).qualifies (c) qualified (d).will qualify
10) If the president resigned, the vice president _____ our new leader.
. (a).becomes (b) would become (c) would have become (d).became
11) If the president had resigned, the vice president _____ our new leader.
. (a).becomes (b) would become (c) would have become (d).became
12) If I eat too much, I _____ sick.
. (a). get (b) would get (c) would have gotten (d).got
13) The cat starts crying if its owner _____ away its food.
. (a).takes (b).took (c) is taking (d).will take
14) Our teacher knows English, but if he ____ in Qatar, he’d have known Arabic.
. (a).born (b).was born (c) had been born (d).has been born
15) If the bus _____ late, we would not get to school on time.
. (a).is (b).arriving (c) arrived (d) has arrived
16) If I _____ the Air Force, I _____ a pilot instead of a teacher.
. (a).had joined / had become (b). joined / would have become
(c) had joined / would have become (d). have joined / would become
 22

Causative: Boss & Worker

boss + have / make / get to + worker + V1
WITH ➢ The commander had the privates wash his car.
THE WORKER ➢ Parents make their children go to school each morning.
➢ The customer got the waiter to bring him a cup of coffee.

WITHOUT boss + verb + object + (to be) V3

➢ The commander had his car washed.
THE ➢ Parents want their children educated.
WORKER ➢ The customer got a cup of coffee brought.

1) My boss has me ______ his office every morning.

. (a).clean (b).cleaned (c).cleans (d).to clean
2) Mr. Nick made Dave _____ one hundred pizzas for him.
. (a).purchase (b).purchased (c).purchases (d).to purchase
3) My parents had a new house _______ near Los Angeles in California.
. (a).build (b).building (c).built (d). builds
4) His girlfriend got him _____ her a diamond ring!
. (a).buy (b).bought (c).buys (d).to buy
5) The drill sergeant ordered the barracks _____ and _____.
. (a).clean / paint (b).cleaned / painted (c).cleaning /painting
6) Mr. Johnston got his students _____ their homework by paying them.
. (a).do (b).did (c).does (d).to do
7) Sarah wants her clothes _____ before she gets home tonight.
. (a).to be ironing (b). to be ironed (c). to be irons (d). to be iron
8) The Crown Prince expects the new city _____ by 2030.
. (a).complete (b). completion (c). completed (d). will complete
9) The teacher feels sick tonight, so he ___ a student ___ the class tomorrow.
. (a).has / teach (b).will have / to teach (c) will have / teach (d).gets / to teach
10) OMG! The new president _____ the White House _____ blue instead!
. (a).had / painted (b).had / to paint (c). had / to painted (d). got / to paint
11) Colonel Mohammed made the students _____ their homework.
. (a).do (b).did (c).does (d).to do
12) Colonel Mohammed _____ the homework _____ by the students.
. (a).got / do (b). gets / to do (c). got / done (d). gets / do
 Adjectives 23
TOPIC #1: Adjective order = (1) opinion (2) fact (3) what it is made of
1) The sergeant picked up his ______ briefcase.
. (a).heavy useful steel (b).useful heavy steel (c).steel heavy useful
2) Dave found a _____ ring on the ground and gave it to his girlfriend.
“Look, I bought this for you!” Dave said.
. (a).beautiful small gold (b).small beautiful gold (c).beautiful gold small
3) Please give me that _____ spoon. I need to stir the soup.
. (a).ugly wooden long (b).long ugly wooden (c).ugly long wooden
4) I want to buy a _____ car.
. (a).sporty fast electric (b).sporty electric fast (c).fast sporty electric

TOPIC #2: Adjective + ING = gives feeling / + ED = receives feeling

1) My friends and I watched a really _____ movie last night.
. (a).excited (b).excites (c).excitement (d). exciting
2) As we watched the movie, my friends and I were really _____.
. (a).excited (b).excites (c).excitement (d). exciting
3) Some _____ children came running out of the school during the emergency.
. (a).frightening (b). frightened (c). frightens (d). fright
4) The fire at the school was a _____ experience for everyone there.
. (a).terrified (b). terror (c). terrifying (d). terrorize
5) Running a marathon is _______, so please don’t talk to the ______ runners.
. (a).exhaustion / exhausted (b). exhausting / exhausted
(c). exhausting / exhaustion (d). exhausted / exhausting

TOPIC #3: Adjective + ER or MORE = comparing TWO things

Adjective + EST or MOST = comparing MANY/ALL things
1) The black dog and the red dog are big, but the brown dog is _____ of all.
. (a).the bigger (b).the more big (c).the biggest (d). the most big
2) A school bus is quite heavy, but a military tank is _____.
. (a).heavier (b).more heavy (c).heaviest (d). most heavy
3) In my opinion, Coca-Cola is the _____ drink in the whole world.
(a).deliciouser (b).more delicious (c).deliciousest (d). most delicious
4) Those fashion models are all pretty, but who is the _____ model of all?
. (a).prettier (b).more pretty (c).prettiest (d). most pretty
5) PVT Lee works hard, but PVT Mel works _____ . PVT Mel is _______ than PVT Lee.
. (a). harder / most diligent (b).harder / more diligent (c). harder / diligentest (d). hardest / most diligent
 Contrast Signals 24
CONTRAST = The parts DISAGREE or DON’T MATCH
But / Yet / Although / Though / Even Though
CONJUNCTIONS

Whereas / ____ the fact that ____

▶︎ I like snow, but I hate rain. He loves rain, yet he hates snow.
▶︎ Although nobody complained, the customers hated the food.
▶︎ The army fights on land whereas the navy fights at sea.
▶︎ Regardless of the fact that my cat is small, he is very tough.
▶︎ We love Texas despite the fact that it is so hot in summer.
▶︎ The bus moves fast even though it is very large.
However / Nonetheless / Nevertheless / Still
Conversely / In contrast / Regardless / Even so
ADVERBS

▶︎ I like snow. However, I hate rain.

▶︎ Nobody complained. Nevertheless, they all hated the food.
▶︎ The army fights on land. Conversely, the navy fights at sea.
▶︎ My cat is small; even so, he is very tough.
▶︎ Texas is very hot in summer; nonetheless, we love it.
▶︎ The bus is very large; still, it moves very fast.
In spite of / Despite / Regardless of / Unlike
PREPOSITION
+ NOUN

▶︎ I like snow in spite of the cold weather that comes with it.
▶︎ Despite the terrible food, nobody complained.
▶︎ The army fights on land unlike the navy.
▶︎ Regardless of my cat’s small size, he is very tough.
TOPIC: Do we need a conjunction, adverb, or preposition ?
1) Juan left his umbrella at home ______ it is raining today.
. (a).even though (b).even so (c) despite (d).nevertheless
2) They didn’t buy the car _____ it was on sale at a bargain price.
. (a).despite (b).despite the fact that (c).regardless (d).regardless of
3) My parents’ house is brand new. _______, the roof is already leaky.
. (a).Even so (b). Although (c).Regardless of (d). Conversely
4) His girlfriend loves him. _____, his neighbors hate him!
. (a).Unlike (b).Though (c).But (d).In contrast
5) I eat vegetables, _____ I don’t eat meat. _____, I often go to McDonald’s.
. (a) in spite of / However (b) despite the fact that / Whereas
(c) yet / Still (d) but / Regardless of
 Addition Signals 25
ADDITION = The parts AGREE or GO TOGETHER
And / Nor* *“Nor” is unusual—
CONJUNCTIONS

it often starts a new sentence and

requires flipped subjects and verbs.

▶︎ I like snow, and I like rain, too.

▶︎ Lawrence didn’t steal any money. Nor did he hurt anybody.
▶︎ The army doesn’t fight on the sea. Nor does the Air Force.
▶︎ We will have ice cream at the party, and we’ll dance as well.
Also / Too / As well / Besides
Furthermore / Moreover / In addition
ADVERBS

▶︎ My mom likes to cook—and my father, too.

▶︎ They hated the food. Furthermore, they demanded a refund.
▶︎ We should stop driving to rest; besides, we’re out of gas.
▶︎ I am good at soccer; moreover, I am skilled in most sports.
▶︎ He ordered us to clean our weapons and our vehicles as well.
▶︎ Learn English for the ECL. In addition, learn it to make friends.

Both...and / Not only...but also

COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS

Either...or / Neither...nor
▶︎ Both Muhammed Ali and Mike Tyson held the world title.
▶︎ We hated not only the terrible food but also the bad service.
▶︎ Most American soldiers serve either in Korea or in Germany.
▶︎ American soldiers serve in neither Russia nor Cuba.
TOPIC: Do we need a conjunction, adverb, or coordinator ?
1) We study ______ French ______ Italian at DLI in San Antonio.
. (a).both / and (b).not only / but also (c) either / or (d).neither / nor
2) We don’t study French at DLI in San Antonio. ______ do we study Italian.
. (a). And (b). Moreover (c) Nor (d).As well
3) We don’t have enough time for running. ______, it is too hot for training today.
. (a).Besides (b).Not only (c) And (d).Nor
4) We study ______ English ______ military vocabulary at DLI in San Antonio.
. (a).both / and (b).not only / but also (c) either / or (d).neither / nor
5) He won’t wear his uniform. ______, he refuses to come to formation on time.
. (a).Farther (b).Furthermore (c) Too (d).And
6) You can do extra study ______ with your teacher ______ in the LRC, but not both.
. (a).both / and (b).not only / but also (c) either / or (d).neither / nor
 Result Signals 26
RESULT = The parts show CAUSE AND EFFECT
So / Because / Since / Now that
CONJUNCTIONS

____ the fact that ____

▶︎ I like snow, so I often spend the winter months in Denver.
▶︎ Because the food was bad, the customers all complained.
▶︎ The navy fights at sea since it has the ships and boats.
▶︎ Now that I live in San Antonio, I can visit the Riverwalk.
▶︎ We are not traveling due to the fact that we don’t have leave.
▶︎ My best friend is leaving DLI now that he has graduated.
Thus / Hence / Therefore
As a result / Consequently
ADVERBS

▶︎ I like snow. Thus, I often spend the winter months in Denver.

▶︎ They all hated the food. Hence, they all complained.
▶︎ The army has no ships. Therefore, the navy fights at sea.
▶︎ My cat has had many fights; as a result, he is very tough.
▶︎ We are out of gas; consequently, we have to pull over.
▶︎ I’m vegetarian. Hence, I avoid McDonald’s. Thus, no Big Macs!
Due to / Because of / As a result of
PREPOSITION
+ NOUN

▶︎ I like winter because of the cold weather that it brings.

▶︎ Due to the terrible food, a lot of customers complained.
▶︎ My best friend graduated as a result of his great ECL score.
▶︎ My cat can sit inside a military boot due to his small size.
TOPIC: Do we need a conjunction, adverb, or preposition ?
1) Dave doesn’t wear a uniform ______ he’s not in the Army anymore.
. (a).as a result (b) now that (c) due to (d).as a result of
2) Dave doesn’t wear a uniform ______ his retirement from the Army.
. (a).due to (b).because (c).consequently (d).due to the fact that
3) Dave doesn’t wear a uniform ______ he has retired from the Army.
. (a).as a result of (b) due to (c).consequently (d).due to the fact that
4) His girlfriend loves him. _____, they are getting married next month.
. (a) As a result of (b).Now that (c).Hence (d).Because
5) I ate _____ my hunger. _____, I gained weight.
.(a) as a result / As a result of the fact that (b) as a result of the fact that / As a result
(c) as a result of / As a result (d) as a result / As a result of
Question Patterns 27
 Irregular Verbs (1)
28
(1)

Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3 Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3

arise arose arisen feel felt felt
awake awoke awoken fight fought fought
is/are was/were been find found found
become became become flee fled fled
begin began begun fly flew flown
bend bent bent forbid forbade forbidden
bite bit bitten forecast forecast forecast
bleed bled bled forget forgot forgotten
blow blew blown forgive forgave forgiven
break broke broken freeze froze frozen
bring brought brought get got gotten
buy bought bought give gave given
catch caught caught go went gone
choose chose chosen grow grew grown
come came come hang hung hung
cost cost cost have had had
cut cut cut hear heard heard
dig dug dug hide hid hidden
do did done hit hit hit
draw drew drawn hold held held
drink drank drunk hurt hurt hurt
drive drove driven keep kept kept
eat ate eaten know knew known
fall fell fallen lay laid laid
feed fed fed lead led led
 Irregular Verbs (2)
29
(2)

Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3 Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3

leave left left shine shone shone
lend lent lent shoot shot shot
let let let show showed shown
lie lay lain shut shut shut
light lit lit sing sang sung
lose lost lost sink sank sunk
make made made sit sat sat
mean meant meant sleep slept slept
meet met met slide slid slid
overcome overcame overcome speak spoke spoken
pay paid paid speed sped sped
put put put spend spent spent
quit quit quit spin spun spun
read read read spit spat spat
ring rang rung split split split
rise rose risen spread spread spread
run ran run spring spang sprung
saw sawed sawn stand stood stood
say said said steal stole stolen
see saw seen stick stuck stuck
seek sought sought sting stung stung
sell sold sold stink stank stunk
send sent sent strike struck stricken
set set set sweep swept swept
shake shook shaken swell swell swollen
 Irregular Verbs (3)
30
(3)

Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3 Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3

swim swam swum understand understood understood
take took taken wake woke woken
teach taught taught wear wore worn
tear tore torn weep wept wept
tell told told win won won
think thought thought wind wound wound
throw threw thrown withdraw withdrew withdrawn
undergo underwent Undergone write wrote written

Irregular Plural Nouns

F→V O → OES
Knife Knives Potato Potatoes
Life Lives Tomato Tomatoes
Leaf Leaves Hero Heroes

Double Vowels And More . . .

Foot Feet Woman Women
Tooth Teeth Man Men
Goose Geese Child Children
Person People
Don’t Change
Mouse Mice
Sheep Sheep Crisis Crises
Fish Fish Analysis Analyses
Shrimp Shrimp Phenomenon Phenomena
 ANSWER GUIDE (1)
PAGE 4 / TOPIC: Helping Verbs
Farmers + do, not does
1. (a) Do + Verb 1 7. (b) Are + Verb 4 13. (a)
Can’t + Verb 1

2. (a) Can + Verb 1 8. (c) Did & Will + Verb 1 14. (b) Can + be
3. (a) Could + Verb 1 9. (b) Has + Verb 3 15. (d) Could + be
Goals + have, not has
4. (d) Have + Verb 3 10. (d) Are + Verb 4 16. (a)
Been + Verb 3
A cat + does, not do
5. (d) Are + Verb 4 11. (c) Must + Verb 1

6. (d) Were + Verb 4 12. (a) Won’t + Verb 1

PAGE 6 / TOPIC: Time Signals

Every morning = Each morning =
1. (b) Yesterday 5. (b) 9. (b)
always (Verb 1 or 5) always (Verb 1 or 5)

Look at = right now This morning =

2. (b) Tomorrow 6. (b) 10. (d)
(Be + Verb 4) past (Verb 2)
Specific time shorter than Specific time shorter than
3. (d) Since = past to now 7. (d) the action = be + V4
11. (d) the action = be + V4

Each morning =
4. (a) Specific past day = past 8. (a)
always (Verb 1 or 5)

PAGE 6 / TOPIC: Past → Now OR Past → Past

I am happy = Now Floated before sank =
1. (c) Since = past to now 3. (c) 5. (d)
For five years = Past floated in the past

2009 to 2010 = I was happy = Past

2. (d) 4. (d) 6. (c) Since = past to now
past to past For five years = Past

PAGE 7 / TOPIC: Since OR For

2018 = Twelve hours = For 25 years =
1. (b) 3. (a) 5. (c)
Starting time How much time Past to now (have + V3)

300 years = Specific past date = Since graduation =

2. (a) 4. (b) 6. (b)
How much time starting time Past to now (have + V3)

PAGE 7 / TOPIC: Used To

Every Friday = Family lives = It was normal for me
1. (b) 4. (b) 6. (d)
normal now normal now in the past
Many years ago = did When I was = Messi + used to + V1
2. (c) 5. (a) 7. (d)
it in the past did it in the past He + is + used to + V4
Texas = now
3. (a)
Mexico = past
 ANSWER GUIDE (2)
PAGE 11 / TOPIC: Reported Speech
1. (b) Are → Were 5. (c) Will → Would 9. (c) Have → Had
Yes/No ? = If / Whether
2. (c) Am → Was 6. (c) Can → Could 10. (d)
Am → Was
Who will →
3. (d) Were → Had been 7. (d) May → Might 11. (b)
Who would
How many did score →
4. (c) Was → Had been 8. (c) Have → Had 12. (b) How many had scored

PAGE 14 / TOPIC: Modal Verbs

Had better + V1 Should have + V3 for Can’t + V1 for
1. (b) 5. (b) 8. (d)
for giving advice regrets about past present permission
Might + V1 Weren’t allowed to + V1
2. (a) Can + V1 for ability 6. (a) 9. (a)
for possibility for past permission
Could have for Must have + been + V4
3. (b) Be able to + V1 for ability 7. (b) past possibility
10. (b) for guessing about past

Could have + V3 for

4. (d)
guessing about past

PAGE 14 / TOPIC: One Action Interrupts Another

1. (d) Sleeping first, thief second 3. (d) Eating first, punched second

2. (b) Rain first, fell in puddle second 4. (a) Driving first, bus crash second

PAGE 18 / TOPIC: Passive Voice

Were on stage = past
1. (d) Passive = be + V3 4. (a) Passive = be + V3 7. (d)
Passive / past = were + V3

2. (c) Passive = be + V3 5. (d) Passive / past = was + V3 8. (d) Passive / past = was + V3

Are on stage = now

3. (c) Passive = be + V3 6. (c)
Passive = be + V3

PAGE 18 / TOPIC: Active or Passive Questions?

Principal did the Shelia did the baking = Coffee receives pouring =
9. (b) 13. (c) 17. (b)
discipline = active active passive
Window received Horses received the riding Dr. Theopolis did the
10. (d) 14. (d) 18. (b)
breaking = passive = passive moving = active
Police did the Horses did the running = President received
11. (b) 15. (b) 19. (d)
chasing = active active shooting = passive
Bread received English received the
12. (d) 16. (d)
baking = passive studying = passive
 ANSWER GUIDE (3)
PAGE 19 / TOPIC: Passive / Helping Verb / Time
Reporters receive
1. (d) Can + Verb 1 5. (a) Don’t + Verb 1 9. (c)
employment = Passive
Yesterday = Past
Specific time in
2. (c) 6. (a) Would + Verb 1 10. (d) TV received watching =
the past = Verb 2 Passive

Since = Past to now = Before that = Routine

3. (d) 7. (c)
Have + Verb 3 past action = Verb 2
Floors receive action = Routine present action
4. (a) 8. (b)
passive = Verb 5

PAGE 19 / TOPIC: In / On / At
Specific place = AT
1. (c) Specific address = AT 3. (c) 5. (a) City = IN / Country = IN
City = IN / State = IN
Day = ON / Hour = AT
2. (d) Date = ON / Year = IN 4. (b)
Inside a room = IN

PAGE 21 / TOPIC: “IF” Conditionals

General/always action = Present unreal action = General/always action =
1. (a) If + V1/V5 + V1/V5
7. (c) 13. (a)
Would + V1 + if + V2 V1/V5 + if + V1/V5
Future plan/action = Past unreal action = Would Past unreal action = If + had
2. (c) 8. (b) 14. (c) + V3 + would + have + V3
If + V1/V5 + will + V1 + have + V3 + if + had + V3
Present unreal action = Future plan/action = Present unreal action =
3. (d) 9. (d) 15. (c)
If + V2 + could + V1 If + V1/V5 + will + V1 If + V2 + would + V1
Past unreal action = If + had Present unreal action = Past unreal action = If + had
4. (c) + V3 + could + have + V3
10. (b) 16. (c) + V3 + would + have + V3
If + V2 + would + V1
General/always action = Past unreal action = If + had
5. (b) 11. (c)
V1/V5 + if + V1/V5 + V3 + would + have + V3
Future plan/action = General/always action =
6. (d) 12. (a)
Will + V1 + if + V1/V5 If + V1/V5 + V1/V5

PAGE 22 / TOPIC: Causative – Boss & Worker

Boss = Boss Boss = Drill Sergeant Boss = Teacher
1. (a) 5. (b) 9. (c)
Worker = Me Worker = Don’t know Worker = A student
Boss = Mr. Johnston
Boss = Mr. Nick Boss = The President
2. (a) 6. (d) Worker = Students 10. (a)
Worker = Dave Worker = Don’t know
“got” + “to”
Boss = My parents Boss = Sarah Boss = The Colonel
3. (c) 7. (b) 11. (a)
Worker = Don’t know Worker = Don’t know Worker = Students
Boss = Girlfriend Boss = The Colonel
Boss = Crown Prince 12. (c)
4. (d) Worker = Him 8. (c) Worker = “by the” is
Worker = Don’t know
“got” + “to” same as don’t know
 ANSWER GUIDE (4)
PAGE 23 / TOPIC: Adjectives #1
Opinion = Useful Opinion = Ugly Opinion = Sporty
1. (b) Fact (measure) = Heavy 3. (c) Fact (measure) = Long 4. (a) Fact (measure) = Fast
Material = Steel Material = Wooden Material = Electric
Opinion = Beautiful
2. (a) Fact (measure) = Small
Material = Gold

PAGE 23 / TOPIC: Adjectives #2

The movie gives The children received Running gives the feeling
1. (d) 3. (b) 5. (b)
the feeling the feeling Runners receive the feeling
Friends and I receive
2. (a) 4. (c) The fire gave the feeling
the feeling

PAGE 23 / TOPIC: Adjectives #3

Black, red, brown dogs In the whole world = PVT Lee, PVT Mel =
1. (c) 3. (d) 5. (b)
= Comparing many Comparing all things Comparing two things
School bus, tank = Of all = ALWAYS uses
2. (a) 4. (c)
Comparing two things “most” or “—est”

PAGE 24 / TOPIC: Contrast Signals

Two clauses need a Adverb needed to start a
1. (a) 3. (a) 5. (c) Conjunction then adverb
conjunction new sentence
Two clauses need a Adverb needed to start a
2. (b) 4. (d)
conjunction new sentence

PAGE 25 / TOPIC: Addition Signals

“Besides” starts sentence “Furthermore” starts
1. (d) Both items are negative 3. (a) 5. (b)
with a second reason second-reason sentence
“Nor” starts a new “but not both” = “either/or”
2. (c) 4. (a) Both items are positive 6. (c)
sentence for “also no” for must choose only one

PAGE 26 / TOPIC: Result Signals

Two clauses need a Two clauses need a Preposition before noun /
1. (b) 3. (d) 5. (c)
conjunction conjunction adverb for new sentence
Preposition before noun Adverb needed to start a
2. (a) 4. (c)
(“his retirement”) new sentence