1 of 85

QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

IMPORTANT
FORMULAE
FOR CAT
BY BHAVUK PUJARA
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2 of 85

A CAT4MBA SPECIAL EDITION

QUICK
FORMULAE
REFERENCE
FOR CAT
BY BHAVUK PUJARA
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3 of 85

©CAT4MBA by Bhavuk Pujara

Congratulations on owning CAT4MBA Formulae Book- A meticulously

crafted handbook, your go-to resource for mastering the mathematical
concepts essential for excelling in CAT & OMETs. Curated by Bhavuk
Pujara, an expert in CAT preparation with a proven track record of guiding
aspirants to 99+ percentiles, this book is designed to provide you with
quick and easy access to the most crucial formulae.
—————————————————————————————————————
Whether you're revising before the big day or brushing up on your
concepts during practice sessions, this book will serve as a handy
companion, helping you save time and boost your e ciency. Each formula
is presented in a clear and concise manner.

With the CAT4MBA Formulae Book, you’ll be well-equipped to tackle the

quantitative section with con dence and precision. Let this book be your
stepping stone to success as you aim for excellence in CAT.

Bhavuk Pujara
CAT4MBA
CAT/XAT/NMAT 99%iler
Mentored 10K+ Students
MDI Gurgaon ‘16-‘18
PEARSON Author & Educator

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For MBA/CAT Courses & Updates

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INSTAGRAM YOUTUBE

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 5 of 85

CONTENT
Ratio and Proportions 8
Properties of Ratio and Proportions 8
Mixtures and Alligations 11
Pro t, Loss and Discount 14
Simple and Compound Interest 17
Simple Interest 17
Compound Interest 17
Instalments and Present Value 18
Time, Speed and Distance 21
Time and Work 21
Time, Speed and Distance 21
Circular Tracks 22
Clocks 23
Time and Work 24
Pipes and Cisterns 25
Algebraic identities 28
Basic Algebraic Identities 28
Special Cubic Identities 28
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Higher Degree Identities 29

Factorization Identities 29
Identities Involving Multiple Terms 29
Descartes rule 30
Important Formulae For Polynomials 30
Linear Equations 32
Quadratic Equations 37
Inequalities 42
Progressions and Series 44
Arithmetic Progression (AP) 44
Geometric Progression (GP) 44
Harmonic Progression (HP) 45
Summarising AP, GP and HP 45
Relationship between Arithmetic Mean (AM),
Geometric Mean (gm) and Harmonic Mean (HM) 46
Special Series 46
Arithmetic -Geometric Progression (AGP) 47
Logarithms 49
Geometry 52
Lines and angles 52
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Triangles 55
Circles 62
Inscribed angle theorem 62
Tangents 63
Quadrilaterals 65
Polygons 66
Cyclic Quadrilaterals 67
Coordinate Geometry 68
3D Geometry 70
Permutations and Combinations 73
Number Systems 77
Divisibility Rules 77
Relationship between LCM and HCF 77
Remainder Theorem 78
Properties of Even and Odd Numbers 79
Properties of Powers 79
Cyclicity of Numbers (last Digits) 79
Sum and number of Divisors 80
Set Theory 82

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8 of 85

1.
RATIO AND PROPORTIONS

PROPERTIES OF RATIO AND

PROPORTIONS
a
Ratio: Ratio of two quantities a and b is represented as or a : b. It compares the
b
relative sizes of two quantities.

a c
Proportion: If two ratios are equal, they are said to be in proportion or if = , then a, b,
b d
c, d are in proportion, represented as a : b :: c : d.

1. Componendo and Dividendo:

a c
• If = , then
b d
a +b c +d
• Componendo: =
b d
a −b c −d
• Dividendo: =
b d
a +b c +d
• Componendo and Dividendo: =
a −b c −d

2. Invertendo:
a c b d
• If = , then =
b d a c
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9 of 85

3. Alternendo:
a c a b
• If = , then =
b d c d

4. Ratio of Mixtures:
• If two mixtures with di erent concentration are mixed in the ratio a : b, then the
resultant concentration can be calculated by weighted averages. Example, if two mixtures
ax + by
have concentrations x% and y% , then average concentration = .
a +b

5. Multiplying or Dividing Ratios:

• Ratio remains unchanged both of its terms are multiplied or divided by the same
a ka a
non-zero number. Example, if ratio is given as , then = (for k ≠ 0 ).
b kb b

6. Compound Ratio:
• Compound ratio of two or more ratios is the product of the individual ratios.
a ×c
Example, If a : b and c : d are two ratios, then their compound ratio is .
b×d

7. Equal Ratios:
• Two ratios a : b and c : d are said to be equal if ad = bc .

8. Dividing a quantity in a given ratio:

a
• If a quantity Q is divided in the ratio a : b, then 1st part, P1 = × Q and
a +b
b
2nd part, P2 = ×Q
a +b

9. Comparison of Ratios:
a c
• Two ratios and can be compared by cross-multiplying antecedents and
b d
consequents, and

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a c
• If ad > bc , then >
b d
a c
• If ad = bc , then =
b d
a c
• If ad < bc , then <
b d

a c e
If it is given that = = = k (Constant), then
b d f

1. Sum of Numerators and Denominators (Sum Property):

a +c +e
= k. This implies that the ratio remains the same when numerators are added
b +d +f
and denominators are added.

2. Adding/Subtracting a constant number to/from Numerators and Denominators:

a +x c +x e +x
For any constant x, = = = k. This property is useful when dealing
b +x d +x f +x
with combined or average ratios.

3. Product of Ratios:
a ×c ×e
Their product follows = k3
b×d × f

4. Inverse Ratios:
b d f 1
Their inverse ratios are also equal: = = =
a c e k

5. Compounded Ratio:
a c e a ×c ×e
If = = , then the compounded ratio of these three ratios is:
b d f b×d × f
This property is helpful when combining multiple ratios together.

6. Cross Multiplication in Continued Ratios:

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a c e
If = = , then you can cross multiply across the ratios, such as to get
b d f
a d = b c, a f = b e, c f = d e. This is useful for solving problems that require
comparisons or manipulations between the ratios.

7. Dividing Quantities in a Given Continued Ratio:

If a quantity Q is to be divided in the ratio a : b : c , then
a
• 1st part = ×Q
a +b +c
b
• 2nd part = ×Q
a +b +c
c
• 3rd part = ×Q
a +b +c
These properties are particularly useful in complex ratio problems.

MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS

Mixtures: In mixture problems, two or more components are mixed to form a new mixture.
The key formulae involve nding the concentration, amount, or ratio of components in the
mixture.

1. Basic Formula for Concentration: If a mixture contains x % of one component and y % of

another component, then the average concentration of the mixture when mixed in the
ax + by
ratio a : b is
a +b

2. Mixture Replacement Formula:

When a certain amount of a mixture is removed and replaced by another mixture (usually
same mixture or solvent), then

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n
( )
Removed quantity
Remaining quantity of a substance = Initial quantity × 1−
Total quantity

where ’n’ is the number of times the replacement process is repeated.

Alligations: It is a method to nd weighted average. It’s applied to nd the ratio in which two
or more components with di erent costs or concentrations are mixed to get a mixture of a
desired cost or concentration.

1. Alligation Rule (or Alligation Cross):

It is used to nd the ratio in which two or more ingredients at di erent unit prices or
concentrations are mixed to get a new mixture of a speci c unit price or concentration.

C2 − Mean value
Ratio of quantities mixed i.e. Q1/Q2 =
Mean value − C1
Where,
• C1 & C2 are concentrations or prices of the two quantities, and C1 < C2
• Mean value is the desired concentration or unit price of the resultant mixture

Key Concepts for Alligations:

1. Weighted Average:
When two or more quantities with di erent values are mixed, then weighted average is
(a × x) + (b × y)
calculated as:
a +b
Where:
• a and b are the quantities mixed
• x and y are their respective values (like concentrations or unit prices)

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2. Finding Cost of Mixture:

If two items are mixed in the ratio a : b and their costs are C1 and C2 respectively, the cost of
a × C1 + b × C 2
the mixture can be found using:
a +b

Notes

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2.
PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT
1. Cost Price (C.P.) and Selling Price (S.P.):
• Cost Price (C.P.): Price at which an article is purchased
• Selling Price (S.P.): Price at which an article is sold

2. Pro t and Loss:

• Pro t: If the Selling Price (S.P.) is greater than the Cost Price (C.P.), there is a pro t
which equals (S.P. − C.P.)
• Loss: If the Selling Price (S.P.) is less than the Cost Price (C.P.), there is a loss
which equals (C.P. − S.P.)

3. Pro t Percentage (Pro t %):

( C.P. )
Pro t
• Pro t% is always calculated on Cost Price (C.P.). Pro t % = × 100,

where Pro t = (S.P. - C.P.)

4. Loss Percentage (Loss %):

( C.P. )
Loss
• Loss is always calculated on Cost Price (C.P.). Loss % = × 100, where

Loss = (C.P. - S.P.)

5. Selling Price in terms of Pro t %:

( 100 )
x
If the percentage pro t is x % , then S.P. = 1+ × C.P.

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6. Selling Price in terms of Loss %:

( 100 )
x
If the percentage loss is x % , then S.P. = 1− × C.P.

7. Discount:
• The reduction or rebate given on the Marked Price (M.P.) (also known as List
Price) of an article. Discount = M.P. − S.P.

( )
Discount value
• Discount % = × 100
M.P.

8. Relationship between Marked Price (M.P.), Selling Price (S.P.) and Discount % (d):

( 100 )
d
If the discount percentage is d % , then the Selling Price (S.P.) is:S.P. = 1− × M.P.

9. Successive Discounts:
If two successive discounts of d1 % and d 2 % are given, then net discount is given as-

( 1 100 )
d × d2
Net discount = d + d2 − 1 %

10. Break-even Point:

The point at which there is neither pro t nor loss, meaning S.P. = C.P.

Notes

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17 of 85

3.
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST

SIMPLE INTEREST
Simple Interest (SI)
Simple Interest is the interest calculated on the Principal for a xed period of time.
P × R ×T
• It is given as SI =
100
where,
• P = Principal (Initial investment or loan amount)
• R = Rate of interest per annum
• T = Time (in years)
P × R ×T
• Amount (A) after Simple Interest: A = P + SI = P +
100

COMPOUND INTEREST
Compound Interest (CI)
Compound Interest is calculated on both the principal and the accumulated interest.

R T
( 100 )
• Amount accumulated (for yearly compounding): A = P 1 +

where,
• P = Principal
• R = Rate of interest per annum
• T = Time (in years)
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• A = Total amount after interest is compounded

R T
( 100 )
• And, Compound Interest, CI = A − P = P 1+ −P

Compound Interest with di erent Compounding Periods

When interest is compounded more than once a year (half-yearly, quarterly, monthly, etc.),
the formula changes accordingly.
nT
( 100n )
R
• If compounded n times a year, then A = P 1+

where,
• n is the number of compounding periods a year (for quarterly, n = 4 ; for half-
yearly, n = 2 ; for monthly, n = 12 and so on)

Di erence Between CI and SI

When interest is compounded annually, the di erence between CI and SI over a period of
time can be calculated using the following approximation formula:

R 2
( 100 )
• For 2 years: CI - SI = P ×

R 2
( 100 ) ( 100 )
R
• For 3 years: CI - SI = P × × 3+

INSTALMENTS AND PRESENT VALUE

Present Value (PV)
Present Value refers to the value today of a future sum of money or stream of cash ows.
A
If sum A is due in T years at a rate of R , then PV =
T
(1 + 100 )
R

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Concept of Instalments (EMI - Equated Monthly Instalments)

Instalment problems involve paying o a loan with equal payments over a period of time.
R R 12T
P× × (1 + )
12 12
• Amount of each monthly instalment, EMI =
R 12T
(1 + ) −1
12

where,
• P = Principal (Loan Amount)
• R = Annual rate of interest
• T = Tenure of loan (in years)
P × r × (1 + r) n
Alternatively, if the time is in months, the formula becomes: EMI =
(1 + r) n − 1
where,
R
•r = is the monthly rate of interest,
12 × 100
• n = 12T is the total number of instalments.

Present Value of Instalments:

The present value of a series of equal future payments (instalments) can be found using the
Installment amount Installment amount
formula: PV = + +…
R
1+ (1 + R ) 2
100 100

This is the sum of the present values of each instalment, discounted back to the present
time.

Notes

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21 of 85

4.
TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE
TIME AND WORK

TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE

The basic relationship between time, speed, and distance is:
Distance
Speed =
Time
Distance = Speed × Time
Distance
Time =
Speed

Units of Speed:
• Speed is usually measured in km/h or m/s
5 18
• Conversion: 1 km/h = 18 m/s & 1 m/s = 5 km/h

1. Average Speed:
If a body covers a certain distance at di erent speeds, then
Total Distance
Average Speed =
Total Time
And, if two equal distances are covered at di erent speeds S1 and S2, then
2S1S2
Average Speed =
S1 + S2

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2. Relative Speed:
When two objects move in the same direction: Relative Speed = | S1 − S2 |
When two objects move in opposite direction: Relative Speed = S1 + S2
This formula is crucial for problems involving trains, cars, etc.

3. Time taken by two bodies to meet

If two bodies are moving towards each other with speeds S1 and S2 and the distance
D
between them is D, then the time taken to meet is:
S1 + S2

4. Boats and Streams:

• Speed downstream = Speed of boat in still water + Speed of stream
• Speed upstream = Speed of boat in still water − Speed of stream
D
Time to cover distance, D downstream or upstream:
• Speed downstream or upstream

5. Trains:
Two trains of lengths L1a n d L 2 travelling at speeds S1a n d S2 will cross each other in
times:
(L1 + L 2 )
if they’re moving in opposite directions
• (S1 + S2 )
(L1 + L 2 )
if they’re moving in same direction
• | S1 − S2 |

CIRCULAR TRACKS
1. Time for two people to meet on a Circular Track:
If two people are moving around a circular track of length L at speeds S1 and S2:
• When they are moving in same direction, then Relative speed is | S1 − S2 | and
L
Time to meet =
| S1 − S2 |

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• When they are moving in opposite directions, then Relative speed is S1 + S2 and
L
Time to meet =
S1 + S2

2. Number of Laps for two People to meet on a Circular Track:

S1
When moving in the same direction, then number of laps to meet is
• | S1 − S2 |

S1
When moving in opposite directions, then number of laps to meet is
• S1 + S2

3. Time for rst Meeting at the Starting Point (LCM Method):

• If two or more people start from the same point on a circular track and run with di erent
speeds, they will meet at the starting point after:
Time = LCM of the times taken to complete one round by each person
Where:
Track length
Time to complete one round for each person =
Speed of the person

CLOCKS
1. Relative Speed of Minute and Hour hands:
• Minute hand moves at 6∘ per minute (360 degrees in 60 minutes).
• Hour hand moves at 0.5∘ per minute (30 degrees in 60 minutes).
• Relative speed of Minute hand w.r.t Hour hand is 6∘ − 0.5∘ = 5.5∘ per minute

2. Time between consecutive overlaps of Minute and Hour hands:

360∘ 720
• Minute and Hour hands overlap after a time interval of 5.5∘ = 11 ≈ 65.45 minutes

They overlap approximately every 65 minutes and 27 seconds.

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3. Angle between Hour and Minute Hands:

• The angle between the hour and minute hands at any time h hours and m minutes is
given by Angle = 30h − 5.5m

Where:
• 30h is the angle moved by the Hour hand (30∘ per hour)
• 5.5m is the angle moved by the Minute hand (5.5∘ per minute)

4. In a 12 hour period:
- Hour and Minute hands meet 11 times or we can say that the angle between the two
hands is 0∘ 11 times in a day
- 180∘ angle is formed between the two hands 11 times, and
- 90∘ angle is formed between the two hands 22 times

TIME AND WORK

Basic relationship between time and work is:
Work done = Rate of work × Time
Where,
Rate of work is typically de ned as the fraction of work completed per unit of time

1. Rate of Work:
1
If a person or machine completes a task in T days, then Rate of work = units per day
T

2. Combined Work (When two or more people work together):

If A can complete a task in TA days and B can complete it in TB days, then
1 1
Combined Rate of work = +
TA TB
1
Time taken to complete work together =
1 1
+
TA TB

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1 1 1
For more than two people: Combined Rate of Work = + + +…
• TA TB TC

3. E ciency Method:
E ciency is the same as rate of work done. If A's e ciency is eA and B's e ciency is eB, then
1
E ciency =
Time taken to complete the task

If A is twice as e cient as B, then their ratio of work done by them per day is 2:1

4. Work and Wages:

Wages are distributed in proportion to the amount of work done by each worker. If A and B
do work in the ratio a : b, then their wages are distributed in the same ratio.

PIPES AND CISTERNS

Pipes and Cisterns (Variation of Time and Work)
• Pipes lling a tank can be treated as "people doing work"
• Inlet pipe: A pipe that lls a tank (Positive work)
• Outlet pipe: A pipe that empties a tank (Negative work)

If an inlet lls the tank in TI hours and an outlet empties it in TO hours, then net rate of lling
1 1
is given as −
TI TO
1
Time to ll the tank when both pipes are open is
1 1
−
TI TO

Important Concepts
1. Inverse Proportionality:
Time and speed (or time and work) are inversely proportional.
1
• Speed ∝ Time

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1
• Time ∝ Rate of work

2. Distance Covered in Circular Paths:

If a body moves around a circular track of radius r, then distance covered is the
circumference viz. given as 2π r

3. Relative Speed in Circular Motion:

If two objects are moving in the same or opposite directions around a circular path, then
time they take to meet depends on their relative speed

Notes

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5.
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

BASIC ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

1. Square of a Sum: (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2a b + b 2
This identity is used frequently to expand the square of a binomial expression.

2. Square of a Di erence: (a − b) 2 = a 2 − 2a b + b 2
This is used for expanding the square of a di erence.

3. Sum and Di erence of Squares: a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b)

This identity is crucial for factorization and solving quadratic expressions.

4. Cube of a Sum: (a + b)3 = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3a b 2 + b 3

This identity is useful for expanding the cube of a sum.

5. Cube of a Di erence: (a − b)3 = a 3 − 3a 2 b + 3a b 2 − b 3

This is the expansion for the cube of a di erence.

SPECIAL CUBIC IDENTITIES

1. Sum of Cubes: a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a 2 − a b + b 2 )
This identity is helpful for factorising the sum of cubes.

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2. Di erence of Cubes: a 3 − b 3 = (a − b)(a 2 + a b + b 2 )

This identity is used for factorising the di erence of cubes.

HIGHER DEGREE IDENTITIES

1. Square of a Trinomial: (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2a b + 2b c + 2c a
This identity is useful for expanding the square of a trinomial expression.

2. Product of Three Terms: (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = (a + b + c)(a b + b c + c a) − a b c

This is a more advanced identity used in solving algebraic expressions involving three
variables.

FACTORIZATION IDENTITIES
1. Quadratic Factorization
x 2 + (a + b)x + a b = (x + a)(x + b)
This is used to factorize quadratic expressions.

2. Cyclic Factorization (For three variables):

a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3a b c = (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − a b − b c − c a)
This is helpful in solving symmetric polynomial expressions where the sum of cubes is
involved.

IDENTITIES INVOLVING MULTIPLE

TERMS
1. Sum of Powers of Two Terms:
For any positive integer n: (a n − b n ) = (a − b)(a n−1 + a n−2 b + … + b n−1)
This is useful for factorizing di erences of powers.
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2. Identity for factorization (x + y + z = 0):

x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3x y z = 0
This is a special identity that holds when x + y + z = 0.

DESCARTES RULE
To nd the number of positive real roots of f(x), nd the number of sign changes of f(x). And,
to nd the number of negative real roots of f(x), nd the number of sign changes of f(-x).

IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR

POLYNOMIALS
1. Sum of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation:
For a quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0, the sum of the roots α , β is given as:
b
α +β =−
a

2. Product of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation:

For the same quadratic equation, the product of the roots α , β is given as:
c
α ×β =
a

3. If a x n + b x n−1 + c x n−2 + . . . . . . k x 0, then

(−1)b
• Sum of the roots = a
c
• Sum of the roots taken two at a time = a
(−1)d
• Sum of the roots taken three at a time = a and so on
(−1) n k
• Product of roots = a

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Notes

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6.
LINEAR EQUATIONS
1. General Form of a Linear Equation in one variable is: a x + b = 0
Where:
a, b are constants, and
x is the variable.
b
And, solution for x is x = −
a

2. General Form of a Linear Equation in two variables is: a x + b y = c

Where:
• a, b, and c are constants
• x and y are variables

3. System of Linear Equations (Two Variables):

A system of two linear equations is written as:
a1 x + b1 y = c1
a 2 x + b 2 y = c2

3.1. Solution by Substitution: Solve one equation for one variable in the form of other
variable, and substitute this value into the second equation.

3.2. Solution by Elimination:

- Multiply both equations by suitable constants to make the coe cient of one variable the
same, and then subtract or add the equations to eliminate that variable.

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3.3. Solution by Cross Multiplication Formula:

For the system:
a1 x + b1 y = c1
a 2 x + b 2 y = c2
The solution for x and y is given by:
b1c2 − b 2 c1
x =
a1b 2 − a 2 b1
c a − c2 a1
y = 1 2
a1b 2 − a 2 b1

4. Conditions for Consistency of a System of Linear Equations (Two Variables):

a1 b
Unique Solution: The system has a unique solution, if ≠ 1
• a2 b2
a1 b c
In nite Solutions: The system has in nite many solutions, if = 1 = 1
• a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
No Solution (Inconsistent System): The system has no solution if = 1 ≠ 1
• a2 b2 c2

5. System of Linear Equations (Three Variables):

A system of three linear equations is written as:
a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1
a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z = d 2
a 3 x + b 3 y + c3 z = d 3
• This system can be solved using methods like substitution, elimination, or matrix methods
(Cramer's Rule, Gaussian elimination).

6. Intercept Form of a Linear Equation:

The intercept form of the equation of a straight line is:
x y
+ =1
a b
Where:
• a is the x-intercept (where the line crosses the x-axis),

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• b is the y-intercept (where the line crosses the y-axis).

7. Slope-Intercept Form:
The slope-intercept form of the equation of a straight line is:
y = mx +c
Where:
• m is the slope of the line (rate of change of y with respect to x)
• c is the y-intercept (the value of y when x = 0)

8. Point-Slope Form of a Line:

The equation of a line passing through a point (x1, y1) with slope m is:
y − y1 = m (x − x1)

9. Two-Point Form:
The equation of a line passing through two points (x1, y1) and (x 2 , y2 ) is:
y − y1 x − x1
=
y2 − y1 x 2 − x1

Simplifying this gives the equation of the line.

10. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines:

10.1. Parallel Lines:
Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal:
m1 = m 2

10.2. Perpendicular Lines:

Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their slopes is m1 × m 2 = − 1

11. Distance Between Two Points:

The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x 2 , y2 ) is given by:

Distance = (x 2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2

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12. Equation of a Line in Normal form:

The normal form of the equation of a line is:
x cos θ + y sin θ = p
Where p is the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the line, and θ is the angle
made by this perpendicular with the positive x-axis.

13. Angle Between Two Lines:

The angle θ between two lines with slopes m1 and m 2 is given by:
m1 − m 2
tan θ =
1 + m1m 2

14. Linear Inequalities:

For inequalities of the form a x + b y ≤ c, a x + b y ≥ c, etc., we solve these similarly like
linear equations, but the solution set includes a region of the graph rather than a line.

Notes

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7.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. General Form of a Quadratic Equation is a x 2 + b x + c = 0
Where:
a, b, and c are constants; a ≠ 0 and x is the variable

2. Roots (Solution) of a Quadratic Equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 are given by the quadratic

formula:

−b ± b 2 − 4a c
x =
2a
Where:
(b 2 − 4a c) is called the Discriminant (D)

3. Discriminant (D):
Discriminant of a quadratic equation is D = b 2 − 4a c
Nature of the roots based on the value of D:
• If D > 0: Equation has two distinct real roots
• If D = 0: Equation has two equal real roots
• If D < 0: The equation has non-real roots (i.e. the roots are imaginary)

4. Sum and Product of Roots:

For a quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0, let the roots be α and β.
Then,
b
• Sum of the roots (α , β ) is α + β = − a

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c
• Product of the roots (α , β ) is α β = a

5. Formation of Quadratic Equation from Roots:

If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, the equation can be written as:
x 2 − (α + β )x + α β = 0
Or in general form:
a x2 + b x + c = 0
Where:
• b = − a (α + β )
• c = a (α β )

6. Quadratic Expression and its sign:

6.1. Positive Quadratic Expression:
A quadratic expression a x 2 + b x + c is always positive (for all values of x) if a > 0 and D < 0

6.2. Negative Quadratic Expression:

A quadratic expression a x 2 + b x + c is always negative (for all values of x) if a < 0 and
D <0

7. Maximum and Minimum value of a Quadratic Expression:

The quadratic expression a x 2 + b x + c reaches its maximum or minimum at:
−b
x =
2a
−b
• If a > 0, the quadratic expression has a minimum at x =
2a

−b
• If a < 0, the quadratic expression has a maximum at x =
2a

4a c − b 2
And, the value of the quadratic expression at this point is given as
4a

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8. Quadratic Inequalities:
To solve quadratic inequalities like a x 2 + b x + c > 0 or a x 2 + b x + c < 0, rst solve the
quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0, then use the sign of the quadratic expression in the
intervals de ned by the roots.

9. Graph of a Quadratic Equation:

The graph of a quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 is a parabola.
• If a > 0: The parabola opens upward (concave up)

• If a < 0: The parabola opens downward (concave down)

( 2a )
−b 4ac − b 2
Vertex of parabola is the point ,
• 4a

10. Relationship Between Roots and Coe cients:

The sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 can be used
to express various relationships:

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• If you know the sum α + β and product α β, you can form the quadratic equation as:
x 2 − (α + β )x + α β = 0

Notes

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8.
INEQUALITIES
1. Basic Properties of Inequalities:
If a > b, then
• a +c >b +c
• a −c >b −c
If a > b and c > 0, then: a c > b c (Multiplication or Division by a positive number)
If a > b and c < 0, then a c < b c (Multiplication or Division by a negative number, sign ips)

2. Quadratic Inequalities:
For a x 2 + b x + c > 0 or a x 2 + b x + c < 0, solve a x 2 + b x + c = 0 and nd intervals
by testing values around the roots.

3. Absolute Value Inequalities:

If | x | < a, then −a < x < a
And, if | x | > a, then x < − a or x >a

4. Reciprocal Inequalities:
If a > b > 0, then:
1 1
<
a b
If a < b < 0, then:
1 1
>
a b

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5. Triangle Inequality:
For any real numbers a and b: | a + b | ≤ | a | + | b |

6. Logarithmic Inequalities:
If a > 1, then loga (x) > loga ( y) if x >y
If 0 < a < 1, then loga (x) < loga ( y) if x >y

Notes

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9.
PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)

1. General Form of an AP:
Terms of an AP are a , a + d , a + 2d , a + 3d , …
Where:
a = First term
d = Common di erence

2. nth Term of an AP:

Tn = a + (n − 1) ⋅ d

3. Sum of the rst n terms of an AP:

n
Sn = ⋅ (2a + (n − 1) ⋅ d )
2
or,
n
Sn = ⋅ (a + l )
2
Where l is the last term

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)

1. General Form of a GP:
The terms of a GP are: a , a r, a r 2 , a r 3, …

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Where:
a = rst term
r = common ratio

2. nth Term of a GP: Tn = a ⋅ r n−1

3. Sum of the rst n terms of a GP:

a (1 − r n )
Sn = for r ≠ 1 and r < 1
1−r
a (r n − 1)
or, Sn = for r ≠ 1 and r > 1
r −1

4. Special Case:
For r = 1, the sum of the rst n terms is:
Sn = n ⋅ a

a
5. Sum of In nite GP (when | r | < 1): S∞ =
1−r

HARMONIC PROGRESSION (HP)

A Harmonic Progression is the reciprocal of an Arithmetic Progression.
1
nth Term of an HP is given as Tn =
a + (n − 1) ⋅ d

SUMMARISING AP, GP AND HP

• If three numbers a, b, and c are in AP, then 2b = a + c

2
• If three numbers a, b, and c are in are in GP, then b = a ⋅ c

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2 1 1
• If three numbers a, b, and c are in HP, then b = a + c

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARITHMETIC

MEAN (AM), GEOMETRIC MEAN (GM)
AND HARMONIC MEAN (HM)
Let a and b be two positive numbers,
a +b
x =
2
GM = a b
2a b
x =
a +b
GM = A MxHM

SPECIAL SERIES
1. Sum of rst n natural numbers:
n (n + 1)
Sn =
2

2. Sum of squares of rst n natural numbers:

n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sn =
6

3. Sum of cubes of rst n natural numbers:

n (n + 1) 2
( )
Sn =
2

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ARITHMETIC -GEOMETRIC
PROGRESSION (AGP)
An Arithmetic-Geometric Progression (AGP) is a progression where each term is the product
of corresponding terms from an AP and a GP. Solving AGP involves breaking it into sums of
individual components.

1. General Form of an AGP: Tn = [a + (n − 1)d ]r ( n − 1)

a − (a + n d )r n+1 d r (1 − r n )
2. Sum of n terms of AGP: Sn = +
1−r (1 − r) 2
Where:
• a is the rst term of the AP
• d is the common di erence of the AP
• r is the common ratio of the GP

a dr
3. For an in nite AGP (when | r | < 1): S∞ = +
1−r (1 − r) 2

Notes

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10.
LOGARITHMS
1. De nition of Logarithm:
If a x = b, then x = loga b
Where:
• a is the base,
• b is the number,
• x is the logarithm of b to the base a.

2. Logarithm of 1:
loga 1 = 0

3. Logarithm of the same argument as the Base:

loga a = 1

4. Logarithm of a Product:
loga (x y) = loga x + loga y

5. Logarithm of a Quotient:

(y)
x
loga = loga x − loga y

6. Logarithm of a Power:
loga (x n ) = n ⋅ loga x

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7. Logarithm of a Root:
n 1
loga x = ⋅ loga x
n

8. Change of Base Formula:

The logarithm of a number with base a can be converted to a logarithm with a di erent base
logb x
b as: loga x =
logb a

9. Natural Logarithms:
A natural logarithm has the base e (where e ≈ 2.718). It is denoted as ln x = loge x

10. Logarithms with Base 10:

For logarithms with base 10, they are denoted as log10 x, and most of the times just as log x.
Thus, log x = log10 x

11. Anti-Logarithm (Inverse of Logarithm):

If x = loga b, then the inverse is b = a x
This is the antilogarithm operation that gives the original number from the logarithmic value.

12. Logarithmic Inequalities:

If a > 1, then loga x > loga y if x >y
If 0 < a < 1, then loga x < loga y if x >y

13. Summation of Logs:

n ⋅ loga x = loga (x n )
This property is a simple application of the power rule.

Notes
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11.
GEOMETRY

LINES AND ANGLES

Lines and Angles: Two lines are said to be parallel if they never meet. They are said to be
intersecting if they meet at one common point. They are said to be coinciding if they meet at
in nite many points on the plane. A line that cuts the two parallel lines is called a transversal.
Parallel lines

Intersecting lines

Parallel lines intersected by a transversal

Types of Angles: There are di erent types of angles that

can be formed between lines and their transversals.
1. Acute angle: An angle formed between two lines that
measures less than 90∘.
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2. Obtuse angle: An angle formed between two lines that measures greater than 90∘.

3. Right angle: An angle formed between two lines that measures 90∘.

4. Straight angle: It is an angle that measures 180∘.

5. Re ex angle: It is an angle that measures greater than 180∘ but less than 360∘.

6. Adjacent angles: These are angles with a common

vertex and one common side. In the gure below, 1 and 2
form adjacent angles.

7. Complementary angles: Two angles when sum up to 90∘

are called complementary angles. Note that two
complementary angles may or may not be adjacent. If any
two angles add up to 90∘ they are called complementary. In
the gure below, 1 and 2 form complementary angles.

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8. Supplementary angles: Two angles when sum up to 180∘ are called supplementary
angles. Note that two supplementary angles may or may not be adjacent. If any two angles
add up to 180∘ they are called supplementary. In the rst gure
below, 1 and 2 are supplementary angles and in the second gure,
1, 2 and 3 are supplementary angles.

9. Linear pair: Angles 1 and 2 form linear pair when there is one
common side and these two angles sum up to 180∘.

10. Angle Bisector: It is the line that bisects an angle into two equal
parts. In the gure below, OB bisects . Angles 1 and 2 are equal.

11. Vertically opposite angles: Angles that have a common vertex

and whose sides are formed by the same lines. The following gure
shows vertically opposite angles. 1 and 3 are vertically opposite and
2 and 4 are vertically opposite angles.

12. Complete/Full angle: Angles around a point sum up to 360∘. In

the gure below, all angles around point P (these are angles 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5) add up to 360∘.

Angles formed when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal

Let lines l and m be parallel to each other and line t be the
transversal cutting these two lines, as in the gure below:

1. Alternate Interior angles: The pairs of interior angles on

opposite sides of the transversal are equal. In the gure above,
angles 3 – 5 and angles 4 – 6 are alternate interior angles such
that Angle 3 = Angle 5 and Angle 4 = Angle 6

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2. Alternate exterior angles: The pairs of exterior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal are equal. In the gure above, angles 1 – 7 and angles 2 – 8 are alternate exterior
angles such that Angle 1 = Angle 7 and Angle 2 = Angle 8

3. Corresponding angles: The pairs of angles that occupy the same relative position at
each intersection. In the gure above, angles 1 – 5, angles 4 – 8, angles 2 – 6 and angles 3 –
7 are pairs of corresponding angles such that Angle 1 = Angle 5, Angle 4 = Angle 8, Angle 2
= Angle 6 and Angle 3 = Angle 7

4. Co-interior angles: The pairs of interior angles that are on the same side of the
transversal. Co-interior angles are supplementary. In the gure above, angles 4 – 5 and
angles 3 – 6 are co-interior angles such that Angle 4 + Angle 5 = 180∘ and Angle 3 + Angle 6
= 180∘

TRIANGLES
It is a polygon with three sides. Sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180∘. Triangles can
be majorly classi ed by two types:

1. Classi cation based on angles of a triangle: These are three types of triangles-
Type 1. Acute angle triangle: Triangles with all three interior angles less than 90∘.

Type 2. Right-angled triangle: Triangles with one of the angles equal to 90∘.
Note: A triangle cannot have more than one right angle

Type 3. Obtuse angle triangle: Triangles with one of the angles greater than 90∘
Note: A triangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle.

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Classi cation based on length of sides of a triangle: These are three types of triangle-
Type 1. Equilateral triangle: All three sides of a triangle are equal.
Let the height and each side of an equilateral triangle be h and s respectively.
Given the value of s, we can nd out the following:
3
• Height, h = 2 s

3 2
• Area = 4
s
s
R (Circumradius) =
• 3
s
R (Inradius) =
• 2 3

Type 2. Isosceles triangle: Two sides of a triangle are equal.

Given the values a and b, we can nd out the area of Isosceles
triangle,
b
A= 4a 2 − b 2
4

Type 3. Scalene triangle: All three sides of a triangle are unequal.

We can calculate the area of a scalene triangle using hero’s formula.
a +b +c
s =
2
Area = s (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

Properties of a triangle:
1. Sum of Interior angles of a triangle is 180∘
2. Sum of two sides > third side
3. Side opposite to the largest angle is the longest side and that opposite to the smallest
angle is the shortest side
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4. The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two interior opposite angles

5. Pythagoras Theorem (For Right-Angled Triangles):

c2 = a2 + b2
Where c is the hypotenuse; and a, b are the other two sides.

6. Area of a Triangle using Sine Rule:

For any triangle with two sides a and b, and the included angle θ:
1
Area = a b sin θ
2

Congruency of Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if all sides (and angles) of one are
equal to the corresponding sides (and angles) of the other.

I. SAS Congruency- If two sides and the included

angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the
included angle of another, the two triangles are said to
be congruent. In the gure below, AB = PQ, BC = QR
and∠ A BC = ∠P Q R . Thus, △ A BC ≅ △ P Q R

II. SSS Congruency- If three sides of one triangle are

equal to corresponding sides of another, the two
triangles are said to be congruent. In the gure below,
AB = PQ, BC = QR and AC = PR. Thus,
△ A BC ≅ △ P Q R

III. ASA Congruency- If two angles and the included

side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the
included side of another, the two triangles are said to
be congruent. In the gure below,
∠B AC = ∠Q PR , AB = PQ, and
∠ A BC = ∠P Q R. Thus, △ A BC ≅ △ P Q R
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IV. AAS Congruency- If two angles and a side of a triangle

are equal to the corresponding angles and side of
another, the two triangles are said to be congruent. In the
gure below, ∠B AC = ∠Q PR, AC = PR,
∠ A BC = ∠P Q R and . Thus, △ A BC ≅ △ P Q R

Similarity of Triangles: Two triangles are said to be similar if they have same shape but the
sizes may vary.
I. AAA Similarity: If all angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles of
another, the triangles are said to be equiangular and similar.
Note: If two angles of a triangle are given to be equal to corresponding two angles of
another, then the third angle automatically
becomes equal to the remaining angle of the other
triangle, this is also called AA Similarity i.e. we
need to know the measures of just two angles.

II. SSS Similarity: If the corresponding sides of two

triangles are proportional, then the triangles are similar. Under this condition, for
AB BC CA
△ A BC ∼ △ P Q R >>>> = = must hold true
PQ QR PR

III. SAS Similarity: If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are proportional and
the included angles are equal, then the triangles are similar. Under this condition, for
AB BC
△ A BC ∼ △ P Q R >> = and ∠ A BC = ∠P Q R must hold true
PQ QR

Median and Centroid: Median is a line that joins the

midpoint of a side and the opposite vertex of a triangle. The
point of intersection of all the three medians is called
Centroid. In the gure AE, BF and CD are medians and P is
the centroid.
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Perpendicular Bisector and Circumcenter: A perpendicular

bisector is a line drawn from a vertex to the opposite side of
a triangle bisecting it at a right angle. The point of
intersection of all the three perpendicular bisectors of a
triangle is called the circumcenter of a triangle. Using the
circumcenter as centre, we can draw a circle passing
through all the vertices of a triangle. In the gure AE, BF and
CD are perpendicular bisectors and O is the circumcenter.

In Equilateral Triangle:
For an equilateral triangle where all sides are equal to s and height is h, the circumradius is
s
given by R =
3

However, using the relationship between the height and the side of an equilateral triangle
3 2h
(h = s), we can rewrite it as: R =
2 3
abc
And, Area of triangle with sides a, b and c =
4R

Angle bisector and Incentre: An angle bisector is a line drawn from a vertex bisecting the
vertex into two equal angles. The point of intersection of all the three angle bisectors of a
triangle is called Incentre. Using the incentre as centre, we
can draw a circle touching all the three sides of a triangle.

In the gure, AG, BG and CG are angle bisectors and G is the

Incentre.

Given a triangle with side lengths a, b, and c:

a +b +c
Semi-perimeter (when all sides are known), s =
2
Area = s (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

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A
Inradius r =
s

• In an equilateral Triangle If all sides are equal to s, the formula for the inradius simpli es to
s
r =
2 3

Altitude and Orthocenter: An altitude is a perpendicular drawn from

a vertex to the opposite side of a triangle. The point of intersection
of all the three altitudes of a triangle is called Orthocenter.
In the gure AX, BY and CZ are Altitudes and Q is the Orthocenter.

Relationship between Orthocenter, Centroid and Circumcenter:

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Midpoint Theorem:
Line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and
is half of its length.
• If D and E are midpoints of sides A B and AC of triangle A BC, then:
1
DE ∥ BC and DE = BC
2

Apollonius Theorem:
It relates the sides of a triangle to its medians. For a triangle A BC, if A D is the median to
side BC, then: A B 2 + AC 2 = 2 A D 2 + 2B D 2
Where D is the midpoint of BC.

Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales' Theorem):

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the other two sides, it
divides the sides in the same ratio.
AD AE
• If DE ∥ BC in △ A BC, then DB = E C

Interior Angle Bisector Theorem:

Angle bisector of an interior angle of a triangle divides the opposite side in the ratio of the
other two sides.
BD AB
• If A D is the bisector of ∠B AC in △ A BC, then D C = AC

Exterior Angle Bisector Theorem:

The exterior angle bisector divides the opposite side externally in the ratio of the other two
sides.
BD AB
• If A E is the bisector of the exterior angle ∠C A D in △ A BC, then D C = AC

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CIRCLES
1. Circumference of a Circle:
Circumference = 2π r
Where r is the radius of the circle.

2. Area of a Circle:
Area = π r 2
Where r is the radius of the circle.

3. Length of an Arc:
θ
Length of arc = × 2π r
360 ∘
Where θ is the angle subtended by the arc at the center of the circle.

4. Area of a Sector:
θ
Area of sector = × π r2
360 ∘
Where θ is the angle subtended by the sector at the center.

5. Area of a Segment (minor segment):

Area of segment = Area of sector − Area of triangle formed by radii and chord

INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM

Inscribed Angle Theorem:
Angle subtended by a chord at the center is twice the angle
subtended it on the circle.

Central Angle = 2 × Inscribed Angle

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Special Cases of the Inscribed Angle Theorem:

Angle in a Semi-Circle:
According to the Inscribed Angle Theorem, the angle subtended
by a diameter of the circle at any point on the circumference is a
right angle:
If AC is the diameter, then ∠ A P C = 90∘ .

Cyclic Quadrilateral:
Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. If P,
Q, R, and S are the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral:
Them, ∠P + ∠R = 180∘ and ∠Q + ∠S = 180∘

Equal Inscribed Angles (Angles Subtended by the Same Arc):

If two or more inscribed angles subtend the same arc, then these
angles are equal.

Angle Between a Tangent and a Chord (Alternate Segment

Theorem):
The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of
contact is equal to the inscribed angle subtended by the chord on
the opposite side of the circle:

TANGENTS
1. De nition: Tangent is a straight line that touches the circle at
exactly one point. This point is called the point of contact.

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2. Key Properties of a Tangent:

2.1. Tangent and Radius:
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the
point of contact:
If A B is a tangent at point T, then O T ⊥ A B .
Where O is the center of the circle and T is the point of contact.

3. Length of Tangent from an External Point:

If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then the lengths of the two
tangents are equal.
A B = AC

The length of the tangent from an external point A to the circle

with radius r and center O is given by:

Length of tangent = AO 2 − r 2
Where AO is the distance from the external point A to the center
of the circle.

4. Tangent-Secant Theorem.
If a secant from point P intersects a circle at points A and B,
and a tangent from P touches the circle at C, then:
PA × PB = P C 2

5. Tangents from Two Circles:

5.1. Direct Common Tangent:
Length of the direct common tangent between two
circles with radii r1 and r 2 and centers separated by

distance d is given by = d 2 − (r1 − r 2 )2

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5.2. Transverse Common Tangent:

Length of transverse common tangent = d 2 − (r1 + r 2 )2

6. If you drop a perpendicular from centre to a chord, it

bisects the chord

7. When 2 chords of equal length are considered, they

subtend equal angles at the centre

And, when two chords (say, BD and AC) intersect each

other, then DS x SB = CS x SA

QUADRILATERALS
1. Area of a Rectangle:
Area = Length × Breadth

2. Perimeter of a Rectangle:
Perimeter = 2(Length + Breadth)

3. Area of a Square:
Area = Side 2

4. Perimeter of a Square:

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Perimeter = 4 × Side

5. Area of a Parallelogram:
Area = Base × Height

6. Area of a Rhombus:
1 1
Area = × Product of diagonals = × d1 × d 2
2 2
Where d1 and d 2 are the diagonals of the rhombus.

7. Area of a Trapezium:
1
Area = × (Sum of parallel sides) × Height
2

POLYGONS
1. Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon:
Sum of interior angles = (n − 2) × 180∘
Where n is the number of sides of the polygon.

2. Exterior Angle of a Regular Polygon:

360∘
Exterior angle =
n
Where n is the number of sides.

3. Area of a Regular Polygon:

For a regular polygon with n sides and side length a:
n × a2
Area =
4 tan ( n )
π

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Number of sides Polygon name Sum of all interior angles

3 Triangle 180
4 Quadrilateral 360
5 Pentagon 540
6 Hexagon 720
7 Heptagon 900
8 Octagon 1080
9 Nonagon 1260
10 Decagon 1440

CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
1. De nition: A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral where all four vertices lie on the
circumference of a circle. In other words, a cyclic quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle.

2. The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is always 180∘:

∠ A + ∠C = 180∘ and ∠B + ∠D = 180∘
Where A, B, C, and D are the four vertices of the cyclic quadrilateral.

3. Ptolemy’s Theorem:
For any cyclic quadrilateral, Ptolemy's theorem states that:
Product of the diagonals = Sum of the products of opposite sides
If A BC D is a cyclic quadrilateral with diagonals AC and B D, then:
AC × B D = A B × C D + BC × A D
This is a powerful formula for calculating unknown sides or diagonals in cyclic quadrilaterals.

4. Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral (Brahmagupta’s Formula):

The area of a cyclic quadrilateral can be calculated using Brahmagupta’s formula if the
lengths of all four sides are known. The formula is:
Area = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d )

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Where:
a+b+c+d
• s is the semi-perimeter of the quadrilateral, given by s =
2
• a, b, c, and d are the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral

5. Tangential Cyclic Quadrilateral (Tangents from a Point to a Circle):

For a cyclic quadrilateral, if the quadrilateral is tangential (a circle can be inscribed inside the
quadrilateral), the sum of the lengths of opposite sides is equal:
A B + C D = BC + D A

6. Exterior Angle Property:

The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle. That is:
Exterior angle at A = ∠C

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Distance Formula:
If the two points are (x1, y1) and (x 2 , y2 ), the distance between them is:

Distance = (x 2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1)2

2. Section Formula
The section formula for a point P(x, y) that divides the line segment joining two points
A(x1, y1) and B (x 2 , y2 ) in the ratio m : n internally is given by:
m x 2 + n x1 m y2 + n y1
x= . y=
m +n m +n
So, the coordinates of the point P are:

( m +n )
m x 2 + n x1 m y2 + n y1
P ,
m +n

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3. Midpoint Formula:
The midpoint of the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x 2 , y2 ) is:

( 2 )
x1 + x 2 y1 + y2
Midpoint = ,
2

4. Slope of a Line:
The slope of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x 2 , y2 ) is:
y2 − y1
Slope (m) =
x 2 − x1

5. Equation of a Line (Slope-Intercept Form):

The equation of a line with slope m and y-intercept c is:
y = mx +c

6. Equation of a Line (Point-Slope Form):

The equation of a line passing through a point (x1, y1) with slope m is:
y − y1 = m (x − x1)

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3D GEOMETRY
1. Cube: Where a is the side of the cube.
Lateral surface area = 4a 2
Total Surface Area = 6a 2
Volume of a Cube = a 3
Face diagonal = a 2
Space Diagonal of the Cube (diagonal connecting opposite corners
through the interior): = a 3

2. Cuboid: Where l, b, and h are the length, breadth, and height of the cuboid.
Lateral Surface Area = 2(l h + b h)
Total Surface Area = 2(l b + b h + l h)
Volume = l × b × h

Face Diagonal Front / Back = l2 + h2

Face Diagonal Left / Right = b2 + h2

Face Diagonal Top / Bottom = l2 + b2

Body Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2

3. Cylinder: Where r is the radius of the base, and h is the height.

Lateral Surface Area = 2π r h
Total Surface Area = 2π r (r + h)
Volume = π r 2 h

4. Sphere: with radius r

Surface Area = 4π r 2
4 3
Volume = πr
3

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5. Cone: Where r is the radius and l is the slant height.

Lateral Surface Area = π r l
Total Surface Area = π r (r + l )
1 2
Volume = πr h
3

6. Prism: A prism is a solid object with two identical ends and at faces. The
cross-section is the same along its length.
Surface Area = 2 × Base Area + Perimeter of Base × Height
Volume = Base Area × Height

7. Pyramid: A pyramid is a solid object with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet
at a single point (apex).
1
Surface Area = Base Area + × Perimeter of Base × Slant Height
2
1
Volume = × Base Area × Height
3

Key Di erences Between Prism and Pyramid:

• A prism has two identical parallel bases, while a pyramid has only one base, and its faces
are triangular.
• The volume of a prism depends on the height between the two bases, while the volume
of a pyramid depends on the height from the base to the apex.

Notes

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12.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
1. Factorial (n!):
The factorial of a non-negative integer n is the product of all positive integers less than or
equal to n.
n ! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × ⋯ × 1
Note that 0! = 1

2. Permutations:
A permutation is the arrangement of objects in a speci c order.

2.1. Arranging n distinct objects:

Number of ways to arrange n distinct objects is given by n !

2.2. Selecting and arranging r objects from n options:

If r objects are selected from n distinct objects and arranged, then number of ways is given
n!
as
(n − r)!

3. Permutations with Repetition:

When some objects are repeated, the number of distinct permutations is:
n!
P =
p1 ! × p 2 ! × … × pk !

Where p1, p 2 , …, pk are the frequencies of the repeated elements.

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4. Combinations:
A combination is a selection of objects without regard to the order of arrangement.
4.1. Number of Combinations (Selecting r objects from n):
The number of ways to choose r objects from n distinct objects is given by:
n!
C (n , r) =
r !(n − r)!
Where r ≤ n.

5. Combinations with Repetition:

When repetition is allowed in combinations, the formula is:
(n + r − 1)!
Crepetition(n , r) =
r !(n − 1)!

6. Important Properties of Permutations and Combinations:

6.1. Relationship Between Permutations and Combinations:
Permutations are related to combinations by:
P (n , r) = C (n , r) × r !

6.2. Symmetry in Combinations:

C (n , r) = C (n , n − r)

7. Special Cases:
7.1. Number of Circular Permutations:
The number of ways to arrange n distinct objects in a circle = (n − 1)!
If it’s a necklace or bracelet that can be ipped over, then total possibilities are
= (n − 1)!/ 2

7.2. Number of Permutations of a Multiset:

If there are n objects with p1 objects of one type, p 2 of another type, and so on, then the
number of distinct permutations is:
n!
p1 ! × p 2 ! × … × pk !
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9. Selection & Distribution:

9.1. Number of ways to select 0 or more objects from n distinct objects is 2n

9.2. Number of ways to distribute n distinct objects to r distinct groups without any
restrictions is r n

10. Bayes’ Theorem:

Let A and B be two events which are not independent then the probability of occurrence of
B given that A has already occurred is given by
P (A | B )x P (B )
P(B|A) =
P (A )
Where:
• P(A|B) : Probability of occurrence of A given that B has already occurred
• P(B|A) : Probability of occurrence of B given that event A has already occurred

Notes

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13.
NUMBER SYSTEMS

DIVISIBILITY RULES
• Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is even.
• Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
• Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by last two digits is
divisible by 4.
• Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is either 0 or 5.
• Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
• Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by last three digits is
divisible by 8.
• Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
• Divisibility by 11: A number is divisible by 11 if the di erence between the sum of its digits
at odd positions and the sum of its digits at even positions is either 0 or divisible by 11.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LCM AND HCF

For two numbers a and b: LCM × HCF = a × b
Where:
• LCM is the least common multiple,
• HCF is the highest common factor.

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REMAINDER THEOREM
1.. Euler’s Theorem:
It is used to nd the remainder when a number raised to a power is divided by a modulus
that is co-prime to the number. For any integer a and n such that
gcd(a , n) = 1: a ϕ(n) ≡ 1 (mod n)
Where ϕ (n) is Euler’s totient function (the number of integers less than or equal to n that are
co-prime with n).
If a, b, c are prime factors of N such that N = a p × b q × c r, then the number of numbers
less than N and co-prime to N is given as:
1 1 1
ϕ (n) = N (1 − )(1 − )(1 − )
a b c

2. Chinese Remainder Theorem:

Let M be a number which is divided by a divisor N, then the theorem states that if N is the
divisor which can be expressed as N = a x b where a and b are co-prime, then
M mod N = a r 2 x + b r1 y
Here, r1 = M m o d a
r2 = M m o d b
Here, ax + by = 1

3. Fermat’s Theorem:
If p is a prime number and a is an integer such that a p − a is always divisible by p, also a
and p are relatively prime, then
a p−1(m o d p) = 1 (mod p)

4. Wilson’s Theorem:
For a prime number p: ( p − 1)! ≡ − 1 (mod p)
This means that remainder when (p - 1)! Is divided by p is (p - 1) where is a prime number.
Example, Let p be 5
Then, (5 - 1)! = 4! mod 5 = 24 mod 5 = 4 i.e. (5 - 1)

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PROPERTIES OF EVEN AND ODD

NUMBERS
• Even + Even = Even
• Odd + Odd = Even
• Even + Odd = Odd
• Even × Even = Even
• Odd × Odd = Odd
• Even × Odd = Even

PROPERTIES OF POWERS
• a m × a n = a m+n
am m−n
• an = a

• (a m ) n = a mn
• (a b) n = a n × b n
a n an
• ( b ) = bn

CYCLICITY OF NUMBERS (LAST DIGITS)

Last digits of powers of numbers are cyclical. For example:
• Powers of 2: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ….(unit’s digit repeats after every 4 powers).
• Powers of 3: 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729 (Cyclicity of 4)
• Powers of 4: 4, 16. 64, 256 (Cyclicity of 2)

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SUM AND NUMBER OF DIVISORS

1. Formula for Sum of Divisors:
If a number N is prime factorized into N = a p × b q × c r × . . .
Where a , b, c, … are prime factors and p, q, r… are their respective powers, then the sum
of divisors σ (N ) is given by:
σ (N ) = (1 + a + a 2 + …a p )(1 + b + b 2 + … + b q )…
Example:
For N = 12, when prime factorized gives 12 = 22 × 31
Sum of divisors is σ (12) = (1 + 2 + 22 )(1 + 3) = (1 + 2 + 4)(1 + 3) = 7 × 4 = 28

2. Number of Divisors:
Denoted as d(N), can be calculated using prime factorization:
Again, if a number N is prime factorized into N = a p × b q × c r × . . .
Then, d (N ) = ( p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)…

3. Sum of all factors of Prime numbers with power:

If N = p n, where p is a prime number and n is the power of p, then sum of divisors is:
p n+1 − 1
σ (N ) = 1 + p + p 2 + … + p n =
p −1

Notes

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14.
SET THEORY
1. Union of Two Sets
A ∪B = A+B −A ∩ B
Where A ∪ B is the union of sets A and B, and A ∩ B is their intersection.

2. Union of Three Sets

A ∪ B ∪ C = A + B + C − (A ∩ B ) − (B ∩ C ) − (A ∩ C ) + (A ∩ B ∩ C )

3. Number of Elements in a Set

For two sets:
n (A ∪ B ) = n (A ) + n (B ) − n (A ∩ B )
For three sets:
n (A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n (A ) + n (B ) + n (C ) − n (A ∩ B ) − n (B ∩ C ) − n (A ∩ C ) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C )
Where n(A), n(B), and n(C) represent the number of elements in sets A, B, and C

4. Complement of a Set
Complement of set A, denoted as A′ is given by:
A′ = U − A
Where U is the universal set.

5. De Morgan’s Laws : These are useful for complement and intersection/union problems:
(A ∪ B )′ = A′ ∩ B ′
(A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B ′

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6. To maximise overlap, Union should be as small as possible

7. To minimise overlap, Union should be as large as possible

Notes

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About the Author

Bhavuk Pujara
CAT/XAT/NMAT 99%iler
Mentored 10K+ Students
MDI Gurgaon 2016 - ‘18
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BUT 60% OF THE PAPER WITH
100% ACCURACY. MASTER
YOUR STRENGTHS!”
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