anenpe-— — ~ Example: ® “lowing diagram we have two entities g; r ne ionship. The relationship between Studer" any many to one as a college can have many students howeye’ ( cannot study in multiple colleges at the same time. Stude,t ® attributes such as Stu_Id, Stu_Name & Stu_Addr and Cotte ' putes such as Col_ID & Col_Name. Re and t. a attri iy. pe ) ¥ \° \ 7 t t ' Figure 5.5: A sample E-R Diagram Following are the geometric shapes and their meaning in an B-R Diagram. Rectangle: Represents Entity sets. Ellipses: Attributes Diamonds: Relationship Set Lines: They link attributes to Entity Sets and Entity sets to 1 Relationship Set Double Ellipses: Multivalued Attributes Dashed Ellipses: Derived Attributes Double Rectangles: Weak Entity Sets Double Lines: Total participation of an entity in a relationship# Components of an ER Diagram ER Model Entity Attribute lonship Key ‘One to One ‘Weok Composite Entity One to Mony Multwolued Many to One Derived Many to Mony Figure 5.6: Components of E-R Diagramoh, ——————__. qn id the above diagram, an ER diagram has three main 0 ss" nents: Fnpone” entity “attribute — iii. Relationship an object or component of data. An entity is nted aS rectangle in an ER diagram. represe” te: In the following ER diagram we have two entities Student 0 entities have many to one relationship as. for College and these tw tudy in a single college. We will read more about an’, students S' lle ee tionships later, for now focus on entities. relat tit F 1 ara tity is »_ college. 9, Attribute ‘An attribute describes the property of an entity. An attribute is represented as Oval in an ER diagram. There are four types of attributes: i. Key attribute Composite attribute Multivalued attribute iv. Derived attribute Key attribute: A key attribute can uniquely identify an entity from an entity set. For example, student roll number can uniquely identify a student from a set of students. Key attribute is represented by oval same as : other attributes however the text of key attribute is underlined.VI il er : . 1 Composite attribute at is a combination of other g, ~\ ribu 7 axe > @: An attri waite attribute. For example, In student ety known as ema js a composite attribute as an 4 tig nt addres ttributes such as pin code, state, Count, Tea ty | le) stud f other al composed 0} Address Is 0 composite attribute Multivalued attribute: ; An attribute that can hold multiple values is known multivalued attribute. It is represented with double ovals in ang Diagram. For example - A person can have more than one Pho numbers so the phone number attribute is multivalued. Derived attribute: A derived attribute is one whose value is dynamic and derived froy another attribute. It is represented by dashed oval in an B Diagram. For example - Person age is a derived attribute asi changes over time and can be derived from another attribute (Dat of birth). Figure 5.7: E-R di i it 3. Relat ionship diagram with Entity and Attributes A relationship is re am, it . ond shape in ER diagram | : s ip amo iti elation ships: ng entities, There are four types J One to OneMS 215 Many to One Many to Many iv. one to One Relationship When a single instance of an entity is a single instance of another entity then it is cae i ip. For example, a person has relationship. — Peoae as only one pa passport is given to one person. “ Passport and a ed with a done to one “Person —!_ at The? i> Passport One to Many Relationship When a single instance of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity then it is called one to many relationship. For example ~ a customer can place many orders but aorder cannot be placed by many customers. pcs. > Order Many to One Relationship When more than one instances of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity then it is called many to one relationship. For example - many students can study in a single college but a student cannot study in many colleges at the same time. many to Many Relationship ees than one instances of an entity is associated with mor telationshis stances of another entity then it is called many to mar Aproject on, wor example, a can be assigned to many projects an ect can be assigned to many students. ® - Braden TM co hasan M preiect meCo7 - inoroactiOn to a) nal model in DBMs, . gancaT ” sriefly describe Relatio! a9 in DBMS nal mod eae the data and relationships are ,, Each table is a group Pe COly, gelation i in relation’ -related tables. ta in represents attribute of an entity a cr Model: Je is created with three column, S ay My lationship t tab! mple ¥ s Phe following Studen' records. able: Student Stu Id | Stu_Name Stu Age > am Majid 7 [123 [Umair 22 169 [Mohsin 84 | 234 [Iqbal 26 Table: Course [ Stu_ld Course_Id |Course_Name it col [Science z 2 C02 [DBMs [169 = Pars c39 |Computer Networks Here Stu_Id, St id, Stu_Name Sula, Course_Id & Comes ee are attributes of table Studet v > an i lues are the records a of ae came as tuples). ; Briefl i Q.10 y describe Relational Database Managemet! System (RDB MS) and its mai RDBMS Concepts its main components. . 7 iou BEN » stores 1 A A Record or Tuple Field or Column name or Attribute Domain Instance Schema Keys re invroauceens we one = CH - 7 5S-DEMS a7 ii. ble . 4,78 table is a collection of data represented in rows and columns. ie has a name in database. For example, the following table .s the information of students in database. gable: STUDENT —__—— (ade \eandant ann gadent 14 [Student_Name _[Student_Addr [Student _age | mt [Majia [Multan jaz \ i [Umair Faisalabad pe | i __ Saleem [Lahore a4 | ioe [Ahsan ~ [Islamabad ps "| 2,Record or Tuple Each row of a table is known as record. It is also known as tuple. for example, the following row is a record that we have taken from the is above table. {oa [Umair Faisalabad pe | 3. Field or Column name or Attribute The above table “STUDENT” has four fields (or attributes): 4 dent_Id, Student_Name, Student_Addr & Student_Age. } Domain eran ‘ domain is a set of permitted values for an attribute in table. Fo! Pen I; a domain of month-of-year can accept January mossibie December as values, a domain of dates can accept al table, Valid dates etc. We specify domain of attribute while creating An atte Ome at cannot accept values that are outside of their domains. Fc Somain ‘so tae above table “STUDENT”, the Student_Id field has integ “tuple, Studes field cannot accept values that are not integers f lent_Id cannot has values like, “First”, 10.11 etc.what are the Keys used in RDBMs> types? ‘ BMS Keys ne an important role in relat ey ving unique rows from table. It als i \ Ss. types of keys in DBMS primary Key - A primary is a column or se of | that uniquely identifies tuples (rows) in that tabje Us nay super Key - A super key is a set of one of q. 11 Onal dat, a] ‘0 establishes SS it, Tela 8, Y tating } Pa, (attributes) to uniquely identify rows in a table, More Ok Candidate Key - A super key with no , known as candidate key Alternate Key - Out of all candidate keys, only one as primary key, remaining keys are known mn en vy secondary keys. ema, Composite Key - A key that consists of more than one att uniquely identify rows (also known as records & tuples) inet is called composite key. 4 Foreign Key - Foreign keys are the columns of a table that po to the primary key of another table. They act as a crossctece between tables. Q.12 Write anote on Query Languages in DBMS. redundant attr . ye Query Language In simple words, a Language which is used ‘to store and ret data from database is known as query language. For esr Structured Query Language (SQL). There are two types of query language: 1 Procedural Query language i. Non-procedural query language Figure 5.8: Types of Quers 1a...