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1. What is the 89C51 microcontroller.

Ans:
 The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM).
 The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction
set and pinout.
 The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.

Features of microcontroller 89c51

There are some important features of microcontroller which are given below,

o The 89c51 is compatible with MCS 51 family.

o It has 8 bit data bus and 8 bit (arithmetic logic unit).
o It has 4k bytes of on chip reprogrammable flash memory.
o It supported three level program memory lock.
o It has 16 bit of address bus and 64 kb of RAM (random access memory) and
ROM (read only memory).
o It has on chip RAM 128 bytes data memory.
o It has four 8 bit bidirectional input or output ports that is 32 programmable input
or output lines.
o It can execute 1 million one cycle instructions per second with a clock frequency
of 12MHz.
o It has one UART programmable serial ports.
o It has six interrupts source.
o It has two multimode 16 bit timers.
o It has two level interrupts priority.
o It has power saving mode.

2. What is Embedded C.
Ans:
 Embedded C is a programming language that is used in the development of
Embedded Systems.
 Embedded Systems are specialized systems designed to perform very specific
functions or tasks.
 Embedded System is the combination of hardware and software and the
software is generally known as firmware which is embedded into the system
hardware.
  Embedded C is used to program a wide range of microcontrollers and
microprocessors. Embedded C requires less number of resources to execute in
comparison with high-level languages such as assembly programming
language.
 Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language
designed to program microcontrollers
 Embedded C is developed by C Standards Committee
 Compilers that are capable of generating microcontroller based output needs to
be used to execute Embedded C code
 Embedded C generates hardware dependent files
 Robots, Vehicle tracking systems, smart monitoring systems are some of the
applications.
Characteristics of Embedded C
 Efficiency:
 Direct Hardware Interaction:
 Low-level Programming:
 Real-time Operations

3. State and describe the characteristics of Embedded systems.

Ans:
1) Power consumption: This is a very important factor for all embedded system which are
powered by batteries. So the amount of power will be consumed by the system, which
decides the capacity or lifetime of battery.

2) Flexibility: The flexibility is the ability to change the functionality of the system without
investing additional NRE cost and hence software is typically considered very flexible as it can
be updated at any time with new version.

3) Processor power: The embedded systems are controlled by microcontrollers or digital signal
processor (DSP). It can handle one or many specific task which require very powerful
processor.

4) Operating system: The embedded operating system is needed in embedded system to limit
the function depending on the embedded device and may only run a single application
which is crucial to the devices operation. Due to this the operating system must be reliable
and able to run with tight constraints on memory, size, time and processing power.

5) Performance: The performance of the system measures by the execution time or throughput
the system.

6) Memory: The program developed for the embedded systems are treated as firmware and
stored in ROM or flash memory chips.

7) Size: The embedded system should be small in size as possible. The software is measured in
bytes and transistor or IC or gates are used for hardware.
 8) Reliability: The embedded system should be much reliable to achieve a better performance
for long duration of time during its complete life cycle.

9) Safety: During the system failure, the system should not cause harm to other.

10) Correctness: By checking the functionality of system, it indicates the functionality of

implemented system is correct or not.

11) Maintainability: It is a most important factor of system in which system can be repaired or
replaced within a certain time interval.

4. What is the difference between the 89C51 and the 8051? How do you configure the 1/0
ports of the 89C51.

Ans:

key differences between the 8051, 89C51microcontrollers are:

1. Memory Size:
- 8051: 4KB of program memory (ROM/EPROM) and 128 bytes of internal data
memory (RAM).
- 89C51: 4KB of program memory and 256 bytes of internal data memory.

2. Peripheral Modules:
- 8051: Basic peripheral modules like timers, interrupts, and I/O ports.
- 89C51: Expanded peripheral modules compared to 8051, such as an additional
timer/counter, more interrupt sources, and more I/O ports.

3. Power Saving Modes:

- 8051: No advanced power saving modes.
- 89C51: Includes power saving modes like Idle Mode and Power Down Mode.

4. Operating Voltage:
- 8051: Typically operates at 5V.
- 89C51: Can operate at lower voltages, such as 3.3V, enabling more power-efficient
designs.

5. How do you add fractions with different denominators.

Ans: Adding fractions with unlike denominators means we need to add fractions that have
different denominators. In this case, we convert the given fractions to like fractions to get
common denominators so that it becomes easier to add them. This is done by finding the
Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the given denominators. We convert each fraction in such
a way so that we have a common denominator, and then we add the numerators to get the
sum.
Steps For Adding Fractions with Unlike Denominators
The following steps show the procedure for adding fractions with unlike denominators.
 Step 1: First, we find out the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the given
denominators.
 Step 2: Then, we write down each fraction in a form such that the LCM becomes the
common denominator. For this, we multiply the numerator and denominator with a
common number with the help of the LCM.
 Step 3: After this step, we add the numerators of these like fractions (which have
common denominators now).
 Step 4: Finally, we reduce the resultant fraction to its lowest terms, if needed.

6. Block diagram of Embedded System with Hardware Components.

Ans:
Processor: The processor is the heart of embedded system. The selection of processor is
based on the
Processor: The processor is the heart of embedded system. The selection of processor is
based on the following consideration
 Instruction set
 Maximum bits of operation on single arithmetic and logical operation
 Speed
 Algorithms processing and capability
 Types of processor( microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, application
specific processor, general purpose processor)
Power source:
Internal power supply is must. Es require from power up to power down to start time task.
Also it can run continuously that is stay “On’ system consumes total power hence efficient
real time programming by using proper ‘wait’ and ‘stop’ instruction or disable some unit
which are not in use can save or limit power consumption.
Clock / oscillator Circuits:
The clock ckt is used for CPU, system timers, and CPU machine cycles clock controls the time
for executing an instruction. Clock oscillator may be internal or external .It should be highly
stable.
Real time clock(RTC):
It require to maintain scheduling various tasks and for real time programming RTC also use
for driving timers, counters needs in the system.
Resets Ckts and power on reset:
Reset process starts executing various instruction from the starting address. The address is
set by the processor in the program counter. The reset step resent and runs the program in
the following way
 System program that execute from beginning
 System boot up program
 System initialization program
Memory :
A system embeds either in the internal flash or ROM, PROM or in an external flash or ROM or
PROM of the microcontroller.

7. What are the key features of the 89C51.

Ans: Features of microcontroller 89c51

There are some important features of microcontroller which are given below,

 The 89c51 is compatible with MCS 51 family.

 It has 8 bit data bus and 8 bit (arithmetic logic unit).

 It has 4k bytes of on chip reprogrammable flash memory.

 It supported three level program memory lock.

 It has 16 bit of address bus and 64 kb of RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only
memory).

 It has on chip RAM 128 bytes data memory.

 It has four 8 bit bidirectional input or output ports that is 32 programmable input or output
lines.

 It can execute 1 million one cycle instructions per second with a clock frequency of 12MHz.

 It has one UART programmable serial ports.

 It has six interrupts source.

 It has two multimode 16 bit timers.

 It has two level interrupts priority.

 It has power saving mode.

8. What's the difference between a timer and a counter.

Ans:
Difference between a Timer and a Counter
The points that differentiate a timer from a counter are as follows −

Timer Counter

The register is incremented considering 1 to 0

The register incremented for
transition at its corresponding to an external
every machine cycle.
input pin (T0, T1).

Maximum count rate is 1/12 of Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator
the oscillator frequency. frequency.

A timer uses the frequency of

A counter uses an external signal to count
the internal clock, and
pulses.
generates delay.

9. Draw pin diagram of 89C51.

Ans:
10. List various data types in embedded C with their data range.

Ans:

Data types Size in bits Data Range/usage

Unsigned char 8 0 to 255

Signed char 8 -128 to +127

Unsigned int 16 0 to 65535

Signed int 16 -32768 to +32767

Sbit 1 SFR bit addressable only

Bit 1 RAM bit addressable only

sfr 8 RAM addresses 80-FF H only

11. Define AVR and ARM microcontroller? Some application of AVR and ARM.
Ans:
AVR micro-controller :
 AVR micro-controller is manufactured by Atmel corporation in the year 1996.
It is based on RISC Instruction set Architecture (ISA) and also called as
Advanced Virtual RISC.
 It has bus width of 8 bit or 32 bit.
 Its speed is 1 clock per instruction cycle.
 Popular micro-controllers include Atmega8, 16, 32, Arduino Community.
ARM micro-controller
:
 ARM micro-controller was introduced by Acorn computer organization and is
manufactured by Apple, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Motorola, ST Microelectronics,
Samsung Electronics, and TI etc.
 It has bus width of 32 bit and also available in 64 bit.
 Its speed is also 1 clock per instruction cycle.
 Popular micro-controllers include LPC2148, ARM Cortex-M0 to ARM
Cortex-M7, etc.

Applications of AVR Microcontroller-

There are many applications of AVR microcontrollers; they are used in home automation,
touch screen, automobiles, medical devices, and defense.
 Applications of ARM Microcontroller
 Mobile Phones, PDAs
o Almost all
 Portable Games Consoles
o Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable
o GameBoy Advance, GP2x
 Portable Media Players, Camcorders
o Apple iPod
 GPS Navigation Systems
o Tom Tom 300
 Set Top Boxes, TVs, Hard Discs, Routers.

12 What are the different types of interrupts.

Ans:

12. Write some advantages of Harvard and Von-Neumann Architecture.

Ans:

13. How do you set up an interrupt service routine (ISR) for a timer.
Ans:

14. Draw the block diagram of PIC microcontroller.

Ans:

15. Classify flow chart of Embedded C program.

Ans: