Download Full Version ebookmass - Visit ebookmass.

com

Java: The Complete Reference (Complete Reference

Series) 13th Edition Schildt

https://ebookmass.com/product/java-the-complete-reference-
complete-reference-series-13th-edition-schildt/

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD NOW

Discover More Ebook - Explore Now at ebookmass.com

 Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you
Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Java: The Complete Reference, Twelfth Edition Schildt

https://ebookmass.com/product/java-the-complete-reference-twelfth-
edition-schildt/

ebookmass.com

Java: The Complete Reference 12th Edition Herbert Schildt

https://ebookmass.com/product/java-the-complete-reference-12th-
edition-herbert-schildt/

ebookmass.com

Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam

13th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/mechanical-engineering-reference-manual-
for-the-pe-exam-13th-edition/

ebookmass.com

Morgan & Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology 6th edition

Edition John F. Butterworth

https://ebookmass.com/product/morgan-mikhails-clinical-
anesthesiology-6th-edition-edition-john-f-butterworth/

ebookmass.com
Practitioner’s Guide to Functional Behavioral Assessment:
Process, Purpose, Planning, and Prevention (Autism and
Child Psychopathology Series) – Ebook PDF Version
https://ebookmass.com/product/practitioners-guide-to-functional-
behavioral-assessment-process-purpose-planning-and-prevention-autism-
and-child-psychopathology-series-ebook-pdf-version/
ebookmass.com

The Woman With Two Shadows Sarah James

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-woman-with-two-shadows-sarah-
james-2/

ebookmass.com

Burnsu2019 Pediatric Primary Care E-Book

https://ebookmass.com/product/burns-pediatric-primary-care-e-book/

ebookmass.com

Intolerable : mm enemies to lovers romance (Shooting Star

Book 4) Sienna Sway

https://ebookmass.com/product/intolerable-mm-enemies-to-lovers-
romance-shooting-star-book-4-sienna-sway/

ebookmass.com

Innovations in Graphene-Based Polymer Composites Sanjay

Mavinkere Rangappa

https://ebookmass.com/product/innovations-in-graphene-based-polymer-
composites-sanjay-mavinkere-rangappa/

ebookmass.com
Computational Network Science An Algorithmic Approach 1st
Edition Hexmoor

https://ebookmass.com/product/computational-network-science-an-
algorithmic-approach-1st-edition-hexmoor/

ebookmass.com
About the Authors

Best-selling author Herbert Schildt has written extensively about

programming for over three decades and is a leading authority on
the Java language. Called “one of the world’s foremost authors of
books about programming” by International Developer magazine, his
books have sold millions of copies worldwide and have been
translated into all major foreign languages. He is the author of
numerous books on Java, including Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Herb
Schildt’s Java Programming Cookbook, Introducing JavaFX 8
Programming, and Swing: A Beginner’s Guide. He has also written
extensively about C, C++, and C#. Featured as one of the rock star
programmers in Ed Burns’ book Secrets of the Rock Star
Programmers: Riding the IT Crest, Schildt is interested in all facets
of computing, but his primary focus is computer languages. Schildt
holds both BA and MCS degrees from the University of Illinois.

Dr. Danny Coward has worked on all editions of the Java platform.
He led the definition of Java Servlets into the first version of the Java
EE platform and beyond, web services into the Java ME platform,
and the strategy and planning for Java SE 7. He helped found JavaFX
technology and designed the Java WebSocket API in Java EE. From
coding in Java, to designing APIs with industry experts, to serving
for several years as an executive to the Java Community Process, he
has a uniquely broad perspective into multiple aspects of Java
technology. In addition, he is the author of two books on Java
programming: Java WebSocket Programming and Java EE 7: The Big
Picture. More recently, he has been applying his knowledge of Java
to scale Java-based services for one of the world’s most successful
software companies. Dr. Coward holds bachelor’s, master’s, and
doctorate degrees in mathematics from the University of Oxford.

About the Technical Editor

Simon Ritter is the deputy CTO of Azul. Simon joined Sun

Microsystems in 1996 and spent time working in both Java
development and consultancy. He has been presenting Java
technologies to developers since 1999, focusing on the core Java
platform as well as client and embedded applications. At Azul, he
continues to help people understand Java and the JVM.

Simon is a Java Champion and two-time recipient of the JavaOne

Rockstar award. In addition, he represents Azul on the JCP Executive
Committee, the OpenJDK Vulnerability Group, and the JSR Expert
Group since Java SE 9.
Copyright © 2024 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Except as
permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of publisher, with the exception that the program
listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system,
but they may not be reproduced for publication.

ISBN: 978-1-26-506270-5
MHID: 1-26-506270-6

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this
title: ISBN: 978-1-26-505843-2, MHID: 1-26-505843-1.

eBook conversion by codeMantra

Version 1.0

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather

than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a
trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and
to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of
infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in
this book, they have been printed with initial caps.

McGraw Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use

as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training
programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us
page at www.mhprofessional.com.

Information has been obtained by McGraw Hill from sources believed

to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or
mechanical error by our sources, McGraw Hill, or others, McGraw Hill
does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any
information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the
results obtained from the use of such information.

Oracle Corporation does not make any representations or warranties

as to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information
contained in this Work, and is not responsible for any errors or
omissions.

TERMS OF USE

This is a copyrighted work and McGraw Hill (“McGraw Hill”) and its
licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is
subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act
of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work,
you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce,
modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute,
disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it
without McGraw Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your
own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is
strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if
you fail to comply with these terms.

THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW HILL AND ITS

LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE
ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE
OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY
INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA
HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY
WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

McGraw Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the
functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that
its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw Hill
nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any
inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for
any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw Hill has no responsibility
for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under
no circumstances shall McGraw Hill and/or its licensors be liable for
any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar
damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work,
even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such
damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause
whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or
otherwise.
 Contents at a Glance

PART I The Java Language

1 The History and Evolution of Java

2 An Overview of Java

3 Data Types, Variables, and Arrays

4 Operators

5 Control Statements

6 Introducing Classes

7 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes

8 Inheritance

9 Packages and Interfaces

10 Exception Handling

11 Multithreaded Programming

12 Enumerations, Autoboxing, and Annotations

13 I/O, Try-with-Resources, and Other Topics

14 Generics

15 Lambda Expressions

16 Modules

17 Switch Expressions, Records, and Other Recently Added

Features

PART II The Java Library

18 String Handling

19 Exploring java.lang

20 java.util Part 1: The Collections Framework

21 java.util Part 2: More Utility Classes

22 Input/Output: Exploring java.io

23 Exploring NIO

24 Networking

25 Event Handling
26 Introducing the AWT: Working with Windows, Graphics, and
Text

27 Using AWT Controls, Layout Managers, and Menus

28 Images

29 The Concurrency Utilities

30 The Stream API

31 Regular Expressions and Other Packages

PART III Introducing GUI Programming with Swing

32 Introducing Swing

33 Exploring Swing

34 Introducing Swing Menus

PART IV Applying Java

35 Java Beans

36 Introducing Servlets

PART V Appendixes
 A Using Java’s Documentation Comments

B Introducing JShell

C Compile and Run Simple Single-File Programs in One Step

Index
 Contents

Foreword

Preface

Part I The Java Language

Chapter 1 The History and Evolution of Java

Java’s Lineage

The Birth of Modern Programming: C

C++: The Next Step

The Stage Is Set for Java

The Creation of Java

The C# Connection

Longevity

How Java Impacted the Internet

Java Applets
Security

Portability

Java’s Magic: The Bytecode

Moving Beyond Applets

A Faster Release Schedule

Servlets: Java on the Server Side

The Java Buzzwords

Simple

Object-Oriented

Robust

Multithreaded

Architecture-Neutral

Interpreted and High Performance

Distributed

Dynamic
The Evolution of Java

A Culture of Innovation

Chapter 2 An Overview of Java

Object-Oriented Programming

Two Paradigms

Abstraction

The Three OOP Principles

A First Simple Program

Entering the Program

Compiling the Program

A Closer Look at the First Sample Program

A Second Short Program

Two Control Statements

The if Statement

The for Loop

Using Blocks of Code

Lexical Issues

Whitespace

Identifiers

Literals

Comments

Separators

The Java Keywords

The Java Class Libraries

Chapter 3 Data Types, Variables, and Arrays

Java Is a Strongly Typed Language

The Primitive Types

Integers

byte

short
int

long

Floating-Point Types

float

double

Characters

Booleans

A Closer Look at Literals

Integer Literals

Floating-Point Literals

Boolean Literals

Character Literals

String Literals

Variables

Declaring a Variable
Dynamic Initialization

The Scope and Lifetime of Variables

Type Conversion and Casting

Java’s Automatic Conversions

Casting Incompatible Types

Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions

The Type Promotion Rules

Arrays

One-Dimensional Arrays

Multidimensional Arrays

Alternative Array Declaration Syntax

Introducing Type Inference with Local Variables

Some var Restrictions

A Few Words About Strings

Chapter 4 Operators
Arithmetic Operators

The Basic Arithmetic Operators

The Modulus Operator

Arithmetic Compound Assignment Operators

Increment and Decrement

The Bitwise Operators

The Bitwise Logical Operators

The Left Shift

The Right Shift

The Unsigned Right Shift

Bitwise Operator Compound Assignments

Relational Operators

Boolean Logical Operators

Short-Circuit Logical Operators

The Assignment Operator

The ? Operator

Operator Precedence

Using Parentheses

Chapter 5 Control Statements

Java’s Selection Statements

if

The Traditional switch

Iteration Statements

while

do-while

for

The For-Each Version of the for Loop

Local Variable Type Inference in a for Loop

Nested Loops

Jump Statements
Using break

Using continue

return

Chapter 6 Introducing Classes

Class Fundamentals

The General Form of a Class

A Simple Class

Declaring Objects

A Closer Look at new

Assigning Object Reference Variables

Introducing Methods

Adding a Method to the Box Class

Returning a Value

Adding a Method That Takes Parameters

Constructors
Parameterized Constructors

The this Keyword

Instance Variable Hiding

Garbage Collection

A Stack Class

Chapter 7 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes

Overloading Methods

Overloading Constructors

Using Objects as Parameters

A Closer Look at Argument Passing

Returning Objects

Recursion

Introducing Access Control

Understanding static

Introducing final
Arrays Revisited

Introducing Nested and Inner Classes

Exploring the String Class

Using Command-Line Arguments

Varargs: Variable-Length Arguments

Overloading Vararg Methods

Varargs and Ambiguity

Local Variable Type Inference with Reference Types

Chapter 8 Inheritance

Inheritance Basics

Member Access and Inheritance

A More Practical Example

A Superclass Variable Can Reference a Subclass Object

Using super

Using super to Call Superclass Constructors

A Second Use for super

Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy

When Constructors Are Executed

Method Overriding

Dynamic Method Dispatch

Why Overridden Methods?

Applying Method Overriding

Using Abstract Classes

Using final with Inheritance

Using final to Prevent Overriding

Using final to Prevent Inheritance

Local Variable Type Inference and Inheritance

The Object Class

Chapter 9 Packages and Interfaces

Packages
Defining a Package

Finding Packages and CLASSPATH

A Short Package Example

Packages and Member Access

An Access Example

Importing Packages

Interfaces

Defining an Interface

Implementing Interfaces

Nested Interfaces

Applying Interfaces

Variables in Interfaces

Interfaces Can Be Extended

Default Interface Methods

Default Method Fundamentals

A More Practical Example

Multiple Inheritance Issues

Use static Methods in an Interface

Private Interface Methods

Final Thoughts on Packages and Interfaces

Chapter 10 Exception Handling

Exception-Handling Fundamentals

Exception Types

Uncaught Exceptions

Using try and catch

Displaying a Description of an Exception

Multiple catch Clauses

Nested try Statements

throw

throws
finally

Java’s Built-in Exceptions

Creating Your Own Exception Subclasses

Chained Exceptions

Three Additional Exception Features

Using Exceptions

Chapter 11 Multithreaded Programming

The Java Thread Model

Thread Priorities

Synchronization

Messaging

The Thread Class and the Runnable Interface

The Main Thread

Creating a Thread

Implementing Runnable
Extending Thread

Choosing an Approach

Creating Multiple Threads

Using isAlive( ) and join( )

Thread Priorities

Synchronization

Using Synchronized Methods

The synchronized Statement

Interthread Communication

Deadlock

Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping Threads

Obtaining a Thread’s State

Using a Factory Method to Create and Start a Thread

Virtual Threads

Using Multithreading
Chapter 12 Enumerations, Autoboxing, and Annotations

Enumerations

Enumeration Fundamentals

The values( ) and valueOf( ) Methods

Java Enumerations Are Class Types

Enumerations Inherit Enum

Another Enumeration Example

Type Wrappers

Character

Boolean

The Numeric Type Wrappers

Autoboxing

Autoboxing and Methods

Autoboxing/Unboxing Occurs in Expressions

Autoboxing/Unboxing Boolean and Character Values

Autoboxing/Unboxing Helps Prevent Errors

A Word of Warning

Annotations

Annotation Basics

Specifying a Retention Policy

Obtaining Annotations at Run Time by Use of Reflection

The AnnotatedElement Interface

Using Default Values

Marker Annotations

Single-Member Annotations

The Built-In Annotations

Type Annotations

Repeating Annotations

Some Restrictions

Chapter 13 I/O, Try-with-Resources, and Other Topics

I/O Basics

Streams

Byte Streams and Character Streams

The Predefined Streams

Reading Console Input

Reading Characters

Reading Strings

Writing Console Output

The PrintWriter Class

Reading and Writing Files

Automatically Closing a File

The transient and volatile Modifiers

Introducing instanceof

strictfp

Native Methods
Using assert

Assertion Enabling and Disabling Options

Static Import

Invoking Overloaded Constructors Through this( )

A Word About Value-Based Classes

Chapter 14 Generics

What Are Generics?

A Simple Generics Example

Generics Work Only with Reference Types

Generic Types Differ Based on Their Type Arguments

How Generics Improve Type Safety

A Generic Class with Two Type Parameters

The General Form of a Generic Class

Bounded Types

Using Wildcard Arguments

Bounded Wildcards

Creating a Generic Method

Generic Constructors

Generic Interfaces

Raw Types and Legacy Code

Generic Class Hierarchies

Using a Generic Superclass

A Generic Subclass

Run-Time Type Comparisons Within a Generic Hierarchy

Casting

Overriding Methods in a Generic Class

Type Inference with Generics

Local Variable Type Inference and Generics

Erasure

Bridge Methods
Ambiguity Errors

Some Generic Restrictions

Type Parameters Can’t Be Instantiated

Restrictions on Static Members

Generic Array Restrictions

Generic Exception Restriction

Chapter 15 Lambda Expressions

Introducing Lambda Expressions

Lambda Expression Fundamentals

Functional Interfaces

Some Lambda Expression Examples

Block Lambda Expressions

Generic Functional Interfaces

Passing Lambda Expressions as Arguments

Lambda Expressions and Exceptions

Lambda Expressions and Variable Capture

Method References

Method References to static Methods

Method References to Instance Methods

Method References with Generics

Constructor References

Predefined Functional Interfaces

Chapter 16 Modules

Module Basics

A Simple Module Example

Compile and Run the First Module Example

A Closer Look at requires and exports

java.base and the Platform Modules

Legacy Code and the Unnamed Module

Exporting to a Specific Module

Using requires transitive

Use Services

Service and Service Provider Basics

The Service-Based Keywords

A Module-Based Service Example

Module Graphs

Three Specialized Module Features

Open Modules

The opens Statement

requires static

Introducing jlink and Module JAR Files

Linking Files in an Exploded Directory

Linking Modular JAR Files

JMOD Files

A Brief Word About Layers and Automatic Modules

Final Thoughts on Modules

Chapter 17 Switch Expressions, Records, and Other Recently Added

Features

Records

Record Basics

Create Record Constructors

Another Record Constructor Example

Create Record Getter Methods

Pattern Matching with instanceof

Pattern Variables in a Logical AND Expression

Pattern Matching in Other Statements

Enhancements to switch

Use a List of case Constants

Introducing the switch Expression and the yield Statement

Introducing the Arrow in a case Statement

A Closer Look at the Arrow case

Another switch Expression Example

Pattern Matching in switch

Text Blocks

Text Block Fundamentals

Understanding Leading Whitespace

Use Double Quotes in a Text Block

Escape Sequences in Text Blocks

Pattern Matching with Records

Sealed Classes and Interfaces

Sealed Classes

Sealed Interfaces

Future Directions

Part II The Java Library

Chapter 18 String Handling

The String Constructors

String Length

Special String Operations

String Literals

String Concatenation

String Concatenation with Other Data Types

String Conversion and toString( )

Character Extraction

charAt( )

getChars( )

getBytes( )

toCharArray( )

String Comparison

equals( ) and equalsIgnoreCase( )

regionMatches( )
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
interesting district—the Isle of Purbeck.
 CORFE CASTLE
By Albert Bankes
HERE is reason to believe that a castle existed at Corfe
in the reign of King Alfred, but in his time this structure,
which afterwards became so large as to vie with the
noblest royal habitations in the kingdom, consisted
probably of only a single strong tower on the summit of
the hill constituting one of the defences of Wareham, which in Saxon
times was a very important town and port.
In 875 Wareham Castle, then the strongest place in all Wessex,
was surprised and taken by a Danish general, and it was not until
877, two years later, that King Alfred succeeded in driving his Danish
foes out of Wareham. To prevent the return of the enemy was the
object of building a fortress at Corfe (“Corfes-geat,” as it was then
called), a break or pass in the lofty range of the Purbeck hills. To
quote from Hutchins’ History of Dorset:
Whatever may have been the size or construction of the
castle in the days of King Alfred, it was greatly extended
and embellished in the century next following under the
direction of the magnificent King Edgar.
With Elfrida, the infamous Queen of King Edgar, commences what
is important in the history of this castle. King Edgar, who died in the
thirty-third year of his age, bequeathed this Castle of Corfe to her as
a dowry mansion, and in this princely residence, which her royal
husband had with so much cost and care prepared for her, she
plotted and accomplished the murder of his son. On the death of
Edgar (975) there was a contest between two parties in the state, the
one supporting the claim to the throne of Edward, son of the late
King by his first wife, the other seeking to place the crown on the
head of Ethelred, the son of Elfrida. Edward’s cause, which was
supported by Dunstan, succeeded; but he only reigned, as we shall
presently see, four years.
Corfe Castle.
 King Edgar was twice married. By his first wife he had issue,
Edward, who at a very early age became his successor, and who is
known in history as King Edward the Martyr.
The second wife of Edgar was Elfrida, daughter of Ordgar, Earl of
Devonshire. It is related that the fame of her transcendent beauty
having reached the King’s ears, he sent one of his earls, named
Athelwold, to visit her father and ascertain privately whether her
charms were as great as they had been represented. Athelwold saw
her, and, immediately becoming enamoured, made a false report to
his sovereign, and won her for himself. Rumours, however, that he
had been deceived, soon reached the King, and he determined to
ascertain the truth with his own eyes. Alarmed at the impending
danger, Athelwold entreated his wife to adopt some means of
disguising her charms; but Elfrida had now an opportunity of
gratifying her ambition. She exerted all her powers to increase her
natural beauty, and succeeded in attracting the attention of the King.
To get rid of Athelwold was in those days the simplest of
transactions, and King Edgar, having caused Athelwold to be
assassinated in a wood, Elfrida became his Queen. So great was the
King’s love for Elfrida that he is said to have granted the whole
county of Dorset for her dowry. But Elfrida had not yet reached the
height of her ambition. It was not sufficient for her to have become a
queen through assassination, for she scrupled not, after her
husband’s death, also by means of assassination, to make a king of
her own son. In the month of March (978) Edward the Martyr, as he
is now called, was hunting in a large wood near Wareham. Towards
evening he resolved to pay a visit to his brother, who resided at the
Castle with their royal mother. The attendants of the King had been
dispersed in the chase; he was alone, and Elfrida, having notice of
this favourable opportunity, came forth in a most affable and friendly
manner, inviting him to alight from his horse. This he declined to do,
and remained at the gate, expressing his desire to see his brother.
The Queen then called for wine, which he had scarce put to his lips
when one of her attendants, who had given the King the kiss of
peace, stabbed him in the back. Some of the ancient chroniclers
affirm that Elfrida herself gave him both the kiss and the mortal
wound whilst he was drinking. In any case, finding himself wounded,
the King rode away; but, fainting from loss of blood, he fell from his
horse, and, his foot being entangled in the stirrup, he was dragged a
considerable distance, until the horse stopped of its own accord at a
bridge which crosses the small river that flows at the foot of the hill
on which the Castle stands. A servant, sent by Elfrida to ascertain
the result of her treachery, found the murdered Prince dead, and
terribly defaced by the flints over which he had been dragged. The
Queen, to conceal the fact, ordered his body to be lodged in a house
near where it was, and covered with such mean clothes as were at
hand.
Of course, there are plenty of miraculous stories attached to this
true history, of which we in this twentieth century may believe as
much or as little as we like. It is said, for instance, that in the house
where King Edward’s body lay lived a woman who was born blind,
but at midnight she found her sight restored, and, to her great terror,
her house was full of light. In the morning, the Queen, being
informed of these circumstances, and fearing a discovery, ordered
the body to be thrown into a well. She then retired to a mansion
called Bere, ten miles distant. Her own son, Ethelred, on expressing
his grief at his mother’s inhuman act, received a severe beating from
her with some large wax tapers, they being the first weapons which
the royal mother could lay her hands on wherewith to chastise her
son.
In the year following, a second miracle is said to have taken place
—a pillar of fire descended from above and illuminated the place
where the body was hidden. Some devout people of Wareham
brought it to the church of St. Mary in that town, and buried it in a
plain manner.
As for the once beautiful but now guilty Elfrida, it is related that she
became extremely penitent, and, abdicating her regal state, retired to
the Abbey of Wherwell, in Hampshire, which she had founded, and
there, having clothed her body in hair-cloth, for many years slept at
night on the ground without a pillow, and mortified her flesh with
every kind of penance.
 We meet with few incidents of an important character connected
with Corfe Castle during the first six reigns after the Norman
Conquest.
During the eventful reign of the tyrannical John (1199-1216) Corfe
Castle became again a royal residence. The King deposited within
its walls his treasure and regalia, using the Castle also for the
confinement of State prisoners, the objects of his jealousy and
revenge. In the year 1202 King John took prisoners at the Castle of
Mirabel in Poitou, in France, the youthful Prince Arthur, Duke of
Brittany, his nephew, together with his sister, the Princess Eleanor. It
must be remembered that this Prince Arthur, being the only son of
John’s elder brother, Geoffrey, was the real heir to the throne after
the death of Richard Cœur de Lion. Prince Arthur is supposed to
have been murdered at Rouen by order of King John; but the
Princess (sometimes called the “Damsel of Bretagne,” and
sometimes from her personal attractions, the “Beauty of Brittany”),
having inherited her brother’s legal right to the throne, was brought
to England and kept a close prisoner for the rest of her life. For some
time she was a prisoner in Corfe Castle, where she remained at the
decease of her uncle, King John. Two other princesses shared the
captivity of the beautiful and high-spirited Eleanor during her
residence at Corfe, and were her companions there. These were
Margery and Isabel, the two daughters of William, King of Scotland.
Some curious and interesting details have come down to us
respecting articles supplied for the use of the royal ladies whilst they
remained at Corfe Castle, which show that they enjoyed many
indulgences. For instance, on June 29th, 1213, the Mayor and
Reeves of Winchester were commanded to supply to the Queen, the
King’s niece, and the two daughters of the King of Scotland who
were at Corfe Castle, such robes and caps and all other things
necessary for the vestment as should be demanded (the cost to be
repaid out of the King’s Exchequer). There is another interesting
entry on July 6th, 1213: The Mayor of Winchester was commanded
to send in haste to the King, for the use of his niece, Eleanor, and
the two daughters of the King of Scotland, robes of dark green,
namely, tunics and super-tunics, with capes of cambric and fur of
Minever and twenty-three yards of good linen cloth; also, for the
King’s niece, one good cap of dark brown, furred with Minever, and
one hood for rainy weather, for the use of the same; besides robes of
bright green, for the use of their three waiting-maids; also tunics and
super-tunics and cloaks with capes of Minever or rabbit-skins and
furs of lamb-skins, and thin shoes, for the use of the daughters of the
King of Scotland, the King’s niece, and her three waiting-maids; also,
for the use of the King’s niece, one saddle, with gilded reins; and the
Mayor is to come himself with all the above articles to Corfe, there to
receive the money for the cost of the same. A little later on, another
cap for rainy weather, a riding saddle, shoes, and sixty yards of linen
cloth, are ordered to be supplied from Winchester.
The prices paid give us an insight into the value of money at that
period:—
£ s. d.
A silken couch 1 10 1
2 coverlets of fine linen 2 2 1
6½ yards of scarlet for coverlets 1 3 0
1 fur of lamb-skin 0 4 0

Ten shillings a day were allowed to the Sheriff for the Princesses’
maintenance.
To return to Prince Arthur and his wicked uncle. King John
captured at the same time as Prince Arthur many barons and more
than two hundred knights of Poitou and Guienne, who were in arms
with Prince Arthur. These were all loaded with irons and sent to
different prisons in Normandy and England. Many of these poor
prisoners perished in their prisons, and no fewer than twenty-two of
the noblest and bravest of them were starved to death in Corfe
Castle.
From the reign of King John to that of Queen Elizabeth allusion is
frequently made in history to Corfe Castle.
It was in 1587, in the days of Queen Elizabeth, that Corfe Castle
ceased to be a royal residence, she having sold it to Sir Christopher
Hatton for £4,761 18s. 7½d. Sir Christopher repaired and decorated
the Castle at vast expense.
During the “Invincible Armada” scare, Corfe Castle once more
became a fortress. Cannons were for the first time mounted on its
walls, and Queen Elizabeth for encouragement gave a charter to the
inhabitants of the Castle and borough, which conferred upon them all
the same rights and privileges as those enjoyed by the inhabitants of
the Cinque Ports, including the right of returning two members to
Parliament. The Spanish fleet did, in fact, pass within a short
distance of the Dorset coast; but, as the so-called Invincible Armada
came utterly to grief, it gave no further trouble.
As Sir Christopher Hatton died a bachelor, Corfe Castle passed to
his nephew Sir William Hatton, who, dying without children, left the
Castle to his widow, the Lady Elizabeth Hatton, who married Lord
Chief Justice Coke.
On the death of Sir Edward Coke, his widow and daughter found
themselves at liberty to dispose of a mansion whose gloomy
grandeur and position, remote from the busier scenes of life, did not
well accord with their tastes and habits; so that on Sir John Bankes
making an offer for the purchase of the Castle, the ladies were
doubtless only too glad to conclude the bargain.
Sir John Bankes was descended from a good Cumberland family
living in Keswick, where he was born in 1589. At the age of fifteen he
went to Oxford University, and in due course became a barrister in
Gray’s Inn. His extraordinary diligence in his profession
recommended him early to his sovereign, Charles I., and in 1640 he
was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. His wife, the brave
Lady Bankes, was a daughter of the very ancient family of the
Hawtreys, of Rislip, in Middlesex.
To enter the Castle an ancient stone bridge, consisting of four
semi-circular arches, must be traversed. There is probably no bridge
of greater antiquity in the West of England.
 The first ward forms an irregular triangle, containing eight towers,
at unequal distances, of amazing strength and durability. The
gateway leading to the second ward has provision for a portcullis of
vast size similar to that which is found in the grand staircase. Just
within the gateway, on the right hand, was a flight of steps which led
up to the Great or King’s Tower on the exterior summit of a very high
hill. Tradition says, and apparently with truth, that just at the entrance
of this second ward, under the archway, Edward the Martyr received
his death-blow from the hand of the assassin. The dungeon, an
octagonal tower, is said to have been the place of imprisonment for
criminals and captives of inferior rank. Near this tower a stone is
visible, projecting from the wall, with a deep notch cut into it, which is
said to have been the place of execution. The third and principal
ward is situate on the highest part of the hill, and on the west part, on
the very top of the hill, stood the Great, or King’s Tower, 72 ft. by 60
ft., and about 80 ft. high, with a wall 12 ft. thick. This seems to have
been the State prison, as the windows that remain are such a height
above the floors that they must have been thus arranged in order to
prevent the prisoners escaping. The fourth ward is the least of all the
wards; in it was a small garden at the east end, near which was the
Sally Port, where the enemy entered when the Castle was surprised;
and near it is a well, now stopped up, into which (tradition says) Lady
Bankes threw a considerable quantity of money and plate.
King Charles I. was a victim to circumstances. The Civil War was
the result of the reaction of the popular mind in favour of liberty from
its slavish submission to the tyranny of the Tudor Kings. It was
hastened by King Charles’ folly in enforcing subsidies to pay off his
father’s debts and to carry on his Continental wars, without the
consent of the people; also by his resolution to rule the kingdom
without a parliament.
King Charles came to the throne in 1625, but it was not until 1642
that the unhappy differences between the King and the two Houses
of Parliament grew so great that nothing but the sword could decide
the controversy. Poor Sir John Bankes found himself in a very
unfortunate position. He was upon the summer circuit, and when
presiding at the assizes at Salisbury he had, in his charge to the
Grand Jury, denounced the Earl of Essex, Lord Manchester, and
others, as guilty of high treason for continuing in arms against the
King. Another serious subject of offence consisted in the fact of his
having subscribed liberally to the necessities of the King—an
acknowledgment of which, in King Charles’ own hand-writing, is still
preserved at Kingston Lacy. These and various other causes were
quite sufficient to induce a furious assault upon Corfe Castle.
Prior to this, Lady Bankes, who is described as being a prudent
lady, resolved with her children and family to retire to Corfe Castle, to
shelter themselves from the storm which she saw was coming. She
remained undisturbed all the winter and a great part of the spring,
until May, 1643, when the rebels, under the command of Sir Walter
Erle and Sir Thomas Trenchard, of Wolfeton House, and others, had
gained possession of Dorchester, Lyme Regis, Melcombe,
Weymouth, Wareham, and Poole. Portland Castle being
treacherously delivered to the rebels, only Corfe Castle remained in
obedience to the King. But the rebels, wanting to add this castle to
their other garrisons, and preferring to try and gain it by treachery,
resolved to lay hold of an opportunity that they knew was just about
to offer. To quote the language of the old chronicler:
It seems that by an ancient usage the Mayor and the
Barons (as his Town Councillors were called) of Corfe
Castle, accompanied by the gentry of the Island of
Purbeck, had permission from the Lord of the Castle on
May Day to course a stag, which every year was
performed with much solemnity and great concourse of
people.
On May Day, 1642, some troops of horse from Dorchester and
other places came into the island under pretence of hunting the stag;
but really their intention was suddenly to surprise the gentlemen
whilst hunting and to take Corfe Castle. But the news of their coming
reached the Castle before them. The hunters dispersed, and Lady
Bankes ordered the great gates of the Castle to be closed against all
comers. The troopers accordingly found themselves cheated of their
prey, whereupon the common soldiers used threatening language;
but the officers, who knew better how to conceal their resolution,
utterly disavowed any such thought, denying that they had any
orders to attack the Castle. Lady Bankes was not deceived by the
officers’ civil speeches; and, to quote once more from the old
chronicler:
She very wisely, and like herself, hence took occasion to
call in a guard to assist her, not knowing how soon she
might have occasion to make use of them, it being now
more than probable that the rebels had a design upon the
Castle.
No one, of course, knows to what straits the poor lady and her few
faithful attendants were put; but provisions must have been at a low
ebb or Lady Bankes would never have delivered up the four small
cannons, the biggest carrying not above a 3-lb. shot. The result of
this compromise was that, having delivered up the four cannons, the
rebels agreed to permit her to enjoy the Castle in peace and
quietness. Having gained the four cannons, the rebels retired, and,
growing weary of watching the Castle gates, they grew negligent as
to what was brought in, nor did they take care, as before, to intercept
supplies which might enable the Castle people to hold out against a
siege. Lady Bankes, making use of this carelessness, furnished the
Castle with provisions of every description. A supply, too, of
ammunition was brought in; and, hearing that the King’s forces,
under Prince Maurice and the Marquis of Hertford, were advancing
towards Blandford, Lady Bankes sent a private messenger begging
that some officers might be sent to take charge of the Castle:
whereupon Captain Laurence, son of Sir Edward Laurence, a
gentleman of the Isle of Purbeck, was sent. There was likewise in
the Castle one Captain Bond, an old soldier, “whom,” says the
chronicler, “I should deprive of his due honour not to mention him as
having shared in the honour of this resistance.”
On June 23rd, 1643, commenced a six weeks’ strict siege of Corfe
Castle, between 200 and 300 horse and foot, with two cannons; the
rebels faced the Castle, and from the hills surrounding played on the
fortress. At the same time they set on fire four houses in the town of
Corfe, and then summoned the Castle to surrender; but, receiving a
refusal, for that time they left it—but only for a time, as Sir Walter
Erle, accompanied by Captain Sydenham, Captain Henry Jervis, and
Captain Skuts, of Poole, with a body of between five and six hundred
men, came and took possession of the town of Corfe, taking
advantage of a misty morning, so as to find no resistance from the
Castle. With a small cannon, a culverin, and their muskets, they
played on the fortress. To bind the soldiers by tie of conscience, they
administered an oath to them, mutually binding themselves to most
unchristian resolutions—that if they found the defendants obstinate,
they would not yield; that they would maintain the siege to victory
and deny quarter unto all, killing without mercy men, women, and
children. And to bring on their own soldiers they deceived them with
falsehoods, saying that the Castle stood on a level, with good
advantages of approach; also, that there were only forty men within
the fortress, of whom twenty were ready to turn traitors. They also
did their best to corrupt the defenders of the Castle to betray it into
their hands; but when all these arts took no effect, the rebel
commanders fell to stratagems and engines. One of these machines
they called a “sow,” and the other a “boar”; they were made with
boards lined with wool to deaden the shot. The “sow” was a class of
engine used as a protection for soldiers attacking a fortress; it was
constructed of strong timber, bound together by hoop-iron, and
roofed with hides and sheepskins to render it proof against such
musket-shot or other missiles as were then in use. In front there
were doors and windows, which were kept closed till the walls were
reached; but behind it was open for the admission or retreat of the
besiegers. Mounted on wheels, it was moved forward by the
occupants by means of levers.
The rebels used Corfe Church as their principal battery and
headquarters, and they seem to have desecrated the interior of the
sacred building in every possible way. Of the surplices they made
shirts for the soldiers; the organ pipes were torn down to serve as
cases for their powder and shot; and, not being furnished with
musket bullets, they cut off the lead of the church, and, rolling it up,
they shot it without ever casting it in a mould.
 Sir Walter Erle and the other rebel commanders were earnest to
press forward the soldiers; but as prodigal as they were of the blood
of their men, they were sparing enough of their own. It was a general
observation, says the chronicler, sarcastically, that valiant Sir Walter
never willingly exposed himself to any hazard; and to the eternal
honour of this knight’s valour, be it recorded that, for fear of musket-
shot, he was seen to creep on all-fours on the side of Corfe Castle
hill to keep himself from danger.
This base cowardice of the assailants added courage and
resolution to the defenders; therefore, not compelled by want, but
rather to brave the rebels, they sallied out of the Castle, and brought
eight cows and a bull into the fortress without a single man being
even wounded.
The rebels, having spent much time and ammunition, and some
men, were now as far from taking the Castle as on the first day they
began. At last the Earl of Warwick sent them 150 sailors, with
several cart-loads of ammunition and scaling ladders, to take the
Castle by assault. Rewards were offered to those who first should
scale the walls: twenty pounds to the first, and smaller sums to those
who should follow; but all this could not avail with these poor
wretches, who were brought hither like sheep to the slaughter. Some
of the rebel party had actually exchanged certain death by the rope
for that of a chance death by bullets, as some of them were actually
condemned criminals let out of prison.
On finding that money rewards and persuasion could not prevail
with such abject, low-spirited men, the rebel commanders resolved
to give their men strong drink, knowing that drunkenness makes
some men fight like lions, who when sober are as cowardly as hares.
The only man who was not the worse for drink, says the chronicler,
with biting sarcasm, was the commander of the party, Sir Walter Erle,
who kept himself sober lest he should become valiant against his
will.
Being now possessed with a borrowed courage, the rebels divided
their forces into two parties, whereof one assaulted the middle ward,
defended by valiant Captain Laurence and the greater part of the
soldiers; while the other assaulted the upper ward, which Lady
Bankes—“to her eternal honour be it spoken,” says the chronicler—
with her daughter, women-servants, and five soldiers, undertook to
defend against the rebels. And what she undertook she bravely
performed, for by heaving over stones and hot embers, they repelled
the rebels and kept them from climbing the ladders. Thus repulsed,
and having lost one hundred men, Sir Walter Erle, on hearing that
the King’s forces were advancing, ran away, leaving Sydenham as
commander-in-chief, who, afraid to appear, kept sanctuary in Corfe
Church till nightfall, meaning to sup and run away by starlight; but,
supper being ready and set on the table, an alarm was given that the
King’s forces were coming. This news took away Sydenham’s
appetite; so, leaving artillery, ammunition, and last, but not least, his
good supper, the rebels all ran away to take boat for Poole, leaving
on the shore about one hundred horses, which proved a valuable
prize next day to the soldiers of the Castle.
Thus, after six weeks’ strict siege, Corfe Castle, the desire of the
enemy, by the loyalty and brave resolution of Lady Bankes, the
valour of Captain Laurence and some eighty soldiers, was delivered
from the bloody intentions of these merciless rebels on August 4th,
1643.
Few portions of the kingdom were now undisturbed, and civil war
shook the domestic happiness of both the highest and the lowest of
the land.
Poor Sir John Bankes, on his return home from circuit, found his
wife ready to welcome him within the battered walls of his castle. His
wife had become a heroine during his long absence from home, and
his children had endless stories to relate of their invincible prowess
in the days of danger. He found his castle safe and his property
preserved; but Corfe Church had been desecrated and unroofed, the
shops in the little town had been plundered, and all that would burn
of the stone-built cottages around had been destroyed by
conflagration.
 There was much, however, at the moment to render this a joyful
meeting at Corfe Castle, for it seemed as if the sun of the King’s
fortune was about to ascend again. But in 1644 the tide of royal
success, which had flowed so steadily through the western counties
in the preceding year, was now ebbing fast in the county of Dorset.
On June 16th, 1644, Weymouth surrendered to the Earl of Essex,
and three days afterwards Dorchester followed suit. On August 10th,
1644, Colonel Sydenham and Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper arrived
with their troops before the town of Wareham, and began to storm
the outworks, whereupon the town agreed to surrender.
Corfe Castle was now almost the only place of strength between
Exeter and London which still held out for the royal cause, and the
constant valour of Lady Bankes, who defended it, is to be estimated
not so much by her active enterprise and resistance in the hours of
excitement and attack as by her long endurance through tedious
weeks and months of anxiety, encompassed as she was by threats
and dangers on every side. She had now a second winter to look
forward to. All the neighbouring towns had become hostile, and the
only encouragement and aid she could expect (her husband being
absent, and her sons quite young) was that of a garrison to consist
of soldiers brought from a distance, under the command of officers
who were little, if at all, known to her.
Early in the winter the misfortune which she had least reason to
anticipate befell her, for on December 28th, 1644, her husband, the
Chief Justice, died at Oxford. On October 28th, 1645, more effective
operations were taken against Corfe Castle. Colonel Bingham,
Governor of Poole, had two regiments placed at his disposal for this
purpose, and on December 16th further reinforcements were sent by
General Fairfax.
During the whole course of the Civil War no expedition more
gallant had occurred than that of January 29th by a young officer
named Cromwell: whether this young Cromwell was related to the
Protector is uncertain. Hearing of the distressed condition of a
widowed lady shut up with her daughters in a closely-besieged
castle, Cromwell was resolved to make an effort for their relief.
Accompanied by a troop numbering 120 men, who shared the
gallantry of their commander, he set out, probably from Oxford, and,
marching with a degree of rapidity which anticipated all intelligence
of his design, he passed through the quarters of Colonel Cooke
undiscovered, and came to Wareham.
Colonel Butler, the Governor of Wareham, aware that no troops
were expected, took the alarm, barricaded his lodgings, firing from
thence upon his assailant; but the royalist troop had no time to
bestow on this attack. They therefore set fire to a house in the
vicinity which stood near the powder magazine, and the Governor,
thoroughly frightened, consented to yield himself a prisoner. He was
carried, together with others, mounted behind some of the
triumphant troopers, to the foot of Corfe Castle.
Here a large rebel force was drawn up to oppose their further
progress; but the brave bearing of this little troop, together with the
shouts of welcome from the besieged on the walls, induced the
besiegers to give way. The gallant band, having accomplished their
purpose, tendered their services to the lady, and presented also for
her acceptance the prisoners they had so bravely captured.
The object of this chivalrous action was probably an offer of
escape to the ladies from the Castle, which, however, was not
accepted. And on their return Colonel Cromwell, with some of his
troopers, were taken prisoners.
The course of events now shifted rapidly, and though Lady Bankes
was still as intrepid as at first, it was not so with all who were around
her; for the captive Governor of Wareham, Colonel Butler, prevailed
on Colonel Laurence (hitherto so trustworthy) not only to connive at,
but to accompany him in his flight. And there was within the walls
another traitor, Lieutenant-Colonel Pitman, whose conduct was still
more base, his treachery far more fatal in its consequences. This
officer in the Castle garrison, being weary of the King’s service, let
the enemy know that if he might have a protection he would deliver
Corfe Castle to the Parliament. This treacherous offer was accepted,
and a protection order was sent to him from London. On this, Pitman
proposed to Colonel Anketil, the Governor of the Castle, to fetch one
hundred men out of Somerset to add to the Corfe Castle garrison.
This proposal being approved, he formed a design with the rebel,
Colonel Bingham, who commanded the siege, that under this
pretence he should convey more than one hundred men into the
Castle, and as soon as they were entered the besiegers should
make an attack. On this a hundred men were drawn out of
Weymouth garrison and marched to Lulworth Castle, where they
were joined by some thirty or forty more soldiers. Pitman led them in
the night to the port agreed upon for their entrance, where Colonel
Anketil was ready to receive them. Some of these men already knew
every part of the interior of the Castle; but when fifty of these new
soldiers had entered, Colonel Anketil, seeing more in the rear,
ordered the Sally Port to be closed, saying that there were as many
as he could dispose of. The crafty Pitman expostulated on his
causing him to bring these men so far and then to expose them to
the cold and to the enemy.
Those of the fresh soldiers who entered took possession of the
King’s and Queen’s towers and the two platforms, awaiting the time
when the besiegers would make an assault, it being then two hours
after midnight. The besieged, as soon as the fraud was discovered,
fired and threw down great stones upon these intruders, who,
however, maintained their posts. There were, in fact, only six men of
the garrison in the upper part of the Castle, for that was considered
impregnable. The remainder of the defending force was placed in the
lower ward, which had hitherto been the post of danger. The
besieging forces, as soon as they saw their friends on the towers
and platforms, began to advance; and it was then clear to the
inmates of the Castle that they had been most villainously betrayed.
A parley was demanded, and an agreement made that all lives
should be spared, and those who belonged to the town of Corfe
should return quietly to their houses; and the circumstance of a
Parliamentary officer being there with others of that party, prisoners
in the Castle, induced the besiegers to offer conditions, which were
accepted. But the truce was broken almost at once, for two of the
besiegers, anxious for spoil, came over the wall by means of a
ladder, whereupon some of the Castle garrison fired on them, and
the risk of a free fight and general slaughter throughout the Castle
now began.
Colonel Bingham was a descendant of a family long known and
highly respected in the county of Dorset, and naturally could not but
admire the courage of the lady who was his foe, and he at once set
about preserving the lives of the 140 persons then within the Castle.
This last siege is said, in Sprigg’s Table of Battles and Sieges, to
have lasted forty-eight days, during which eleven men were slain
and five cannons taken. The exact date of the fall of Corfe Castle is
uncertain, but it was probably in the last week of the month of
February, 1646. Thus, after a resistance of nearly three years’
duration, brave Lady Bankes was dispossessed of the fortress,
which she continued to defend so long as a chance remained for the
preservation of the Crown.
On March 5th, 1646, a vote passed the House of Commons to
demolish Corfe Castle. The decree was ruthlessly carried into effect,
and far more was, unfortunately, done than was sufficient to render
the Castle utterly untenable for the future. Most of the towers were
undermined, whilst others had the soil removed from the foundation
preparatory to a similar process. Some were blown up with
gunpowder, whilst others, perhaps, sank down by their own weight
into the mines without the aid of gunpowder.
The work of plunder throughout the Castle was soon
accomplished; and there are not a few of the fair mansions in Dorset
which have been constructed in large measure of the stone and
timber carried away from Corfe Castle. The rebels not only
plundered the Castle, dividing amongst them its sumptuous furniture
(some of which was traced by Sir Ralph Bankes, after the
Restoration, to the houses of county gentlemen, and some to
dealers in London), but even timber and stone were found to have
been appropriated by some gentlemen of the county who supported
the cause of Parliament. Most of the lead was sold to a plumber of
Poole.
 The halls, galleries, and other chambers throughout the building
were nobly decorated with rich tapestry and carpeting and furniture,
most of which had probably remained since the splendid days of Sir
Christopher Hatton. And as to furniture and tapestry which existed in
the Castle, it is not a mere matter of conjecture, as several of the
things taken away are still extant. A Perticular (sic) of the goods
viewed at Colonel Bingham’s house gives a long list of beautiful
tapestry, silk quilts, and carpets, e.g.—
One piece of fine Tapestry to hang behind my Lady’s bed.
A rich ebony Cabinet with gilded Fixtures &c.
It is but fair to add that though Colonel Bingham carried off this
furniture from Corfe Castle to his own private residence, he was by
Act of Parliament of 1644 not only ordered to confiscate property, but
was threatened with confiscation of his own if he failed or refused to
act as sequestrator.
Lady Bankes’ death, as recorded on a monument of white marble
at Rislip, took place on April 11th, 1661. So little was her death
expected, that her eldest son was married on the morning of the day
on which she died.
The following letters, in their quaint spelling, as to the missing
furniture from Corfe Castle, are characteristic:
For my noble friend Sir Ralph Bankes at Chettle.

From John Bingham Esqr. Bingham’s Melcombe.

Nobel sir,
My being in phisicke made me not to send an answer to
your servant’s letter last Sunday. I beseech you let it plead
my excuse.
Sir, I have a large bed, a single velvet red chair and a
suite of fine damask; had not the horse plague swept
away my horses I would have sent these to you. I beg that
you’ll please to command one of your servants to come to
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookmass.com