IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE Prieto, et.al.

Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the Research Processes:
1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?
Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?
and reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions to 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions
improve the individual’s quality of life. Although it may take place in a different setting and being studied?
may use different methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?
search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010) 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?
Research is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized instruments and steps to 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results?
obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under
ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995). According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting research studies as
explained in the following:
In most cases, research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions. It must be a 1. ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values
proper investigation and should reach a valid conclusion that would facilitate the finding of that are essential to collaborative work
answers to the questions. Some of these questions are: How can research affect society? 2. norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s undertake
What is the impact of the research to daily life? 3. ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public
4. an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated by
Research can be categorized into two: the researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain
Basic Research population in an area once the study is completed
- a purely direct application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem
- develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007
Applied Research Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a research, you will follow codes and policies
- needs an answer to a specific question for research:
- provides solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting Honesty Maintain all communication. Data should not be faked.

FORMULATING RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON CONCLUSIONS Objectivity Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis,
interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH research.
Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the major characteristics of research: Integrity Keep your promises and agreements.
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments of theories. Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedures and Openness Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to criticism and
principles. new ideas.
Confidentiality Protect confidential communication
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on,
Responsible Publication Avoid duplicating publications.
are kept constant.
Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions
Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly.
to problems.
Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
Non- Discrimination avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
descriptive, and or case study. basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real-life Legality Be informed and obey relevant laws and institutional
situations. governmental policies
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to Respect of Intellectual Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all researchers.
complete the study. Property
Human Subject Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.
KINDS OF RESEARCH ∙ focuses on participants’ perceptions and experiences (Franenkel and Wallen, 1988 in
Creswell, 2013)
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ∙ Researchers are sensitive to participants’ needs and participants are actively engaged in the
- a positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly discipline procedures to process.
acquire information (Beck, 2004). ∙ Data are collected through observation, interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs, videos, etc.
- Mostly concerned with numbers and measurement. ∙ may result in changes in research questions after new discoveries occur. ∙ It develops from
a specific to a general understanding of concepts.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ∙ a process of describing a situation, analyzing data for themes or categories, and making
- the “naturalistic method of research which deals with the concern of human difficulty by interpretations or drawing conclusions.
discovering it straightly.” (Beck, 2004) ∙ may be subjected to the researcher’s personal interpretation.
- concerned with the experiences, understanding and words of the individual. ∙ The researchers, as a primary instrument in data collection, view social phenomena and
situations holistically.
Kinds of Qualitative Research
Phenomenology Strengths of Qualitative Research
It is the study of how people give meaning to their experiences, like the death of loved ones, 1. Issues can be analyzed through detailed and deep examination.
care for the people, and friendliness of the people. 2. Interviews are not being delimited to specific questions and can be guided/redirected by
the researcher along the process.
Ethnography 3. The research framework and direction can be easily revised as new information emerges.
It is understanding of how a particular cultural group goes about their daily lives which 4. The obtained data from human experience is powerful and sometimes more interesting
includes their organizational set-up, internal operations, and lifestyle. than quantitative data.
5. Data usually are collected from a few cases or individuals so findings cannot be
Grounded theory generalized to a larger population. Findings can however be transferable to another setting.
This occurs when a researcher discovers a new theory based on the data collected. It is a
research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the researcher’s skills and may be influenced by
Case study the researcher's outlooks.
This study involves an investigation of a person, group, organization, or situation for a long 2. The volume of data makes analysis and interpretation time-consuming.
period of time to explain why such things occur to the subject under study. Some examples of 3. It is sometimes hard to prove.
this type of study are the fields of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, 4. The researcher's presence during data gathering, which is often unavoidable in qualitative
education, etc. research, can affect the subjects' attitudes towards the process.
5. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can bring/result in problems when presenting
Content and Discourse Analysis findings.
This method requires the examination or analysis of the substance or content of the 6. Findings can be more difficult and take time to visualize.
communication that takes place through letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings,
short message services, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.

Historical Analysis
This is the study of primary documents to explain the connection of past events to the present
time. An example of this is explaining the happenings during the Marcos regime.

Characteristics and Uses of Qualitative Research

∙ takes place in a natural setting like home, school, institution, or community. Researchers
gain actual experiences of the research participants.