11/30/24, 9:08 PM Trigeminal Nerve: Function, Anatomy, and Diagram

What is the Vagus Nerve?

Medically reviewed by Megan Soliman, MD — Written by Jill Seladi-Schulman,
Ph.D. — Updated on February 14, 2023

Vagus nerve anatomy and function Vagus nerve testing

Vagus nerve problems Vagus nerve stimulation Other considerations
Takeaway

The vagus nerve is one of 12 cranial nerves in the body.

It’s responsible for various bodily functions, including
digestion, heart rate, and breathing.

There are 12 cranial nerves in the body. They come in pairs and help link
the brain with other areas of the body, such as the head, neck, and torso.

Some send sensory information, including details about smells, sights,

tastes, and sounds, to the brain. These nerves have sensory functions.
Other cranial nerves control the movement of various muscles and the
function of certain glands. These are known as motor functions.

While some cranial nerves have either sensory or motor functions, others
have both. The vagus nerve is such a nerve. The cranial nerves are
classified using Roman numerals based on their location. The vagus nerve
is also called cranial nerve X.

What does the vagus nerve affect?

The vagus nerve also called the pneumogastric nerve, is responsible for
various internal organ functions, including:

digestion
heart rate
breathing
cardiovascular activity

reflex actions, such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

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It plays a role in the autonomic nervous system, which controls actions

people do unconsciously, such as breathing and digestion.

It may also form a link between the gut and the brain, playing a role in
what scientists call the gut-brain axis. In recent years, experts have been
studying the gut-brain axis to look for links between conditions such as
obesity and depression.
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Vagus nerve anatomy and function

The word “vagus” means wandering in Latin. This is a very appropriate
name, as the vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve. It runs from the
brain stem to part of the colon.

The vagus nerve sensory functions are divided into two components:

Somatic components. These are sensations felt on the skin or in the

muscles.

Visceral components. These are sensations felt in the organs of the

body.

Sensory functions of the vagus nerve include:

providing somatic sensation information for the skin behind the ear,
the external part of the ear canal, and certain parts of the throat

supplying visceral sensation information for the larynx, esophagus,

lungs, trachea, heart, and most of the digestive tract

playing a small role in the sensation of taste near the root of the
tongue

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Motor functions of the vagus nerve include:

stimulating muscles in the pharynx, larynx, and the soft palate, which
is the fleshy area near the back of the roof of the mouth
stimulating muscles in the heart, where it helps to lower resting
heart rate

stimulating involuntary contractions in the digestive tract, including

the esophagus, stomach, and most of the intestines, which allow
food to move through the tract

Vagus nerve testing

To test the vagus nerve, a doctor may check the gag reflex  . During this
part of the examination, the doctor may use a soft cotton swab to tickle
the back of the throat on both sides. This should cause the person to gag.

If the person does not gag, this may be due to a problem with the vagus
nerve, which could indicate a problem with the brainstem function.

Doctors may also assess vagal nerve function when looking at

cardiovascular disease, as discussed in recent research. Damage to the
vagal nerve can lead to problems with the cardiovascular system.

Measuring heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiovascular response to

exercise can provide clues  as to how your vagal nerve performs in
conjunction with your cardiovascular system, which is known as
cardiovagal tone. It can offer clues to your cardiovascular health.

Vagus nerve problems

Nerve damage

Damage to the vagus nerve can result in a range of symptoms because

the nerve is so long and affects many areas.

Potential symptoms of damage  to the vagus nerve include:

difficulty speaking

loss or change of voice

difficulty swallowing
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loss of the gag reflex

low blood pressure

slow or fast heart rate

changes in the digestive process

nausea or vomiting
abdominal bloating or pain

depression and anxiety in people with breathing problems or heart

disease

The symptoms someone might have depend on what part of the nerve is
damaged.

Heart rate issues

Vagal nerve dysfunction can cause both slow and fast heart rates
depending on the type of dysfunction.

For example, overactivity can lead to bradycardia (or slow heart rate)
while disease causing insufficient activity of the vagus nerve can lead to
tachycardia (fast heart rate).

This can be further explained by management of some types of

tachycardia that can include vagal nerve maneuvers in order to try to
stimulate more vagal nerve activity to slow the heart rate.

Gastroparesis

Experts believe that damage to the vagus nerve may also cause a
condition called gastroparesis. This condition affects the involuntary
contractions of the digestive system, which prevents the stomach from
properly emptying.

Symptoms of gastroparesis include:

nausea or vomiting, especially vomiting undigested food hours after

eating

loss of appetite or feeling full shortly after starting a meal

acid reflux

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abdominal pain or bloating

unexplained weight loss

fluctuations in blood sugar

Some people develop gastroparesis after undergoing a vagotomy

procedure, which removes all or part of the vagus nerve.

A 2020 study  looked at the impact of vagal nerve stimulation in people

with mild to moderate gastroparesis without a known underlying cause.
After 4 weeks, participants saw improvements in their symptoms,
including their ability to empty the bowel, suggesting this could be a
useful therapy for people with this condition.

Vasovagal syncope

The vagus nerve stimulates certain muscles in the heart that help to slow
heart rate. When it overreacts, it can cause a sudden drop in heart rate
and blood pressure, resulting in fainting. This is known as vasovagal 
syncope.

Factors that can trigger this include pregnancy, emotional stress, and
pain, but there may be no clear cause.

Alongside this type of fainting, you may experience:

warmth

nausea

tunnel vision

ringing in the ears

excessive sweating

low blood pressure

slow or irregular heartbeat

If you experience fainting, it’s a good idea to see a doctor to rule out
potential serious causes. To prevent it, a doctor may recommend drinking
plenty of fluids or avoiding standing up quickly.

Vagus nerve stimulation

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11/30/24, 9:08 PM Trigeminal Nerve: Function, Anatomy, and Diagram

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves placing a device in the body that
uses electrical impulses to stimulate the nerve. It’s used to treat some
cases of epilepsy and depression that don’t respond to other treatments.

Experts  believe the vagus nerve might form a link between depression,
metabolic disease, and heart disease. If research can confirm this,
researchers say VNS could help with a variety of health issues.

The device is usually placed under the skin of the chest, where a wire
connects it to the left vagus nerve. Once the device is activated, it sends
signals through the vagus nerve to your brainstem, transmitting
information to your brain.

A neurologist usually programs the device, but people often receive a

handheld magnet they can use to control the device on their own as well.

It’s thought that VNS could help treat a range of other conditions in the
future, including multiple sclerosis  , posterior autoimmune uveitis,
Alzheimer’s disease,  and cluster headaches  .
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Research and other considerations

Experts are keen to learn more about the vagus nerve, as it may hold
clues to various health issues.

Mental health and well-being

If VNS can help manage depression, some people have been looking into
various ways of stimulating the vagus nerve to boost mental well-being.

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These include:

diaphragmatic breathing techniques

cold water immersion

the use of transcutaneous VNS devices

biofeedback

yoga

Vagal response reduces with age, according to research  . People with a

strong vagal tone  may find it easier to relax after a stressful event, and
their body may be better able to manage inflammation and gut issues. It
may also be better equipped to manage blood sugar  , according to
research published in 2020.

However, there is not enough evidence to prove that all these devices
and techniques are safe and effective for everyone. Always speak with a
doctor before trying a new treatment strategy, as it may not be suitable
for you.

Rheumatoid arthritis

There is some evidence that VNS can help reduce the severity of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory condition that causes pain and
swelling in the joints and other symptoms throughout the body.

In 2021, researchers  published findings after measuring markers of

inflammation in 30 people who used a VNS device to help manage RA for
12 weeks. They found evidence that they experienced “clinically
meaningful” reductions in levels of DAS28-CRP, a sign of inflammation in
the body.

While promising, more studies are needed to confirm that VNS can help
manage RA safely and effectively in a wider population.

Takeaway
The vagus nerve plays a role in many bodily functions, and it may form a
link between areas such as the brain and the gut. Treatments that focus
on the vagus nerve have proved to help people with epilepsy and
depression, and it shows promise for rheumatoid arthritis, too.
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Some experts believe that further research may offer clues to managing
diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and other conditions that involve
inflammatory processes.

Last medically reviewed on July 22, 2022

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Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we
update our articles when new information becomes available.
Current Version

Feb 14, 2023

Written By
Jill Seladi-Schulman, PhD

Edited By
John Bassham

Jul 22, 2022

Written By
Jill Seladi-Schulman, PhD

Edited By
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Medically Reviewed By
Megan Soliman, MD

Copy Edited By
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HUMAN BODY  NERVOUS SYSTEM  ILIOINGUINAL NERVE

Ilioinguinal nerve
Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network — Written by The Healthline
Editorial Team on July 6, 2020

The ilioinguinal nerve branches off the first lumbar nerve, which is near
the lower back. It branches down the body through the second and third

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abdominal muscles and communicates with the iliohypogastric nerve,

whose main function is to regulate the diaphragm (a muscle that helps
with breathing) and the areas around it.

VIEW 3D MODEL

The ilioinguinal nerve moves further down the body, eventually branching
out into the upper part of the thigh muscles. It also reaches the mons
pubis and labia majora, both parts of the groin. The nerve provides
sensation to these areas.
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During certain abdominal operations, such as hernia surgery, the

ilioinguinal nerve must be carefully avoided, as severing this nerve will
lead to pain in the thighs and labia majora and a weakening of the local
muscle fibers, which can lead to a direct inguinal hernia. An inguinal
hernia is a bulging of soft tissue through weakened abdominal muscle
walls into the lowest part of the abdomen or the groin. This condition is far
more common in men than in women.

Sometimes the ilioinguinal nerve may end at the iliohypogastric nerve. In

this case, a branch of the iliohypogastric nerve will take over the nerve
functions normally associated with the ilioinguinal nerve.

Last medically reviewed on July 6, 2020

Trigeminal Nerve Overview

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Medically reviewed by Heidi Moawad, M.D. — Written by Jill Seladi-Schulman,
Ph.D. — Updated on November 9, 2021

Function Anatomy Diagram Testing Conditions and disorders

Protection When to call a doctor Takeaway

What is the trigeminal nerve?

There are 12 cranial nerves in the body, all originating in the brain. They
come in pairs and connect different body areas and organs to the brain.

Cranial nerves can transmit two types of information:

Sensory information includes details about smells, sights, tastes,

touch, and sounds.

Motor information refers to signals that affect the movement or

activity of muscles and glands.

Nerves that send sensory information have sensory functions. Those that
send motor information have motor functions. While some nerves have
only sensory or motor functions, others can have both.

The trigeminal nerve is one of the cranial nerves that has both sensory
and motor function. Cranial nerves are classified using Roman numerals

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based on their locations. The trigeminal nerve is also called cranial nerve
V.
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Function
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. Its main
function is transmitting sensory information to the skin, sinuses, and
mucous membranes in the face. The nerve communicates touch, pain,
and temperature to the brain.

It also stimulates movement in the jaw muscles. The trigeminal nerve

includes the nerves in our muscles involved in chewing.

Anatomy
The trigeminal nerve has three branches. It joins at the trigeminal ganglia
and branches out to different parts of the face. Each branch division has a
slightly different function.

Ophthalmic division

The ophthalmic division conveys sensory information from the:

scalp

forehead
upper parts of the sinuses

upper eyelid and associated mucous membranes

cornea of the eye

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bridge of the nose

Maxillary division

Like the ophthalmic division, the maxillary division of your trigeminal

nerve has a sensory component. It transmits sensory information from the:

lower eyelid and associated mucous membranes

middle part of the sinuses
nasal cavity and middle part of the nose

cheeks
upper lip

some of the teeth of the upper jaw and associated mucous

membranes

roof of the mouth

Mandibular

The mandibular division is the only part of the trigeminal nerve that has
both sensory and motor functions.

It communicates sensory information from the:

outer part of the ear

lower part of the mouth and the associated mucous membranes

front and middle parts of the tongue

teeth of the lower jaw and the associated mucous membranes

lower lip

chin

It also stimulates movement of the muscles in the jaw and some of the
muscles within the inner ear.

Diagram
The image below shows the location of the 12 cranial nerves, including
the trigeminal nerve.

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Testing
The trigeminal nerve plays a role in many sensations that are felt in
different parts of the face. As a result, there are several ways to test the
function of the trigeminal nerve.

Common methods include:

Pin or cotton swab test. One or both sides of the face are touched
with either a pin or cotton swab. The person will then be asked
whether they felt anything, and if so, where they felt it. A doctor may
also lightly touch the cornea of the eye with a cotton swab to test
the ophthalmic division. If the person doesn’t blink, the ophthalmic
division of their trigeminal nerve may be damaged.
Clenching test. A doctor will ask someone to clench their teeth or
try to open their jaw when resistance is applied. They’ll check
muscle tone and movement for any signs of trigeminal nerve
damage.
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Conditions and disorders

The trigeminal nerve can also be a source of intense pain for some
people. This is part of a chronic condition called trigeminal neuralgia (TN).
It happens when the trigeminal nerve is under pressure or irritated. TN is
more common in women than men and in people over 50 years old  .

Although sometimes the cause of TN is never found, several things can

cause irritation of the trigeminal nerve, including:

stroke
facial injuries or injuries of the mouth

brain tumor
compression from swollen blood vessels
neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis

The pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia can be very painful. People
often describe it as a shooting or jabbing pain that lasts anywhere from a
few seconds to several hours.

Pain can also be achy or burning. It tends to occur more often over time.
Many things can trigger the pain, including touching the face, shaving,
eating, yawning, or talking. It can affect one or both sides of the face. TN
can cause long-term difficulties with chewing and speaking.

TN is usually managed with medications commonly used for neuropathic

pain conditions, including anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and muscle
relaxers. But some people may eventually stop responding to medication,
and the condition can improve and resolve over time.

Cluster headaches can also signal a problem with the trigeminal nerve.
Cluster headaches are severe headaches on the side of the face. The
cause is unknown.

Sometimes surgery is needed to remove what’s irritating the trigeminal

nerve. In other cases, injecting a numbing agent into the nerve can help.

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Protection
You can protect your nervous system by engaging in healthy lifestyle
practices like exercising regularly, drinking water, and eating a balanced
diet.

Maintaining a regular sleep schedule is also essential to preserve the full

function of the nervous system.

Additionally, mindfulness and relaxation techniques, such as meditation or

yoga, can help to relax muscles and ease stress on the nervous system.

When to call a doctor

Make an appointment with a doctor if you are feeling sharp, sudden facial
pains or long-lasting burning. If you’re not experiencing any feeling in
your face at all, you should also schedule a visit with a doctor.

Your doctor may refer you to a pain management specialist or a

neurologist to conduct tests for the conditions associated with the
trigeminal nerve.

Takeaway
The trigeminal nerve is one of the 12 cranial nerves. It can transmit both
sensory and motor information to the brain. The trigeminal nerve
branches out to different parts of the face to communicate sensory
information like temperature, touch, and pain. It also stimulates movement
in the jaw muscles.

If you are experiencing pain in your face, it might be due to pressure on

the trigeminal nerve. This could be a symptom of trigeminal neuralgia or
another condition associated with the trigeminal nerve. Make an
appointment with your doctor if you are feeling jabbing or burning pains
in your face.

Last medically reviewed on November 9, 2021

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Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we
update our articles when new information becomes available.
Current Version

Nov 9, 2021

Written By
Jill Seladi-Schulman, PhD

Edited By
Molly Chepenik

Medically Reviewed By
Heidi Moawad, MD

Copy Edited By
Sofia Santamarina

Jul 27, 2018

Written By
Jill Seladi-Schulman, PhD

Medically Reviewed By
Nancy Hammond, MD

HUMAN BODY  NERVOUS SYSTEM  MEDIAN NERVE

Median nerve
Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network — Written by The Healthline
Editorial Team on January 24, 2018

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VIEW 3D MODEL

In the upper arm and near the shoulder, the median nerve branches off of
the brachial plexus. It initially spans the length of the upper arm, as it runs
a course parallel to the brachial artery. A portion of its path covers the
medial side of the arm, near both the biceps brachii and brachialis muscle.
For a large part of the course, the nerve runs lateral to the artery.
However, it eventually crosses over and enters the cubital fossa of the
elbow. The median nerve also extends downward through the forearm,
ultimately traversing the carpal tunnel as it enters the hand. Since the
nerve is so long, it contains many significant branches. It also innervates a
number of muscles along the entire length of the arm. Also due to its
length, the median nerve is susceptible to a number of conditions. These
include lesions causing median nerve palsy. If the nerve is completely
severed, “claw hand” will result. Carpal tunnel syndrome of the hand can
also result due to compression.

HUMAN BODY  NERVOUS SYSTEM  OCULOMOTOR NERVE Share this article

Oculomotor nerve  v  

Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network — Written by The Healthline

Editorial Team on January 24, 2018

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11/30/24, 9:08 PM Trigeminal Nerve: Function, Anatomy, and Diagram

The oculomotor nerve is the third of 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain.
This nerve is responsible for eyeball and eyelid movement. It follows the
olfactory and optic nerves in terms of order.

VIEW 3D MODEL

The oculomotor nerve involves two separate components, each of which

has a distinct function.
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The somatic motor component supplies four extraocular muscles in the

eye and the upper eyelid’s levator palpebrae superioris with motor

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(movement) fibers. It controls the muscles that allow for visual tracking
and fixation by the eye. Visual tracking is the ability to follow an object as
it moves across the field of vision. Fixation is the ability to focus on a
stationary object.

The visceral motor component controls parasympathetic innervation

(nerves related to involuntary actions) of the ciliary muscles and
constrictor papillae, aiding in accommodation and pupillary light reflexes.
Accommodation is the ability of the eye to keep an object in focus as the
object’s distance from the eye changes. Pupillary light reflexes are
automatic changes in dilation (size) of the pupil, which regulate the
amount of light that enters the eye, making sure the light is enough to see
but not too bright.

The oculomotor nerve can become paralyzed in a condition known as

oculomotor nerve palsy. This condition can result from multiple sclerosis
or other demyelinating diseases, direct trauma, space-occupying lesions
(such as brain cancer), microvascular disease (such as diabetes), or
spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding into the space
between two of the membranes that cover the brain). A berry aneurysm is
a type of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the majority of eye and eyelid
movements, although the trochlear nerve and abducens nerve also
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11/30/24, 9:08 PM Trigeminal Nerve: Function, Anatomy, and Diagram

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11/30/24, 9:08 PM Trigeminal Nerve: Function, Anatomy, and Diagram

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