Application Note Booklet

FT/IR spectrometer

2710IR001
 FT/IR spectrometer
CONTENTS
1: Introduction of new DLATGS detector for IRT-5000/7000
2: Mapping measurement using IQ Mapping function of IRT-5000
3: NIR Imaging of tablet surface by using IR Microscope
4: IR microscope is combined with heating stage
5: Fluorescence Observation, Polarization Observation and Differential Interference Observation
methods by IR microscope
6: 3 different time course measurement methods of FTIR
7: Synchronous and Asynchronous data correlation of FTIR
8: Monitoring of oxidative degradation process for fat and oil using heating single reflection ATR accessory with FT/IR
9: Monitoring of reaction process using the fiber probe
10: Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Trans-fatty acid in extremely low concentration by liquid cell
11: Application by using of Auto contact ATR for VIR-100/200/300
12: ATR application to granular gum by Auto-contact ATR Accessory for VIR-100/200/300
13: Analysis of water content distribution in food by IRT-7000S
14: Measurement of Oriented Films and Liquid Crystal Molecules by a Polarized ATR Accessory
15: Identification and quantitative determination of plasticizer in A1 size PVC sheet by using of a single bounce ATR
for large-sized sample
16: The measurement of filler (particles of facial cleanser) by using Clear-View ATR
17: Efficacy of Imaging Data Analysis using “Model Analysis”
18: The simple measurement method of liquid sample in near-IR region
19: Terahertz (THz) Measurements of Liquids by a vacuum compatible ATR accessory
20: Simple Identification of Illegal Drug using NIR -Identification of MDMA Tablet-
21: Measurement of Protein in Heavy Water by FT-IR
22: Evaluation of Si Wafer Surface Condition using of 65-degree incident ATR PRO650G
23: Gas Analysis System using Full Vacuum Type FT/IR -Trace amount of H2O in N2 gas-
24: Measurement of broadband spectrum using automatic wide-range measurement system
25: Measurement of thin film by Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS)
26: Acquisition of molecular orientation information using automated MAIRS measurement unit AM-4000
27: Variable-angle transmittance measurement attachment with polarizer option
28: Application of long pathlength gas cell for FT/IR
29: IR/NIR/FT-Raman Measurement using Broadband KBr Beam Splitter (B/S)
 Introduction of new DLATGS detector for IRT-5000/7000
Introduction
Compared to the standard DLATGS (Deuterated L-Alanine Triglycine Sulphate) detector mounted on an
FTIR for macro measurements, the MCT (Mercury Cadmium Telluride) detector used with an infrared
microscope has a much greater sensitivity, which is suited to the measurement of micrometer sized samples
common for microscopic measurements. However, the MCT detector has some disadvantages such as the
requirement for liquid nitrogen cooling for measurements, a reduced absorbance linearity and a reduced
wavenumber range for measurements. JASCO has developed a dedicated DLATGS detector for infrared
microscopy, especially focusing on an increased sensitivity. As a result of many years of work, the new
microscope DLATGS detector has been created.
In this application note, microscopic measurements and mapping measurements with the use of the new
DLATGS detector are outlined.
Comparison of new DLATGS detector and MCT detector
Measurement of polystyrene

<Measurement parameters>
Aperture size: 50 x 50 µm
0.5
Accumulation: new DLATGS: 100 times
MCT: 50 times
DLATGS Measurement method: transmission
Abs
Fig. 1 shows the infrared spectra of a polystyrene film
using an IRT-5200 using the new DLATGS detector and the
standard mid-band MCT detector. As demonstrated in Figure
MCT
1, the DLATGS detector requires twice the accumulations as
4000 3000 2000 1000 450 compared to the MCT, but the DLATGS does allow the
Wavenumber [cm-1]
measurement of a 50 x 50 μm region.
Fig. 1 Spectrum of a polystyrene film using the
new DLATGS and an MCT detector
Measurement of polystyrene
<Measurement parameter>
0.5 Aperture size: new DLATGS 50 x 50 μm
MCT 10 x 10 μm
DLATGS Accumulation: new DLATGS: 100 times
MCT: 50 times
Abs
Measurement method: transmission

MCT Fig. 2 illustrates the infrared spectra of a Teflon sheet using

the DLATGS detector and an MCT detector to compare the
4000 2000 1000 450 sensitivity in the low wavenumber region. As shown in
Wavenumber [cm-1] Figure 2, the measurement using the new DLATGS detector
can detect the absorption peaks of Teflon in the wavenumber
Fig. 2 Spectrum of a Teflon sheet with using range from 650 to 450 cm-1 where narrow and mid-band
the new DLATGS and an MCT detector MCT detectors cannot detect the peaks.
Microscopic ATR mapping using the new DLATGS and Smart mapping
The results above demonstrate that the new DLATGS detector is effective for infrared spectra
measurements in a 50 x 50 μm region. Now, a mapping measurement of a microscopic region by a micro-
ATR cassegrain using the new DLATGS is outlined. The IQ mapping function is installed in the IRT-
5200 as a standard feature, which allows a mapping measurement with the ATR prism in contact with a
sample by moving the mirrors within the microscope. In this demonstration, the microscopic ATR
mapping of polyethylene particles on a Teflon sheet are accomplished by using the new DLATGS
detector.

<Measurement parameters>
Aperture size: 20 x 20 μm Accumulations:
Measurement points: 14 x 14 - single point measurement: 256 times
Measurement area: 65 x 65 μm - mapping measurement: 50 times
Step: 5 x 5 μm Detector: new DLATGS
Measurement method: Micro-ATR cassegrain

(B)
0.2
(A) (C)
(1) Base

Abs
(2)

(2) Polyethylene
10 µm 10 µm
(1)

4000 3000 2000 700

Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 3 Smart mapping measurement with use of new DLATGS

Fig. 3 (A) is the visible image while Fig. 3 (B) contains the spectra of 2 single point measurements,
which provide recognizable spectra even in a 20 x 20 μm measurement region.
Fig. 3 (C) displays the infrared image calculated by a Multi-Component Regression analysis based on
the spectra within the mapping measurement. The polyethylene particles are shown in warmer colors,
consistent with the particle shown in Fig. 3 (A).
These results indicate that the new DLATGS detector can be applied to an infrared ATR mapping
experiment using a 20 x 20 μm aperture.

Conclusion
Single point measurements in the micro region and micro-ATR measurements in a mapping mode can
be obtained using a new DLATGS detector designed specifically for the IRT-5000/7000 series of infrared
microscope accessories. JASCO now offers a high sensitivity MCT detector mounted as standard and the
new DLATGS detector for wide wavenumber range at ambient temperatures to meet various
measurement purposes.
Mapping measurement using IQ Mapping function of IRT-5000
Introduction
IR mapping measurement which can visualize molecular structure has
been suggested traditionally, however the IR mapping measurement has
not been widely utilized because of the several reasons as below.
- Auto stage is required, which will make the instrument too expensive.
- It takes quite a long time for measurement.
Regarding the measurement time, using the system utilizing multi-
elements detector enables to shorten the measurement time in more than
double digits in comparison with conventional system, and the IR
mapping measurement has been gradually used.
This time, we are now introducing IQ Mapping which was newly Fig. 1 FT/IR-4600 + IRT-5200
developed in order to solve another problem which is the necessity of
auto stage. The IQ Mapping is a technique allowing Mapping
measurement with manual stage by scanning IR light, and is applicable
to ATR as well as ordinary transmittance/reflectance mapping. We
would like to show an example of impurity analysis using IQ Mapping of
the IRT-5200 (Fig. 1).
<Measurement 1: Mapping by manual stage >
Mapping measurement was implemented for multi-layer film (Fig. 2)
[Measurement conditions]
Mode: Transmittance
Detector: Mid-MCT
Resolution: 4 cm-1
Accumulation: 1
Cassegrain: 16x,
Aperture: 50 x 50 µm,
Measurement points: 9 x 9
Fig. 2 Observation image
Sampling area: 400 x 400 µm (Yellow-green grid shows
measurement points.)
 By analyzing the spectra in Fig. 3, it was confirmed that multi-layer film roughly consisted of two
components, PVA (red), PVC (blue), and protein (green) was existing in the multi-layer film. By showing
color distribution map utilizing specific peaks for each component on the RGB display (Fig. 4), components
distribution became clear, enabling to detect the impurity which could not be identified by observation image.

<Measurement 2: ATR Mapping>

Combining IQ Mapping with ATR method enables the measurement without any contamination, as the
number of contact between sample and prism is only one.
The sample shown in Fig. 5 was measured by using ZnSe as ATR prism.

<Measurement conditions>
Detector: MCT-N detector
Resolution: 8 cm-1
Accumulation: 8
Cassegrain: ATR-5000-Z,
Aperture: 20 x 20 µm
Measurement points: 6 x 6
Sampling area: 100 x 100 µm

As a result of mapping measurement, spectra of different

components were obtained, depending on different measurement
point (Fig. 6).The sample measured was a mixture of water-based and Fig. 5 Sample observation image
oil-based marker, and specific peaks for each could be identified as in (White grid shows measurement points)
Fig. 6. Color distribution map using the specific peaks for each
component at 1666 cm-1 and 1282 cm-1 is shown in Fig. 7. As shown,
mapping measurement can detect different components of the sample
which appear to be only one component by visible image, assuring
accurate qualitative analysis.

Water-based marker
Oil-based marker

Fig. 6 Measured spectra of impurity

 NIR Imaging of tablet surface by using IR Microscope
Introduction
Near IR light is widely used for non-destructive analysis as an evaluation method in food and
pharmaceutical industry due to it’s characteristics such as transmitting the glass container and weaker peak
absorbance than Mid-IR light. Recently, this NIR analysis technique is introduced to the Process Analytical
Technology which has been proposed by FDA, and it is used for evaluation of uniformity of mixed samples
inside of vials, evaluation of water content by in-line measurement, and evaluation of contents in tablet by
using of NIR microscope. There are various analysis methods using NIR spectroscopy such as dispersive
type, filter type and AOTF type, while FTIR is considered to be better method due to several advantages such
as wave number expandability, high through put and high accuracy of wavenumber. JASCO IR Micro scope
system IRT-5000/7000 has a unique feature as option which is detachable detector unit, which makes it
possible to extend the measurement range up to NIR in one single FT/IR system. This time, we analyzed the
distribution of components on tablet surface by NIR imaging system which consists of FT/IR-6100 and IRT-
7000 with NIR expansion.

Fig. 1 Detector replacement by using detachable detector unit

<Experimental>
Imaging of cross section and surface of general medical tablet (pain-killer) was measured by using NIR
Microscope system.

<Measurement Condition>
Multi channel IR Microscope (NIR version)
- Light source: Halogen
- Beam Splitter: CaF2
- Detector: InGaAs (Single element)
- Measurement mode: Reflection
- Resolution: 8 cm-1
- Accumulation: 50 times
- Aperture size: 200 x 200 µm
- Measurement points: Surface: 58 x 58 points
Cross Section: 30 x 40 points
Fig. 2 IR Microscope IRT-7000
Results
Fig. 3 shows NIR spectra obtained by measuring the
point in each layer on cross section of tablet. Fig. 4 is
NIR Imaging which describes the color distribution map Surface layer
0.5
utilizing the height of each specific peak. As the result,
this imaging data (Fig. 4) indicate that this tablet consists
of 3 components in 4 different layers. In addition tablet
surface was measured and the color distribution map of Abs
surface layer was obtained by utilizing the peak height Antacids
ratio of Acetylsalicylate. This result clearly shows non-
uniformity of surface material as shown in Fig. 6.
As a conclusion, it can be said NIR Micro Imaging Acetylsalicylate
system enables to visualize tablet surface by non-
destructive method. Such application is considered to be a 7500 7000 6000 5000 4000
very useful tool and solution in the fields of Wavenumber [cm-1]
pharmaceutical development and quality control, where Fig. 3 NIR Spectra of each elements
there are uncertain factors during the process.

5600 Surface layer ( 4380 cm-1 )

4200
Antacids ( 6973 cm-1 )
Y [µm]

2800

Acetylsalicylate ( 4680 cm-1 )

1400

0 Surface layer ( 4380 cm-1 )

0 2000 4000 6000 7780
X [µm]
Fig. 4 NIR Imaging of tablet cross section
1.5

10800
Y [mm]

5400

0
0 5450 10900
X [µm]

Fig. 5 Picture of general medical tablet (Pain-killer) Fig. 6 Imaging of surface layer Peak ratio : 4380 cm-1/4680 cm-1
 IR microscope is combined with heating stage
Introduction
Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) or Thermo
Gravimetric Analysis(TGA) is generally, used as an evaluation
method for thermophysical properties such as melting or phase
transition of the sample . In addition, combination with X-Ray
Diffraction(XRD) is sometimes used for the multiple evaluation of
thermophysical properties and crystal structure.
JASCO’s IR microscope, IRT-5000 and 7000 combined with
the heating system, MHC-5000 (Fig. 1, Chart 1) which we are
now introducing enables to have an integrated approach to the Fig.1 IRT-5200 and heating stage
geometry change in molecule itself, or the thermopysical
properties and the observation image. It can uniformly heat or cool Chart 1. Temperature control range of heating
the measurement area in IR microscope because the measurement stage
area is much smaller than FTIR, assuring high accuracy
Model MHC-5000 (option)
measurement. You can easily control the temperature and the
measurement conditions by interval measurement program of Temperature Room -190 ~ 600 ºC
range temperature ~
temperature through the PC. Scanning of sample image is
600 ºC
available with the sample measurement at the same time.
Measurement
Using the system of IRT-5200 with MHC-5000, benzoic acid was heated from 100ºC up to 150ºC with
ramping rate of 2ºC per minutes and IR spectra were obtained with 0.5ºC intervals.
Fig. 2 shows 3-Dimensional spectra of benzoic acid with changes in temperature, Fig. 3 shows the change of
peak intensity at 930 cm-1 against temperature change and Fig. 4 shows observation image the benzoic acid with
the change of temperature from 120 to 125˚C. Viewing these figures, the structural changes and the condition of
the benzoic acid were confirmed at around 120ºC to 125ºC. Since the melting point of the benzoic acid is
122.4ºC*, the molecular structure and its condition change due to melting was clearly seen through this system. It
can be concluded that this system is applicable for the measurement of structural changes with heating, such as
denaturation of proteins or hardening process of thermoset resin.
*Ref.Cyclopedia of chemistry
0.4

0.3

0.2
Abs
0.1

0
100 120 140 150
Temperature [C]
Fig. 2 3D spectrum of benzoic acid Fig. 3 Change of peak intensity at 930 cm-1

120 ºC 122.5 ºC 124 ºC 125 ºC

Fig. 4 Observation image of benzoic acid in each temperature( : measurement area)
 Fluorescence Observation, Polarization Observation and Differential
Interference Observation methods by IR microscope
Introduction
JASCO IRT-5200/7200 Microscope system has the high resolution CMOS camera and 3x optical zoom
function as standard, which helps to observe microscopical foreign substance very clearly. Additionally, it is
possible to set measurement condition accurately by using those various types of observation accessories since it
can identify the fluorescence characteristics or polarization characteristics and the difference of uneven and
refractive index visibly even if the sample looks even as visible observation.

Fluorescence observation

Fluorescence observation condition

Ex 330 nm +/-70 nm
Em 450 nm +/-40 nm

Visible observation view Fluorescence observation view

0.2
The powder sample that can’t be identified by visible
observation was observed by using of the fluorescence
0.15 observation accessory and it’s IR spectrum was measured at both
糖
Sugar
green color area which observed as fluorescence and black color
Abs 0.1 area.
As the result of this measurement, IR spectrum of Protein was
0.05 obtained in this green color area, and also IR spectrum of Sugar
Protein
タンパク質 was obtained in black color area.
0 This fluorescence observation method is very useful
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 750 measurement method for selective measurement the sample which
Wavenumber [cm-1] has fluorescence characteristics.

Polarization observation Differential Interference Observation

Visible Differential Interference

Visible Polarization
observation view observation view
observation view observation view
As the result of polarization observation about stretched
vinyl sample, the stretched condition point of the sample was
observed very clearly. This polarization observation is useful
method for observation about sample has orientation
characteristics.
 3 different time course measurement methods of FTIR
We will show each method’s feature and measurement case here. Each method has a different type of scanning method
of a moving mirror inside an interferometer. “Interval measurement” is performed with regular scanning and “rapid-scan
measurement”is with rapid scanning on time course measurement. On “step-scan measurement,” a moving mirror makes a
stop at every data-sampling point and perturbation is given at the points.
Interval Time Res.: 1 sec ~ Application case: structural transition of a sample, monitoring
Measurement*1 of gas concentration
Measurement Ex.: Measured a transition of CO2 concentration in room air. (Fig. 1) Interval measurement is effective for long-time
monitoring of gas analysis. *1 JASCO interval measurement program conducts maximum measurement of 60001 data or 24 days.

Rapid-scan Time Res.: 50 msec ~ Application case: photo-polymerization reaction, orientation

measurement relaxation of polymer film
Measurement Ex.: The cure process of UV cured resin was measured, which represents photo-polymerization reaction. (Fig. 2) Take
a look at the peak intensity transition at 1637 cm-1 (bottom of Fig. 2), which attributes C=C stretching vibration. It shows the peak
intensity rapidly decreased responding to UV irradiation and kept decreasing moderately and tells the initial reaction and reaction
process on photo-polymerization was observed very accurately.

Step-scan Time Res.: 5 msec ~ *3 Application case: relaxation process of liquid crystal
measurement*2 orientation
Measurement Ex.: Relaxation process of liquid crystal orientation with electric field response was measured . (Fig. 3) Take a look at
the peak intensity transition at 2925 cm-1 (bottom of Fig. 3), which attributes C-H stretching vibration. It is observed that its peak
intensity fluctuated responding to power voltage turning on and off, and also decreased in two steps, rapidly and then moderately, after
power voltage was turned off. It is known that liquid crystal in the area near electrode has faster orientation relaxation than bulk and
such difference between them was observed. *2 limited to the materials with repetitive response. *3 10 nsec ~ is optionally available.

3D Spectrum 3D Spectrum 3D Spectrum

0.55 0.81
0.2
UV irradiation
0.5 2 hour 10 sec 10 msec
0.15 Abs
Measurement Time (MT): 12 hour 0.8
MT : 50 sec MT : 50 msec
Measurement Interval (MI): 10 min
Abs MI : 80 msec MI : 250 msec
Detector : TGS 0.1
0.4 Detector : MCT-M Detector : MCT-S
Abs
0.79
0.05
10 V
Power Voltage 0 V
0.3 0
0 4 8 12 0 25000 50000 0 25000 50000
Time [hour] Time [msec] Time [msec]
Peak intensity transition of 2360 cm-1 Peak intensity transition of 1637 cm-1 Peak intensity transition of 2925 cm-1

Fig. 1 CO2 concentration transition Fig. 2 Cure process of UV cured resin Fig. 3 Relaxation process of liquid crystal orientation
(Interval measurement data) (Rapid-scan measurement data) (Step-scan measurement data)
 Synchronous and Asynchronous data correlation of FTIR
The time-course measurement or the measurement under temperature change is available in the IR spectrometry so that the
structure change of sample under the conditions can be observed. In the ordinary analysis mode, it is necessary to check the change of
peak intensity or the shift in every peak. Therefore, it is not easy to perform the proper analysis if some peaks are overlapped. On the
other hand, the two dimensional correlation program provides the details of even the overlapped peaks or hidden peaks. In the
program, the fourier transform of peak behavior at any wavenumber in time-course can be performed resulted in the calculation of
real and imaginary parts. The real part is called as synchronous correlation*1 and the imaginary part is called as asynchronous
correlation*2. Each of correlation spectra are displayed in two dimensional mode so that you can easily see the details of even the
overlapped peaks or hidden peaks.
*1Synchronous correlation: It indicates how much the behavior of peak intensity change is similar to each other. If the intensity
change of peak increases or decreases in same direction, the positive number is displayed. If it is in different
direction, the negative number is displayed.
*2Asynchronous correlation: It indicates how much the behavior of peak intensity change is different from each other. If the speed of
peak intensity change in X axis is slower than the speed of intensity in Y axis, the positive number is displayed. If the
speed in X axis is faster than that of Y-axis, the negative number is displayed.
-Test run of two dimensional correlation program
For your better understanding of this program, the synthesized spectra were simulated under
the peak intensity change with the following conditions (Fig. 1 and Table 1) .
1
Table 1 Conditions of simulation Abs
0.5 20
Peak position 1300cm-1 1200 cm-1 1100 cm-1 around
0 min
Peak behavior Increase Decrease 1090 cm-1: decrease, 1110 cm-1: 1400 1200 0
gradually increase cm-1 1000
Fig. 1 3D spectra of synthesized waveform

The correlation spectra of synthesized waveform are shown in Fig. 2 and 3, while the estimated peak behaviors are displayed in
Table 2 and 3 respectively. As you can see, two dimensional correlation program provides you the detailed peak information even
under complicated peak pattern.
1300 1200 1100 1300 1200 1100

+ 1300 +
1300

1200 1200

1100 - 1100 -

Fig. 2 Synchronous correlation spectra Fig. 3 Asynchronous correlation spectra

Table 2 Estimated peak behavior Table 3 Estimated peak behavior

Correlation peak Correlation Peak behavior Correlation peak
Correlation Peak behavior
position position

1200 / 1300 cm-1 negative Increase or decrease in The speed of intensity change at
1200(X-axis) /
opposite direction Positive 1300 cm-1 is slower than the
1300(Y-axis) cm-1
speed at 1200 cm-1.
1090 / 1110 cm-1 negative Increase or decrease in
opposite direction The peak intensity at 1110cm-1
1090(X-axis) /
Positive increased then, the intensity at
1110 / 1300 cm-1 positive Increase in the same 1110(Y-axis) cm-1
1090cm-1 decreased gradually.
direction

1090 / 1200 cm-1 positive Decrease in same

direction
Monitoring of oxidative degradation process for fat and oil
using heating single reflection ATR accessory with FT/IR
Introduction
Measuring IR spectra under temperature control is an effective method to study denaturation of DNA and
protein, and enzymatic kinetic reaction. Oxidative degradation monitoring by IR measurement of unsaturated
fatty acid contained in fat and oil is one of the remarkable examples of this application.
There are two different types of unsaturated fatty acid such as Cis-type and Trans-type, and Cis-type fatty
acid is contained mainly in natural oil and Trans-type, in hydrogenated oil in food. It is well known that Cis-
type reacts to form peroxide lipids through oxidative degradation by Radical and isomerizes to Trans-type as
shown in Fig. 1. In this report, the commercial vegetable oil sample heated up to 180ºC was measured by
using heating single ATR accessory with FTIR and oxidative degradation process was analyzed.

+LH
Active (Lipid)
L• +O2
LH oxygen LOO• LOOH
(Lipid
(Lipid(cis)) (Lipid peroxyl (Lipid peroxide)
radical(cis))
radical)
Trans isomerization -L•
(Lipid radical)
L•
+H• LH
(Lipid
radical(trans)) (Lipid(trans))
Fig. 1 Reaction mechanism of oxidation degradation of the Lipid

Measurement Method
There are two different types of unsaturated fatty acid such as Cis-type and Trans-type, and Cis-type fatty
acid has specific absorption peak at 3010 cm-1 and Trans-type, at 966 cm-1 .
It is possible to evaluate oxidative degradation process of unsaturated fatty acid in oil by monitoring IR
peaks at 3010 cm-1 and 966 cm-1 , since Cis - Trans transformation will be resulted in the degradation process.
Under similar to the actual cooking environment, the sample was heated up to 180ºC and two absorbance
peaks attributed to Cis and Trans fatty acid were measured by interval measurement program, and oxidative
degradation process was evaluated by the changes of two peak intensities with time. The same measurement
was also implemented under the environment purged by N2 gas.

<Measurement condition>
Main unit: FT/IR-6600 with Heating Single reflectance ATR
Detector: DLATGS
Resolution: 4 cm-1
Accumulation: 64 times
Temperature: 180ºC
Apodization function: Cosine
Measurement method: ATR (Crystal: Diamond*)
Sample compartment condition: Air environmental condition or N2
Fig. 2 ATR Heating Single purged condition
Reflection ATR accessory *The high temperature type prism was used in this measurement.
Results and Discussions
Fig. 3 shows spectral data of time interval measurement for the oil sample heated up to 180ºC under air
environmental condition. It is seen that peak at 3010 cm-1 attributed to Cis-type is getting smaller with time.
On the other hand, peak at 966 cm-1 attributed to Trans-type is getting larger with time. In Fig. 4 the spectral
data of the same interval measurement but under N2 purged condition are shown, clearly indicating that there
is no change of peaks with time. It can be said that Cis-Trans transformation did not occurr, proving that
oxidative degradation of oil did not happen.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 illustrates that the changes of peak area with time at 3010 cm-1 and at 966 cm-1 are
plotted respectively by using the interval analysis program. It is evident that the peak area for Cis-type at
3010 cm-1 is getting smaller with time gradually under air environment, but the peak area for Trans-type at
966 cm-1 is getting larger with time for the initial 30 minutes and then saturated gradually. By comparing the
change of peak area for Cis-type and that for Trans-type with time under air environment shown in Fig. 5
and Fig. 6, it is assumed that after 30 minutes, the reaction to generate lipid peroxide becomes more
dominant than the Cis-Transformation as in the reaction process shown in Fig.1 As seen above, it is proved
that the FTIR measurement method using a heating single reflection ATR is very effective to monitor and
evaluate the reaction process accompanied by thermal changes. It is expected that this method will be
expanded to be applied for evaluation of thermodynamic reaction and for measurement under the condition
of Radical capture agent added.

0.075 0.2 0.075 0.2

Peak position of
Peak position of Cis-type
0.07 0.07
Cis-type 0.15 0.15
Peak position
Abs Abs Peak positionAbs Abs of Tran-type
of Tran-type
0.1 0.1
0.06 0.06

0.055 0.05 0.055 0.05

3040 3020 3000 2980 1400 1200 1000 900 3040 3020 3000 2980 1400 1200 1000 900
-1 -1
Wavenumber [cm ] Wavenumber [cm ] -1
Wavenumber [cm ] Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 3 Spectra under air environmental condition Fig. 4 Spectra under N2 purged condition

0.2 0.1

Environmental condition 0.08

0.15
N2 purge condition
0.06
Area 0.1 Area
0.04 Environmental condition
N2 purge condition
0.05 0.02
0 0
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
Time [min] Time [min]

Fig. 5 Change of peak area for Cis at 3010 cm-1 Fig. 6 Change of peak area for Trans at 966 cm-1
 Monitoring of reaction process using the fiber probe
Introduction
The reaction mechanism and dynamic parameter of the chemical compounds can be analyzed
by monitoring the reaction process using FTIR. Monitoring of reaction process has been widely
used for the research in organic synthesis, enzymatic reaction and electrochemistry as well as the
on-site measurement such as reactor, and there is a method of putting a fiber probe in the
reaction system for such measurement. VIR-100/200/300 series spectrometer mounted with the
Fiber connection unit has a capability to control maximum 6 lines of fiber through PC, enabling
to monitor multiple reactors by one system. Moreover, since VIR-200/300 allows the rapid scan
measurement of up to 25 msec interval optionally, it is also capable to monitor in real time basis
the relatively rapid chemical reaction such as enzymatic reaction. The type of fiber probe can be
selected from the one for transmission, reflection and ATR according to the purpose. In this
report, the reaction process between oil applied on the surface of ATR prism and surfactant was
measured by the rapid scan measurement using ATR probe.

Experimental
Figure 1 shows the configuration of the system used in this measurement. Since ATR method
can analyze the interface between ATR prism and solution, the measurement can be easily
implemented by simply putting tip of the ATR prism on the solution without any adjustment of
optical pathlength which is usually needed for the transmission method. ATR fiber whose
material is chalcogenide (made by Remspec) with ZnSe prism was used. After applying cooking
oil to the surface of ATR prism, ATR prism was put on the stirred surfactant in the vial and the
reaction process was monitored by rapid scan.
<Measurement conditions>
Instrument: VIR-200
Accessory: Fiber connection unit
Fiber probe: Chalcogenide (Made by Remspec)
Measurement method: ATR (ZnSe prism)
Light source: High-intensity ceramic source
Beam splitter: KBr/Ge
Detector: Mid-band MCT
VIR-200
Resolution: 4 cm-1
Interferometer drive system: Rapid scan
Measurement interval: 80 msec
Max. measurement time: 80 sec Sample

Unit connectable
with fiber Stirrer

Fiber

Fig. 1 VIR-200 + Fiber connection unit

Results and Discussions
Fig. 2 shows the change of spectra with time as 3D spectra. In this measurement, ATR prism was put
on surfactant solution after 25 seconds from the start of measurement. As a result, a decrease in intensity
of -CH peak (at 2925 cm-1) attributed to oil and an increase in intensity of -OH peak (at 1639 cm-1)
attributed to surfactant were observed as time goes by. Also, Figure 3 shows a spectrum (for surfactant
and oil) after the reaction between oil and surfactant on the surface of ATR prism and a spectrum (for
surfactant only) measured on ATR prism without oil. As shown in the results (pink area) in Figure 3, it
was found that the peak shape of spectrum of surfactant only was broader as compared with the spectrum
of surfactant + oil. This is considered to be due to the ordered structure of surfactant forming micell by the
interaction of hydrophobic groups between surfactant and oil, and the disordered structure of surfactant in
case that oil is not included.
Fig. 4 shows time-dependent change of the -CH
0.4
peak and -OH peak. It was found that the intensity of
-CH peak slowly decreased gradually after increased
rapidly when ATR prism touched the surfactant. On 0.3
the other hand, the intensity of -OH peak rapidly Abs
increased after about 25 seconds from the start of 0.2
Surfactant + Oil
measurement and then slowly increased. This
phenomenon indicates that the solubilization 0.1
(emulsification) and dispersion was occurring in two Surfactant
steps on the surface of ATR prism and it can be said 0
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
that the high speed reaction process was traced Wavenumber [cm-1]
successfully by the rapid scan. It is also expected that Fig. 3 Spectrum of surfactant after measurement
the molecule behavior on the solid-liquid interface as and spectrum of surfactant only
well as the monitoring of ordinary chemical reaction
0.3
can be analyzed by using this system. Accordingly,
-CH at 2925 cm-1
there is a possibility that this system can be applied to 0.2
the research of liposome which attracts attention due Abs
to DDS as well as the basic study of surfactant and 0.1
emulsion.
0
0 20 40 60 80
0.2

Abs
0.1

-OH at 1639 cm-1

0
0 20 40 60 80
Time [sec]
Fig. 4 Time-dependent change of Oil(-CH) & H2O(-
OH) group)

Fig. 2 3D spectrum of reaction process

Conclusion
In this report, the two-steps reaction was monitored by using the fiber probe and rapid scan. In addition,
it is expected that VIR-100 series can be utilized in a wide range of field such as the evaluation of lithium-
ion battery materials that can be measured by the instrument installed in the glove box, the remote
measurement in reactor by multi-probes and the measurement in manufacturing line, making full use of the
features such as compact size, robustness and free usage of sample compartment.
 Quantitative Analysis of Biodiesel (FAME) in Diesel Fuel
Introduction
In recent years, Biodiesel fuel made from vegetable oils or cooking oil waste by a transesterification
process has been receiving much attention as an alternative energy to processed fossil fuels. The chemical
process of transesterification from vegetable oil to FAME is shown in Fig. 1.

O O

=
=

CH2 - O - C - R1 CH3 - O - C - R1 CH2 - OH

O O

=
=

+
CH - O - C - R2 + 3CH3OH CH 3 - O - C - R2 CH - OH
O O
=

=
CH2 - O - C - R3 CH3 - O - C - R3 CH2 - OH

Triglyceride in plant oil Methanol Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Glycerin

(FAME)

Fig. 1: Reaction pathway from vegetable oil to FAME

The ASTM International and the EN European standards stipulate the determination of fatty acid methyl
ester (FAME) in diesel fuel oil and many countries use either neat or blended FAME as biodiesel fuels in
accordance with these standards. Since the guidelines differ from country to country for the ratio of FAME
blended in diesel oil and other conditions, a simple quantitative analysis method for the determination of
FAME in diesel fuel is imperative. The test method of FAME by FT/IR for both the ASTM and the EN
standard are shown in Table 1. The ASTM standard requires the ATR method and the EN test method
specifies a transmission method. FAME derived from soybean oil used in European industry was used as a
sample and a calibration curve model compliant with each standard method was derived. The measurement
results obtained are outlined below.

Table 1 Standard Test Methods of FAME by FT/IR

Regulation ASTM (D7371-07) EN14078

Measurement method ATR method Transmittance using liquid cell
Wavenumber range 4000-650 cm-1 4000-400 cm-1
Software PLS Quantitative Program Quantitative analysis program
Instruments JASCO FT/IR-4600 FT/IR Spectrometer
Resolution 0.7 cm-1
Accumulation: 32 times
Other measurement Accumulation: 32 times Accessory: Sealed Liquid cell
conditions Accessory: ATR PRO450-S (ZnSe) Window material: CaF2
Pathlength: 0.5 mm
Quantitative Analysis of FAME for ASTM
Fig. 2 outlines the infrared spectra of FAME and diesel fuel measured with the ATR method. The PLS
calibration curve derived from the standards are shown in Fig. 3. The PLS calibration curve was constructed
according to the conditions outlined by ASTM using standards that contained the FAME component in the
range of 1-10% and using the ATR method. The results demonstrate that PLS and the ATR method is a good
combination, which makes reliable results possible without diluting the sample.

8
0.1 R=0.9997

Calibrated value
FAME100% 6
Abs
FAME 30% 4
Diesel Fuel 70%

Diesel Fuel 100%

0
4000 2000 1000 700 0 2 4 6 8 10
Wavenumber [cm-1] Real Value

Fig. 2 IR spectra of FAME and diesel oil Fig. 3 PLS calibration curve of FAME
(ATR method, resolution: 4 cm-1, accumulations: 32 times) Calculation range: 1800-1692, 1327-940 cm-1, No. of Factors: 3

Quantitative Analysis of FAME for EN

Fig. 4 shows the overlaid peaks for FAME around the 1750 cm-1 band from the spectra of the standards
obtained by the transmittance method. The standard samples were prepared by mixing 0 - 10% FAME with
diesel oil and then diluted 10x in cyclohexane. The calibration curve for the FAME concentration was made
by measuring the peak at 1750 cm-1 with the standard Quantitative Analysis program as outlined in Figure 5.
The results indicate that a linear calibration model was created for the EN standard although the method for
the EN standard requires dilution of the sample in cyclohexane.

1 0.8
FAME 10% R=0.9999

0.6
Abs
Peak height

0.4
FAME 0%
0.2

0 0
1800 1700 0 2 4 6 8 10
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Concentration of FAME
Fig. 4 Peaks of FAME Fig. 5 EN calibration curve of FAME
(Transmission, resolution: 4 cm-1, Accumulation: 32 times)
 Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Trans-fatty acid in extremely low
concentration by liquid cell
Introduction
As a method of rapid quantitative analysis of trans-fatty acid in the food, which is becoming a big
concern due to the influence to human health, the measurement by FTIR together with thermostatted ATR
accessory has been suggested1,2). This is specified as an official method by AOAC (American
Organization of Analytical Chemists) and AOCS (American Oil Chemists' Society) due to its extremely
short analysis time within 1 - 2 minutes, which is much shorter than the time required by a method using
GC (Gas Chromatography) that requires lousy sample preparation as well. However in official method of
AOCS, the quantitation limit by ATR method is described as around 1.0%2), which was also demonstrated
in our FT/IR Application data1) under the same experiment conditions specified by AOCS.
Meanwhile, according to “The Guideline for Disclosure of Information on Trans-fatty acid Content”
issued by the Consumer Affairs Agency of Japan, it is allowed to show “Zero” in the labeling if the
content of trans-fatty acid / 100 g of food (100 ml in case of beverages) is less than 0.3%. In other words,
0.3% is required as the quantitation limit. Furthermore, the similar requirement in other countries is also
reported (USA: < 0.5 g / meal, Taiwan: < 0.3 g / 100 g, Korea or South American: < 0.2 g / meal) and
accordingly, a rapid and precise method is required for quantitative analysis of trans-fatty acid content in
food in less than 1.0%. The method for quantitation of trans-fatty acid described in the Guideline is GC
(AOCS Ce1h-05 or AOAC996.06), or other methods which need to have the equivalent performance of
this method. The analysis by GC method not only requires the sample preparation before measurement,
including the separation after having methylated the fat (being extracted) with BF3 , but also takes more
than 1 hour for measurement. This report, describing the quantitative analysis of trans-fatty acid of lower
than 1.0% by FTIR transmission method, shows the possibility that the equivalent result by GC method
can be obtained in a extremely short time.

Experimental
The peak indicating the absorption at 966 cm-1 by the Trans-fats
trans-fatty acid is used for the quantitative analysis (Fig. 0.15
1). This is also adopted in official method such as ATR
method2). Cis-fats
0.1
Calibration curve is created by 5 samples with
different content of trielaidin, which are prepared by Abs

adding the trielaidin (green color spectrum in Fig. 1), 0.05

being known as an isomer of trans-type of triolein, into
the cis-triolein (orange color spectrum in Fig. 1) which 0
contains only cis-type. 4000 2000 1000 400

Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 1 IR spectrum of cis-fats and trans-fats(ATR)

1) JASCO FT/IR Application data 050-AT-0215 (2010)
2) AOAC Official Method 2000.10, AOCS Official Method Cd 14d-99
 Measurement Conditions
Instrument: FT/IR-4600
Detector: DLATGS Resolution: 4 cm-1
Accumulation: 64 times Apodization: Triangle
Temperature: 25ºC (ambient temperature)
Mode: Transmission (method of solution)
Cell: Sealed liquid cell *NaCl (thickness: 0.1 mm)
Standard sample: Triolein, Trielaidin (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0%)
Peak calculation: Area within 945 - 990 cm-1
* The sealed liquid cell with KBr can be also used. Please contact local
JASCO distributor if the cell needs to be thermostatted.
Fig. 2 Sealed liquid cell

Result and Discussion

Transmission spectra of 5 standard samples (with 0.04
1.0%
different concentration of trielaidin: 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5,
0.03 0.5%
1.0%) are displayed in Fig.3. The correlation coefficient of 0.2%
0.9998 of the calibration curve obtained shows the good 0.1%
0.02
linearity of trans-fatty acid concentration to the peak height Abs 0.05%
or area around 966 cm-1 (Fig. 4). Since the S/N (Peak-to-
Peak) of the peak used for 0.05% quantitative calculation is 0.01
about 15:1, which is much better than the value of 10:1
being normally accepted as the quantitation limit (Fig. 5), 0
1015 980 940 915
this method is considered as the accurate approach to the Wavenumber [cm-1]
quantitative analysis of the sample whose concentration is Fig. 3 Trans-fats peak at 966 cm-1
extremely low, such as 0.05%.
The above result indicates that the quantitative analysis of 0.05 - 1.0% trans-fatty acid can be
performed by the method of FTIR transmission measurement. Although this method has the advantages of
no need of sample preparation and fast measurement comparing with the GC method, the cell has to be
washed after the measurement each time. From such viewpoint, it is not so convenient as compared with
the ATR method. Accordingly, it is considered to be the fast, convenient and accurate method to perform
the screening with the ATR method first, and then apply FTIR transmission method only for the sample
with concentration of lower than 1.0%.
0.8 0.005

0.6 0.004

Abs 0.003
0.4 Abs
0.002
Correlation Coefficient
0.2 0.9998
0.001
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0
1015 980 940 915
Trans-fatty acid concentration [%]
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 4 Calibration curve Fig. 5 Spectrum of trans-fats in 0.05%
Application by using of Auto contact ATR for VIR-100/200/300
Introduction
In IR spectrometry, the ATR method has been widely used because of simple measurement procedure which
does not require the pretreatment of sample. In most of commercially available ATR accessories, the ATR prism
can contact with sample by operating the sample presser manually. In the ordinary sample presser, the pressure
limiter mechanism for avoiding the breaking of prism has been implemented. On the other hand, in the auto
contact ATR newly developed by JASCO, the auto driving mechanism of sample presser has been adopted for
not only avoiding the breaking of prism by the pressure limiter mechanism but also enabling the change of
contact pressure stepwise. In addition, the auto contact ATR can offer exactly the same contact pressure at every
measurement so that any operator can obtain quickly the IR spectrum highly reproducible. In this application note,
the capability to change the contact pressure stepwise was applied to the measurement of food supplement. Also
the simulation for applying to acceptance inspection was performed.

About Auto contact ATR (Model AC-ATR-VIR2)

The newly designed auto contact ATR including auto drive of sample presser, enables controlling the contact
pressure to be applied to the sample by the built-in pressure sensor. The drive of auto sample presser can be
controlled through the operation panel on the accessory or through the PC software. In both cases, you can set the
proper contact pressure by observing the preview spectrum of sample. In addition, the sample measurement
procedure such as "contact with sample", "measurement" and "release of sample" can be preprogrammed so that
you can complete one sequence of measurement procedure just by pushing the start button. Such automation
capability may help the users for reducing their workloads on routine analysis requiring a number of similar
samples. The auto contact ATR (AC-ATR-VIR2) can be equipped into either a single reflection ATR (ATRS-
100-VIR) or multi chamber IR attachment (MPA-100-VIR).

Stop button Operation panel (pressure)

VIR-100
Main unit

ATR crystal
(Sample will
Auto sample be set here.)
presser

ATR unit

Fig. 1 VIR-100 + Auto contact ATR Fig. 2 Pressure monitor (left)

(VIR-100 + ATRS-100-VIR + AC-ATR-VIR) and operation panel (right)

Measurement
<System configuration>
P/N: 6999-J011A VIR-100 Versatile FTIR Spectrometer
*Applicable to VIR-200 (P/N: 6999-J012A)
P/N: 6999-J103A ATRS-100-VIR Single reflection ATR attachment
*Applicable to MultiChambIR attachment (Model MPA-100-VIR; P/N: 6999-J101A)
P/N: 6999-J143A PKS-Z100 ZnSe prism kit
P/N: 6999-J151A AC-ATR-VIR Auto-Contact ATR for ATRS/ATRH/MPA-100-VIR
Measurement conditions
Main Unit: VIR-100 Resolution: 4 cm-1 Method: ATR (crystal: ZnSe)
Detector: DLATGS Accumulation: 16 times
Accessory: ATRS-100-VIR + AC-ATR-VIR
Contact pressure (based on area of prism): 40 - 400 kg/cm2 (Fig. 3), 400 kg/cm2 (Fig. 4, 5)
Results
1. Application to brittle sample such as soft capsule of food supplement
Auto contact ATR was applied to the measurement of soft capsule of food supplement. By changing the
contact pressure from 40 kg/cm2 to 400 kg/cm2 at every 40 kg/cm2 step, the IR spectrum of each step was
obtained (Fig. 3). The IR spectrum of starch was observed in the spectra from 40 to 120 kg/cm2 and this
indicates that the soft capsule was not broken at up to 120 kg/cm2 so that the starch that is the ingredients of
capsule itself was observed.
400 kg/cm2
At the spectrum of 160 kg/cm2, tocopherol peaks
0.25
appeared. These results suggest that the capsule was
broken at this pressure and, the ingredients inside of
capsule such as tocopherol was observed accordingly.
At 200 kg/cm2 or higher pressure, it is assumed that Abs
the ingredients inside of capsule was pushed out of 160 kg/cm2
prism surface and therefore, the ingredients of capsule
itself such as starch appeared again. By using the auto 40 kg/cm2
contact ATR, such an dynamic analysis of soft 4000 3000 2000 1000 600
capsule can be performed at one sequence of Wavenumber [cm-1]
measurement pre-programmed.
Fig. 3 IR spectra of soft capsule of food supplement
2. Simulation for applying to acceptance inspection
In order to simulate the acceptance inspection, the five polymer films having intentionally two different
compounds from the other three standard (polyethylene) films were prepared and the IR spectra were obtained
(Fig. 4). In addition to the auto contact ATR, "repeat measurement" and "judgment of acceptance" (Fig. 5)
programs that are all standard functions in Spectra Measurement for VIR series, were used so that you can
perform repeatedly the measurement routine including the judgment by pressing the start button. The different
polymers from the standard polyethylene were easily detected as shown in Fig. 4 and 5 (spectrum #3 is of
polyvinylidene chloride and, the spectrum #5 is of polypropylene.).

0.25
#1

#2
Abs

#3

#4
#5
4000 3000 2000 1000 550
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 4 IR spectra of five polymer samples Fig. 5 Judgment of acceptance
As we demonstrated, the auto contact ATR offers the highly reproducible IR spectrum. It is also expected
to apply this technique to monitoring of production line by a combination with autosampler system.
 ATR application to granular gum by Auto-contact ATR Accessory
for VIR-100/200/300
Introduction
In IR spectrometry, the ATR method has been applied to obtain the surface information of sample by
contacting the sample with crystal. Most of commercially available ATR accessories allow the users to
work on the sample contact with crystal only manually, while we, JASCO have developed the auto-
contact ATR including auto drive mechanism to contact the sample with ATR crystal. In the auto contact
ATR, the contact pressure among crystal and sample can be controlled with good reproducibility. Such
capability has been applied to the measurement of brittle sample or we have simulated an acceptance
inspection by using this auto contact ATR with “judgment of acceptance” function that is the one of the
standard functions in VIR unit (See application note #080-AT-0235).
In this application note, the auto contact ATR has been applied to the monitoring of spectral change by
changing of number of contact with sample such as granular gum.

Measurement
Several kind of chewing-gum having different shape such as stick or granular and unique mouthfeel or
longer duration of taste are commercially available. If such mouthfeel or sensory evaluation can be
measured as actual number, it is possible for the measurement system to be applied to the evaluation of
food product. In this application note, we have tried to duplicate the chewing behavior of human by using
an Auto-contact ATR with a granular gum placed on the ATR crystal. The biting strength of normal adult
male is approximately 65 Kg that is equivalent to 4.6 Kg per one set of teeth. Therefore, the 4.6 Kg
contact pressure of crystal with sample was applied to the measurement. To duplicate the chewing
behavior, the sample presser drove repeatedly 100 times and, the IR spectrum at every pressing obtained.
Such a series of measurement can automatically be carried out by using of Auto-contact ATR with repeat
measurement function of Spectra Measurement program in VIR system.

<System configuration>
P/N: 6999-J011A VIR-100 Versatile FTIR Spectrometer
*Applicable to VIR-200 (P/N; 6999-J012A)
P/N: 6999-J103A ATRS-100-VIR Single reflection
ATR attachment
*Applicable to MultiChambIR attachment (P/N: 6999-J101A; MPA-100-VIR)
P/N: 6999-J143A PKS-Z100 ZnSe crystal kit
P/N: 6999-J151A AC-ATR-VIR Auto-Contact
ATR for ATRS/ATRH/MPA-100-VIR

<Measurement conditions>
Main Unit: VIR-100
Mode: ATR Fig. 1 Granular gum place on ATR crystal
Resolution: 4 cm -1

Detector: DLATGS
Accumulation: 16 times
Number of repeat of sample presser drive: 100 times
Accessories: ATRS-100-VIR + AC-ATR-VIR (Crystal: ZnSe)
Contact pressure: 260 kg/cm2 (Applied pressure on crystal surface)
Equivalent to 4.6 kgf (applied pressure on sample)
Results
Every IR spectrum up to 10 times of presser drive was shown in Fig. 2 and, the IR spectrum at every
10 time drive of 100 time drive was shown in Fig. 3. The peaks derived from esters were appeared at near
1740 cm-1 and 1235 cm-1. These results indicate that the gum base included the vinyl acetate. Also the
peak derived from xylitol was observed at near 745 cm-1. These characteristic peaks were used for
monitoring the change of gum base and ingredient. The change of peak intensity at 1740 cm-1 was shown
in Fig. 4. The intensity increased in the first 5 measurements and, it became stable later. The monitoring of
peak intensity at 745 cm-1(xylitol) was indicated in Fig. 5. The intensity gradually increased up to about
40 measurements, while it became stable later. These results suggest that the gum base can get to fit teeth
relatively early chewing and, the taste (xylitol) will be seeped out gradually.
0.35 0.7

0.3 0.6
Abs Abs

0.2 0.4
1800 1700 760 740 720
Abs Wavenumber [cm-1]
Abs Wavenumber [cm-1]

0.1 0.2

0 0
4000 2000 1000 650 4000 2000 1000 650
Wavenumber [cm-1] Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 2 IR spectra in first 10 trials Fig. 3 IR spectra at every 10 trials of 100 trials.
0.08 0.15

0.07
Peak intensity became stable at 5 Peak intensity became stable at
trials or later. 0.1 40 trials or later.
0.06 Abs
Abs

0.05
0.05

0.04 0.03
1 2 4 6 8 10 1 20 40 60 80 100
Number of contact Number of contact
Fig. 4 Change of peak intensity at 1740 cm-1(vinyl acetate) Fig. 5 Change of peak intensity at 745 cm-1(xylitol)

As you can see, the Auto-contact ATR can be the effective tool to simulate the dynamic analysis of
food samples such as chewing-gum. Further application to this demonstration, the constant temperature
ATR measurement at 37ºC with doping of enzyme such as amylase into sample will be considered so that
the measurement conditions will be close to the conditions in the mouth.
*A constant temperature or heating ATR is the custom-made option.
 Analysis of water content distribution in food by IRT-7000S
Introduction
Even though the detector of IRT-7000S is single-element detector, it enables high speed imaging
measurement with 1/10 measurement time due to high speed mapping system as compared with the
conventional IR microscope.
Table 1 shows the time required for measurement of 200 x 200 µm area by multi-channel
detector (16 x 1 linear array detector) and single-element detector (IRT-7000), and Figure 1 shows
the image of measurement protocol by each detector. Generally multi-channel detector is used for
high speed imaging measurement, and its measurement area size is determined by the
magnification of Cassegrain mirror. On the other hand, the measurement area size by single-
element detector is determined by the aperture size.
Accordingly, single-element detector is considered to have an advantage because the aperture
size is changeable, so that for large area measurement with large aperture size, the measurement
time may be shorter than multi-channel detector. Therefore, for the measurement of 200 x 200 µm
area, the measurement time by single-element detector with 50 x 50 µm aperture size can be shorter
than linear array detector with 32x Cassegrain, even the measurement points are reduced.
One of the significances to measure large area in high speed is the requirement for unstable
sample such as food or tissue which may denature in a short time. In this experiment, we would like
to show visually the difference of water content distribution in 2 types of noodles cooked by
professional and amateur. By using IRT-7000S*1, high speed imaging measurement was done for
the samples in a few millimeter block before drying.
Table 1 Comparison of detectors and aperture size in 200 x 200 µm area measurement*2
Detector Linear array Single-element Single-element
(16 x 1) (IRT-7000S) (IRT-7000S)
Aperture size 6.25 x 6.25 µm 25 x 25 µm 50 x 50 µm
Measurement points 32 x 32 8x8 4x4
Measurement time *3 Approx. 7 sec. Approx. 7 sec. Approx. 2 sec.
*1: IRT -7000S can be upgraded to IRT-7000
*2 Measurement condition: 32x Cassegrain, resolution: 16 cm-1, accumulation: 1
*3 Measurement time depends on measurement points
 Measurement area in one scan
Linear array detector Single-element detector (IRT-7000S) Single-element detector (IRT-7000S)
Aperture: 6.25 x 6.25 µm Aperture: 25 x 25 µm Aperture: 50 x 50 µm

Fig. 1 Comparison of measurement area in 200 x 200 µm area

In order to compare water content in noodle cross-section, the sample was prepared quickly and
measured with high speed. The noodles cooked by professional and amateur were cut in a few
millimeters thickness and sandwiched by CaFs windows in order to avoid drying (Figure 2).
<Measurement condition>
Instrument: IRT-7000S
Measurement points: 38  54 points (2052 points) (professional)
Measurement method: Transmittance
Measurement size: 3.7 mm x 5.3 mm (professional), 4.3 mm x 4.6 mm (amateur)
Aperture: 100 x 100 µm
Detector: MCT
Measurement time: Approx. 5 minutes (professional)
Resolution: 16 cm-1

Measure the
cross-section

window
Cross-section
of fried noodle
1. Cook fried noodle 2.Cut the cross-section rapidly 3. Measure the cross-section

Fig. 2 Process of measurement

Results
The water content distribution in both noodle cooked by professional and amateur was compared
by calculating the peak area ratio of starch (3872 - 4165 cm-1) and water (1882 - 2321 cm-1) (Figure
3).
Fig. 3 shows that water content in the noodle cooked by amateur was rich in the center, while
water content in the noodle cooked by professional was distributed in the layer between outer side
and core part. In addition, as a results of sensory test, almost all testers of 20 people said that the
noodle cooked by professional was more delicious. In this experiment, By high speed mapping of
few millimeters sample with 100 µm2 measurement spot size, it was confirmed that the taste was
related to the water content distribution,.
By using single-element detector system with changeable aperture size when combined with
high speed mapping, it enables to measure the samples with area as large as few milimeters in a
shot time and visualize the sample in molecular level (such as water content distribution in food
and medicine).
Using such system will be very useful for the study of food/medicine, if the relationship between
the obtained image and food taste or effectiveness of medicine could be determined.

Professional Amateur

Water content Sample image Water content Sample image

distribution distribution

Fig. 3 Water content distribution of fried noodle cooked by professional and amateur
Measurement of Oriented Films and Liquid Crystal Molecules
by a Polarized ATR Accessory
Introduction
The development of advanced materials, particularly liquid crystals and macromolecules,
requires the ability to control and analyze the molecular orientation of these compounds.
Molecular orientation is generally analyzed by a method based on birefringence, an X-ray
diffraction method that provides information on the solid crystallinity, or infrared spectroscopy,
which yields information on molecular vibrational activity. With infrared spectroscopy,
orientation is evaluated by measuring the polarization characteristics of the sample with a
polarizer placed in the optical path. A polarized ATR accessory has been developed that allows
measurements of sample polarization based on the ATR effect and allows analysis of the
molecular orientation on sample surfaces in the 1-2 µm range. This technique permits the Fig. 1 Polarized ATR
analysis of molecular orientation on sample surfaces regardless of sample thickness or material.
A method for analyzing the molecular orientation of oriented films along a stretched axis within the plane (MD);
along a transverse axis within the plane (TD); or along an axis of depth (OP) is described below. When a stretched film is
aligned with the axis along which the light beam travels and the film is irradiated by a light beam polarized perpendicular
to the sample (s-polarized), information can be obtained on the orientation along the y-axis (perpendicular direction), as
shown in the upper left of Fig. 2. When a sample is irradiated by horizontally polarized (p-polarized) light, information
for the x-axis (stretched direction) and z-axis orientations (axis of depth) can be analyzed, as shown in the upper right of
Fig. 2. By rotating the sample 90º and irradiating it with a perpendicularly polarized (s-polarized) light beam,
information can be obtained for the orientation along the stretched direction, because the sample is positioned as shown
in the lower left of Fig. 2. Irradiating a sample in this position with a horizontally polarized (p-polarized) light beam
yields information for orientation along the transverse axis and axis of depth, as shown in the lower right of Fig. 2. This
is summarized in Table 1. By calculating the peak intensity for each spectrum obtained, information can be obtained on
all molecular orientations, MD, TD, and OP. Changing the direction of the sample and the angle of the polarizer allows
three-dimensional analysis of sample orientations.

z（OP） OP

x（MD） MD
TD
y（TD）
Streched direction Streched direction Table 1 Obtained information of each direction of samples and polarizer

Direction of sample p-polarized s-polarized

s (⊥) polarization p (//) polarization X-axis is stretched axis. MD&OP TD
z（OP） OP
Y-axis is stretched axis. TD&OP MD
x（TD） TD
MD
y（MD）
Streched direction Streched direction

s (⊥) polarization p (//) polarization

indicates the direction perpendicular to this paper.

Fig. 2 Relationship of the direction of polarizer
and stretched axis of the oriented films

Features of the polarized single-reflection ATR accessory (ATR PRO610P-S, ATR PRO630P-H)
Polarized ATR (Fig. 1) provides high polarization purity because the polarizer and analyzer are configured
immediately in front of and behind the ATR prism. Removing the polarizer and analyzer makes it possible to use this
accessory for standard ATR measurements. The ATR PRO630P-H provides a high-pressure contact option for
measurements of samples that require greater crystal contact.
Results and discussions
Measurement of oriented polypropylene (PP) films
An oriented PP film was measured using four different sample orientations (Fig. 2) and the orientation of the surface was
evaluated. The result is shown in Fig. 3.

<Measurement Conditions>
System: FT/IR-4600 Resolution: 4 cm-1
Detector: DLATGS Accumulations: 200
Accessory: ATR PRO610P-S (Prism: Ge)

The spectral differences in the region of 1500 to 700 cm-1 indicate that this PP film is composed primarily of isotactic PP
and that the sample is oriented. If the sample is rotated 90º, the difference is greater for s-polarization, which does not include
information along the axis of depth. To evaluate the state of orientation along the vertical and stretched directions, a sample
was irradiated with s-polarized light after rotating the sample and setting the stretched direction to the x direction, and then to
the y direction. The degree of orientation was calculated1 using the peak heights at 809, 841, and 998 cm-1 in the measured
spectra. These calculations yielded a figure of 0.95, which closely agrees with measurements obtained by the transmission
method. These results suggest that the state of orientation of the measured PP film sample is similar throughout the film and at
the surface to a depth of approximately 1 µm to 2 µm.

Measurement of liquid crystal molecules

Normal twisted nematic liquid crystal (TN liquid crystal) molecules were irradiated with p-polarized and s-polarized light
beams and the differences were measured. Since liquid crystal molecules are highly fluid, the sample was not rotated for this
experiment. The polarizer can be rotated without moving the sample, allowing orientation evaluations of a liquid sample
without altering the sample conditions. The measurement results are shown in Fig. 5.

0.1 p-polarization (y)

0.02

p-polarization (x)
Abs Abs
s-polarization (y)
s-polarization (y)
s-polarization (x)

s-polarization (x)
1080 1000 900 780
3500 3000 2000 1000 700 Wavenumber [cm-1]

Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 4 Enlarged peaks used calculation of
Fig. 3 Spectra of a PP film measured by polarized ATR degree of orientation
*Figures in parentheses show the direction of film stretching. 0.1
0.01 p -polarization
0.08 Abs 0.005 s -polarization
0
0.06 -0.00 1
2300 2250 2200 2150
Wavenumber [cm -1]
Abs
0.04

0.02

0
3500 3000 2000 -1 1000 700
Wavenumber [cm ]
Fig. 5 Spectra of a TN crystal measured by polarized ATR
<Measurement Conditions>
System: FT/IR-4600 Resolution: 4 cm-1
Detector: DLATGS Accumulations: 64
Accessory: ATR PRO610P-S (Prism: ZnSe)

A close look at the absorption peak near 2230 cm-1, a peak assigned to the nitrile group at the end of the liquid
crystal molecule, shows that the peak is larger when measured with s-polarized light than with p-polarized light. For
quantitative processing of the results, the ratio of the absorption of the peak near 2230 cm-1 along the z axis (depth) to
absorption in the xy plane was calculated. Due to sample fluidity, the xy plane was assumed to have no orientation.
Calculations give a ratio of approximately 0.002 (z direction/xy direction), indicating that the nitrile group is oriented
within the xy plane parallel to the prism. This result is consistent with the knowledge that the chains are oriented
(inclined) within a plane in TN liquid crystals in the absence of an electric field. Analyzing other absorption peaks that
show differences make it possible to achieve a more detailed understanding of the oriented state of such molecules.
As described above, polarized ATR spectroscopy is useful for rapidly and non-destructively measuring and
evaluating the surface state of oriented molecules, such as film and liquid crystal compounds. The analysis results can
also be used to calculate the degree of orientation for each vibrational mode and for quantitative evaluations of
orientation along the axis of the molecular depth.
 Identification and quantitative determination of plasticizer in A1 size
PVC sheet by using of a single bounce ATR for large-sized sample
Introduction
Poly-vinyl-chloride (PVC) has been widely used as multi-functional plastic which can be made either
hard or soft with flame retardant, waterproof, acid-proof, and alkali-proof feature. For the soft PVC, the
ester compound type of plasticizer has been added and in particular the phthalate ester has been widely
used as the superior plasticizer.
However, it has been pointed out that the use of phthalate ester may cause several risks such as its
carcinogenic action or some influence to the reproductive ability. Therefore, EU-Toy-Directive and the
US Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) are regulating the use of six kind of phthalate
esters (DEHP, DBP, BBP, DINP, DIDP, DNOP; Fig. 1.) in toy products. In Japan, Food Sanitation Act
is regulating the use of two kind of phthalate esters (DEHP, DINP) in toy products and, since September
2011, such regulation has been applied to the six kind of phthalate esters in the same way as EU-Toy-
Directive. Furthermore, the three phthalate esters (DEHP, DBP, BBP) have been selected to be classified
as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) in REACH regulations. Therefore, to apply RoHS Directive
to the four esters will be regulated from July 22th in 2019.

O O O

O O O
O O O

O O O

DEHP
DEHP DBP
DBP BBP
BBP
(Di-2-ethylhexyl
(di-2-ethylhexylphthalate)
phthalate) (Dibutyl phthalate)
(Dibutyl phthalate) (Benzylbutyl
(Benzylbutylphthalate)
phthalate)

O O O

O O O
O O O

O O O

DINP
DINP DIDP
DIDP DNOP
DNOP
(Diisononyl
(Diisononylphthalate)
phthalate) (Diisodecyl
(Diisodecyl phthalate)
phthalate) (Di-n-octyl
(Di-n-octylphthalate)
phthalate)

Generally, the GC/MS has been used for the analysis of phthalate esters, however ,the measurement
time by GC/MS is relatively long and, it requires sample preparation such as isolation and extraction
(waste of time and cost). On the other hand, the FTIR enables the completion of analysis in just one
minute if the sample contains more than a few percentage
of phthalate esters. Particularly, the ATR method enables
the non-destructive measurement of surface of sample by
just contacting the prism to the sample, without
consideration of sample thickness or color. In soft PVC
plastic, since usually 10 to 60% of phthalate ester
plasticizer is added, the FTIR could be the best suitable
method for the 1st screening inspection.
In this application, the identification and quantitative
determination of phthalate ester plasticizer in A1 size
PVC sheet has been carried out by using of a single
bounce ATR for large-sized sample (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Single reflection ATR for large-sized sample

(FT/IR-4600 with ATR PRO510T-S)
Features of a single bounce ATR for large-sized sample (ATR PRO510T-S/ATR PRO530T-H)
The ATR method offering easy sampling can be applied to the non-destructive measurement. Recently,
the request to measure the large-sized product or molded product as it is has been increased day by day.
The newly designed Model ATR PRO510T-S/PRO530T-H) is now available and allows the users to let
the sample position higher than main unit FTIR (See Fig. 2 and 3), allowing the measurement of the very
large sample that cannot be accommodated in the standard sample compartment of FTIR main unit. Also,
the center of sample can be measured if the sample size is up to 6 inches, and as you can see in the photo
(Fig. 3), even the A1 size sheet can be measured as it is. Such capability suggests the possibility for
applying this method to the final inspection of all finished products from production line such as of sheet
film or of vehicle bumper molded. Similarly to the model of ordinary ATR, the higher contact pressure
model (ATR PRO530T-H) is available so that the sample having lumpy or hard surface can be applied to.
Measurement
The A1 size PVC sheet (65 x 90 cm; no sample preparation
done) was just put onto the sample stage of ATR (Fig. 3). The
measurement results were shown in Fig. 4.

Measurement conditions
Instrument: FT/IR-4600
Method: ATR (ATR PRO510T-S, ZnSe crystal)
Detector: DLATGS
Resolution: 4 cm-1
Accumulation: 64

Fig. 3 A1 size sheet on ATR PRO510T-S

PVC has the absorption peaks derived from C-Cl stretching vibration in the region from 600 to 700 cm-1,
as well as the peaks around 1425 and 1250 cm-1.
Such peaks of PVC can be observed clearly in IR spectrum (Fig. 4). Regarding the peaks of phthalate
esters (Fig. 1), the peaks will appear around 1720, 1280, and 1120 cm-1 as absorption by aromatic esters
and, will appear around 1600, 1580, 1465, 1080, and 745 cm-1 as the absorption by aromatic ring in which
the ortho position was substituted. In the sample spectrum (Fig. 4), such peaks of phthalate esters
plasticizer can also be observed.
0.3
Peaks from PVC
(C-Cl stretching)
Peaks from phthlate
ester
0.2

Abs

0.1

0
4000 3000 2000 1000 550
Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 4 IR Spectrum of PVC sheet

 In addition, the quantitative determination of DEHP was tried. Each of 10, 20 and 40% DEHP
contained PVC was measured by the same ATR method and then, the calibration curve was generated by
the peak height of unique peak at 1600 cm-1 (Fig. 5). As a result of quantitative determination, it was
confirmed that 37% of DEHP was contained in A1 PVC.
The above results clearly indicate that the ATR can be applied to the quantitative determination as well
as to 1st screening inspection of phthalate ester plasticizer contents under the industrial regulations. It is
also suggested that our newly designed single bounace ATR for large-sized sample can be applied to the
non-destructive and quick measurement of surface of extra large sample or molded sample.

0.005

A1 size PVC
sheet

Phthalate ester
Abs
40 %

Phthalate ester
20 %

Phthalate ester
10 %

1650 1600 1550

Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 5 IR spectra of known DEHP content PVC

 The measurement of filler (particles of facial cleanser)
by using Clear-View ATR
Introduction
IR Microscope has been widely used for the identification of object or for imaging measurement
because of the capability of molecular structure analysis of the small object. The microscope ATR method
not only makes measurement easy since no sample pre-treatment is necessary, but also is a power tool for
the sample or particles as small as less than 5 mm, such as filler, which is in principle difficult to measure
by the ordinary transmission / reflection method. However the normal microscope ATR method is not
suitable for the measurement in case that sample moves or is crashed when the prism touches sample
tightly, since the sample has to be located in the center of the prism while the direct observation of sample
is impossible by such method. Microscope IRT-5000 and IRT-7000 are equipped with the standard smart
mapping function, which enables the correct measurement even if the sample is not center-located.
Furthermore, the Clear-View ATR (series of ATR-5000-S) is developed for observation of the sample
even when the prism touches tightly the sample. This report describes the measurement of tiny object (the
black particles in the facial cleanser) as a model sample of filler being contained in the fluid sample by
using IRT-5000 and Clear-View type ATR (ATR-5000-SS).
By this experiment, the molecular structure of the black particles was clearly determined, and hence the
functionality of the particles was estimated.
Experimental
The black particle in the liquid of the paste of the facial cleanser being marked by the red square as
shown in Fig. 1 was measured as a model sample of filler.
The observation image in Fig. 2 shows the state when ATR prism is touching the sample tightly. The
scattered black particles due to tight contact can be observed through the clear-view ATR. IRT-5000 smart
mapping function makes it possible to start the mapping measurement when viewing the sample.
Measurement conditions
Instrument: FT/IR-6600+IRT-5000
Detector: Narrow-band MCT 5 mm
Resolution: 8 cm-1
Accumulation: 16 times
Objective: ATR-5000-SS (ZnS Prism)
Measurement spot: 37 x 37 (Smart mapping)
Aperture size: 5 x 5 µm
Measurement area: 180 x 180 µm

Fig. 1. Face cleaner photo

Result and Discussion
Spectra of the paste part and black particles are shown in Fig. 3 (Those spectra are processed by ATR
correction for the possibility of abnormal dispersion). Judging from the spectra, the main component of
both can be identified as Glycerin. The result of further database search for the subtraction of two spectra
shows that the cellulose is contained in the black particle (Fig. 4). The contour plot of the peak height at
1056 cm-1 ascribed to glycoside bond of cellulose is shown in Fig. 5. It is confirmed that the cellulose is
evenly distributed to where the black particles are scattered as seen in the observation image. It is assumed
that the black particles adsorb the surplus sebum and perspiration, while the liquid of paste washes the dirt
and keep the skin moisturized.
 The combination of IRT-5000 and Clear-view ATR makes it possible to measure the small object in
the fluid sample, which was not possible in the past. It is considered as an effective approach to measure
the functional filler, and the tiny object in the fluid sample, such as food, liquid crystal etc.

Fig. 2 ATR-5000-SS Observation image Fig. 5 Peak of Cellulose(1056 cm-1) Contour plot of peak height

Black particles
Paste part

Fig. 3 Spectra of the paste part and black particles (After ATR correction)

Database search result (cellulose)

Subtracted spectrum.jws

Fig. 4 Database search result of the subtracted spectrum of Fig. 3

 Efficacy of Imaging Data Analysis using “Model Analysis”
Introduction
Imaging measurement using Micro FT-IR is widely used as a method which can visualize the
components distribution. In recent years, the users can chose the most appropriate imaging method in
accordance with their purpose because a variety of imaging methods has been available due to the
progressive development of the high-speed imaging measurement methods using a multi channel detector
and IR microscope. The imaging measurement for handling enormous amount of the data, however,
requires significant time and special skill for analysis. For example, Fig. 1 shows the imaging analysis
result of a multilayer film. It can be seen that the spectrum of each portion is checked and the intensity
distribution of the key peaks is shown as the color-coded image.
From the spectra, it is seen that three kinds of components were contained in the film, while from the
images, it is considered that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyester are found in A layer and B layer of
the multilayer film respectively and that protein is contained as an impurity in the PVC layer. As shown in
the above, the components distribution can be discerned by analyzing the imaging data. On the other hand,
there is a possibility that some components in the sample may be neglected as the number of the data
becomes larger.
This report illustrates an example of the imaging
data analysis using “Model Analysis” in Micro
Imaging Analysis program newly developed for IRT-
5200/7100/7200 (shown in Fig. 2). The “Model
Analysis” is one of the functions to assist the analysis
in the Micro Imaging Analysis program such as
making an image without checking the spectrum.
Model Analysis
“Model Analysis” is a function to make a relative
concentration distribution by extracting the principal
components automatically from the measured spectra.
Therefore, the imaging plot can be obtained in a short
time without neglecting the components contained in
the sample as explained in the above. It is also
possible to identify the components by searching the
Fig. 2 Micro Imaging Analysis Program
spectrum of principal components in the data base.

Impurity PVC + Protein

0.5
A
PVC
Abs

B Polyester

4000 2000 1000 650

Wavenumber [cm-1]
Observation image Imaging plot Measured spectra (Off-set)
(Green:Protein, Blue:PVC, (Imaging plot was made based on
Red:Polyester) the key peaks indicated by arrows)

Fig. 1 Imaging analysis result of multilayer film with key peaks

“Model Analysis” Results
Fig. 3 shows the imaging analysis result of a multilayer film using “Model Analysis”. Comparing the
data in Fig. 1 with the data in Fig. 3, two differences can be observed. One is that the spectrum of the
fourth component was contained in the spectrum of primary component. It is indicating that the
component possibly neglected by Imaging Analysis using key bands can be accurately analyzed by using
“Model Analysis”. The other is the difference in the impurity spectra. The pure spectrum of the protein as
an impurity can be obtained using “Model Analysis”, while the overlapped spectra of protein and PVC in
the multilayer were obtained as the measured spectrum by the method using key bands. The spectrum of
pure component improves the accuracy for searching databases and facilitates the identification of the
components. Fig. 4 illustrates the database search result of the principal components. Polyethylene was
found to be as a principal component which was neglected by the Imaging analysis using key peaks.
As described above, the “Model Analysis” makes it possible to obtain the imaging plot of all contained
principal components without checking the spectrum, which improves the accuracy of searching the
databases.

Principal spectrum A

Principal spectrum B
Abs
Principal spectrum C

Principal spectrum D
4000 2000 1000 650
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Observation image Imaging plot
Principal components spectra (Off-set)
(Green:Protein, Blue:PVC,
Red:Polyester, Yellow: Polyethylene)
Fig. 3 Imaging analysis result of multilayer film with “Model analysis”
Protein PVC

Principal spectrum A Principal spectrum B

Polyethylene
Polyester

Principal spectrum C Principal spectrum D

Fig. 4 Database search result of principal components spectra

System configuration
P/N: 7084-J002A FT/IR-4600 FT/IR Spectrometer
P/N: 7081-J051A IRT-5200-16 Infrared Microscope
Micro Imaging Analysis Program (Standard for IRT-5200/7100/7200)
 The simple measurement method of liquid sample in near-IR region
Introduction
Since near-IR light is transmissive to glass, it is widely used as the quantitative and qualitative analysis
method to measure powder sample in test tube or sample bottle. On the other hand, generally the liquid
sample is measured in transmittance method using thin cell with 1-3 mm cell length.
The commercial cell is too expensive to use as disposable, and it is difficult to clean the cell due to its thin
cell length.
In the measurement method by using hematocrit capillary cell, there were some problems that the cell cap
cannot be used for strong smell sample such as fragrance, or high viscosity sample cannot be inserted to the
cell. In this note, we would like to introduce the simple measurement method by using the test tube with cell
cap or easy washable laboratory dish.

<Instrument>
Portable type near-IR detected instrument VIR-300.
Since VIR-series are compact and transportable, and installed easily, they can be widely used depending
on the purpose such as manufacture line, outside or acceptance test. In this note, RF-100-VIR is used as
optional accessory and test tube holder and laboratory dish are measured (Photos 1, 2 and 3).

<Measurement example 1; mini test tube>

Photo 2 shows measuring the solution in mini test tube mounted on test tube holder. By setting the flat
surface cylindrical stainless spacer in the test tube, cell length can be controlled as solution cell. The light is
irradiated from the bottom of the tube, transmit the solution, reflect on the surface of spacer, and then pass
back to the bottom. Since the cell length (thickness) can be controlled to optimum length for near-IR, the
good spectrum as the same as current transmittance angular cell can be obtained.

Cylindrical stainless spacer

Photo 1 Transportable near-IR measurement system Photo 2 Measurement example of solution using
mini test tube
 Fig. 1 and 2 show the solution spectrum obtained by this method, and good repeatability. Fig. 3 show the
reference data of the spectrum obtained by using hematocrit capillary cell. It can be confirmed that the
saturated absorbance peak in the measurement method using hematocrit capillary cell is obtained without
saturating in the test tube method.

Water Repeatability: ethanol x 2

Ethanol.

Chloroform

Fig. 1 Measurement example using test tube

< Measurement example 2: Laboratory dish > brandy
When the sample has strong flavor and the Amount
is enough, it is more suitable to use the easy washable Water
wide mouth case such as Laboratory dish. Photo 3
shows the mounted laboratory dish. Since the incident Ethanol
light is directly reflected on the surface of the flat
bottom case such as laboratory dish, sample
absorbance spectrum might not be measured.
In order to avoid this phenomenon, by tipping the
reflectance face on the angle to light axis, the better
absorbance spectrum can be obtained. Fig. 2 Reproducibility using Ethanol
The cell thickness can be controlled by using metal reflectance plate with spacer on the laboratory dish.
Fig. 4 shows the measurement example of solution sample using laboratory dish. The optimum size of the
spacer used with metal reflectance plate is approx. 400 µm. But the thickness of the spacer depends on the
sample

Tomato sauce

Water

Mayonnaise

Photo 3 Measurement example of solution

sample using laboratory dish Fig. 4 Measurement example using laboratory dish
 Terahertz (THz) Measurements of Liquids by a vacuum
compatible ATR accessory
Introduction
Characterized by wavelengths longer than the mid-
infrared region, the far-infrared region is also referred to as
the terahertz region. In recent years, this region has been
used to evaluate crystal polymorphs for pharmaceuticals
and semiconductor device materials, as well as for
archaeological research applications, including the study of
inorganic pigments. Light in the far-infrared region
(terahertz waves) corresponds to hydrogen bonding and
Van der Waals forces believed to hold the key to an
understanding of the functional expressions of and
structural changes in biological molecules in liquids, as well
as absorption energy in hydrophobic interactions.
Calculations, generally theoretical, have been applied for Fig. 1 ATR-500/Mi＋ATR crystal plate
(Upper right: Prism and liquid cell)
such purposes in the past, but using light in the far-infrared
region should allow the acquisition of important
experimental information regarding such behavior.
The transmission method is commonly used for measurements in the far-infrared region but is not suitable
for measurements of samples with significant absorption in the far-infrared region. For measurements of
liquid samples such as biological molecules in an aqueous solution, cell thickness must be reduced to about
10 µm or less to avoid the effects of solvent absorption. This makes it difficult to directly measure gel-state
materials or biological samples, like protein solutions. ATR measurements utilize infrared light focused into a
crystalline prism which penetrates slightly into the sample when the sample and the prism are in intimate
contact. The method allows easy measurements of samples with good contact characteristics, such as liquids
and gel-state materials, simply by placing the sample on the prism. Although the effects of moisture vapor are
more pronounced in the far-infrared region than in the mid-infrared region, maintaining the interferometer
and sample chamber in a vacuum during measurements reduces the effects of the water bands, but
depressurizing the sample chamber to a vacuum causes liquid samples to vaporize, preventing ATR sample
measurements of the sample. The liquid triple-reflection ATR crystal plate for the THz (far-infrared) region
that can be mounted on the ATR-500/Mi, used for these measurements, is configured to allow sealing of the
ATR crystal area. This keeps the liquid from vaporizing when the sample chamber is depressurized and
enables simple ATR measurements. The Si prism in the ATR accessory can provide a penetration depth of
approximately 2 m at 1000 cm-1 and approximately 10 m at 200 cm-1.
To verify the relationship between hydration and ions in various aqueous electrolyte solutions, Far-IR
ATR measurements of pure water and various salt water solutions were performed using the JASCO FT/IR-
6800FV, and a liquid triple-reflection ATR accessory. The results of these measurements are outlined below.

Measurement Conditions
System: FT/IR-6800FV Measurement Method: ATR method (Triple-reflection)
Resolution: 2 cm-1 Accumulations: 128
Accessory: ATR-500/Mi + liquid triple-reflection ATR crystal plate (for Far-IR)
Sample: pure water, 2 or 5 mol/L- Sodium chloride and Potassium chloride solution, 2 mol/L-
Calcium chloride solution
Results and discussions
ATR measurements were performed of pure water in the mid-infrared and far-infrared regions. The results
obtained by applying ATR corrections to the measured spectra are shown in Fig. 2. The measurement
conditions are given in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the FT/IR-6000 series allows changes in the light
source and beam splitter based on measurement frequency, enabling measurements across a broad spectral
range. A peak near 600 cm-1 potentially assigned to the absorption resulting from the intermolecular motion
of water is shown in Fig. 2. Another peak was observed near 180 cm-1 (yellow border in Fig. 2), which is
assigned to hydrogen bonding. The change in the behavior of the peak near 180 cm-1 resulting from the solute
type was also measured.
1
Table 1 Measurement Conditions for Mid-IR and Far-IR region 0.3

Wavenumber 0.8
Beam splitter Light source Detector 0.2
[cm-1]
Abs
4000 - 400*1 High-intensity DLATGS 0.6
Ge/KBr Abs 0.1
(Green-lined) ceramic source (standard)
450 - 100*2 High-intensity 0.4 0
5 µm Mylar 1000 800 600 400 200 20
(Blue-lined) ceramic source Wavenumber [cm-1]
Si bolometer
water-cooled (option)
0.2
110 - 20
25 µm Mylar mercury light
(Red-lined)
source 0
4000 3000 2000 1000 20
*1 The ATR PRO470-H (diamond prism) was used under normal Wavenumber [cm-1]
atmospheric conditions.
*2 The S/N ratio is lower in the frequency range of 150 cm-1 and below. Fig. 2 ATR spectra of pure water
(Upper right: Enlargement below 1000 cm-1)
The stack graph (Fig. 3) shows the ATR spectra of these
aqueous solutions near 180 cm-1. Table 2 and Fig. 3 indicate
the positions of the peaks assigned to hydrogen bonding. In
Table 2 Peak Shift of Each Sample
all cases, the monovalent cation shifts toward the low
Sample Ion radius Conc. Peak top Peak shift
frequency side compared to water, indicating a correlation
(Valence) [nm] [mol/L] [cm-1] [cm-1]
between density and shift width. In the Potassium solution
(K+) the large ion radius shifts the peaksignificantly toward H2O - - 182.2 -
the low frequency side, as compared to the Sodium solution CaCl2aq (+2) 0.114 2.0 187.1 +4.9
(Na+). In an aqueous solution containing Calcium (Ca2+), a 2.0 181.3 -0.9
bivalent cation, the peak shifts toward the high frequency NaClaq (+1) 0.116
5.0 177.4 -4.8
side compared to water alone, behavior opposite that of the
monovalent cation. This suggests that the ion radius, the 2.0 177.4 -4.8
KClaq (+1) 0.152
electrical charge, and the water solution activity affect the 5.0 164.9 -17.3
hydrogen bonding energy.
0.14
As described above, using a liquid ATR accessory for
measurements of solutions in a vacuum in the far-infrared 0.12 164.9 cm -1

region was confirmed to be highly effective in detecting 177.4 cm -1

slight changes in the behavior of aqueous solutions. Since Abs 0.1 177.4 cm -1

significant differences between Na+ and K+ were verified in 0.08

181.3 cm -1

187. 1 cm -1
the measurements, we believe the liquid ATR accessory
182.2 cm -1
designed for the Far-IR region should find applications not 0.06

just in the analysis of hydrogen bonding and intermolecular 0.04

400 300 200 100
forces, but also the functions of and structural changes in Wavenumber [cm ] -1

molecules in solution, but for elucidating phenomena within Fig. 3 ATR spectra of Each Sample
biological organisms.
Reference: Miura, N. et al., Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on
Portable Synchrotron Light Sources and Advanced Applications, 2007, 73-76.
 Simple Identification of Illegal Drug using NIR
-Identification of MDMA Tablet-
Introduction
Since light in the Near-Infrared region has the characteristic of penetrating into the substance, it is useful
in the non-destructive analysis of certain area or an overall volume in average. In recent years, utilizing this
characteristic, NIR spectroscopy has been widely used in the observation of biological samples and quality
control/analysis of food and medical products. A sample holder for NIR diffuse reflection system is so
designed for the extremely easy sample handling. In addition simple identification of illegal drugs, such as
MDMA can be done by combining the system of search data library created by NIR diffuse reflection system.

Experimental
A diffuse reflection measurement accessory (VIR-
NRF-N) is placed in a portable Fourier Transform Near-
Infrared Spectrometer (VIR-300) and then by simply
placing a tablet, such as MDMA directly on the sample
holder, the measurement can be done. An InGaAs
detector is used. Firstly, grouping was performed by
means of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in order
to identify the MDMA tablet. Since as the result, the
possible grouping was confirmed, the library was tried to
be established. For establishing the data library, 40 types Fig. 1 VIR-300 & Diffusive reflection accessory
of tablets were used, namely 25 types of over-the-
counter pharmaceuticals, such as gastrointestinal drugs,
one type of amphetamine (AP), eight types of MDMA
(street name: ecstasy), three types of methamphetamine
(MA), and three types of MDA (street name: the love
drug). The optimal value of simple identification system
was examined by the investigation of algorism,
calculation parameters and threshold from comparison of
search results of tablets selected in random. Fig. 1 shows
a photo of the diffuse reflection system installed in the
VIR-9650. The tablets were placed on the sample holder Fig. 2 Measurement of tablet
directly, as shown in Fig. 2. In case of extremely small
tablet unable to be placed on the holder, the sample was
placed in a test tube like the one shown in Fig. 3, and
measured.

Fig. 3 Measurement of crushed sample

& powder sample
<Measurement example>
Fig. 4 shows the PCA analysis results for tablet such as
MDMA. Fig. 5 shows their Near-Infrared spectra. Simple
identification is possible by using the region (indicated by MDMA
the arrow) where the spectra shape varies depending on the
type of each tablet. The NIR diffuse reflection system is a
simple method by only placing the tablet on holder, and MDA
AP
the main unit is simply the expanded system of
conventional FT-IR, so that the single measurement time
required is only 10 seconds. It will be more powerful as a MA
simple identification system by enhancing the library and
further increasing the number of standard samples.
Fig. 6 shows a calibration model that indicates the
correlation between tablets containing MDMA and the
quantitative results by their GC. With a correlation
coefficient of R=0.966, it shows a sufficient value for Fig. 4 PCA analysis results for tablet
performing simple identification. It is also possible to
analyze the amount of MDMA in the tablets by linking the
search results of the identification program with the
calibration model.

MA
AP

MDMA

MDA

Fig. 6 Calibration curve of MDMA

Fig. 5 Diffuse reflectance spectra of tablet

Result of automatic identification

Illegal drug identification
Tablet MDMA1 25.8%

Measurement data

Standard sample data

Fig. 7 Illegal drug identification program Fig. 8 Confirmation test and quantitation results
 Measurement of Protein in Heavy Water (D2O) by FT-IR
Introduction
Within the past decade, analyzing protein sequences consisting of 30 peptides or fewer has become very
common. The number of peptide hormones that have been produced by peptide synthesis has become very
large. As a result, the need to evaluate these hormones using analytical instruments has increased rapidly.
This application bulletin demonstrates FT/IR measurement of several types of protein in heavy water (D2O). It
is well-known that in the IR spectrum of a protein, the characteristic vibration peaks of the principal chain
appear in the range of 1700 - 1600 cm-1 (approximately 6 µm) for amide I, and in the 1600 - 1500 cm-1 range
(approximately 6.45 µm) for amide II. If IR measurement of protein is conducted in an aqueous solution, the
strong absorption band of normal water occurring at 6 µm prevents meaningful date acquisition. In order to
overcome this problem, it is necessary to measure the protein in heavy water. When the protein is immersed
in heavy water, the sample can be measured in affixed cell of 50 - 100 µm in width. In this case, a waterproof
cell window must be sued (Table 1). In transmittance mode, CaF2 or BaF2 are typically used; ZnSe, which is
typically employed for ATR, can be used as well. These window materials are transparent, offering the
advantage of easy detection of air bubbles.

Condition Table 1
Resolution: 2 cm-1 Chemical Limited to Low
Material Note
Detector: TGS formula wavenumber (cm-1)
Apodization: Cosine Potassiume fluoride CaF2 1100 For trancemittance
Bariume fluoride BaF2 750 For trancemittance
Zinc selenide ZnSe 625 Trancemittance / ATR
Sample preparation
Arsenic selenide AS2Se3 650 Specify of poison
Solution: Heavy water (D2O) Germanium Ge 830 For ATR
Protein concentration: 2% (w/v)
Cell window: CaF2
Cell thickness: 0.1 mm (fixed cell)
Note:
When the amount of available sample is small, or when the sample is expensive, we recommend that the
demountable cell be used. If the fixed cell is used for such samples, air bubbles trapped in the cell can make
the results meaningless, thus wasting the sample. In addition, the instrument should be allowed sufficient
time to stabilize after the power is turned on, and the interval between the measuring sample and the blank
should be as short as possible.

<Measurement data>
We measured five protein samples: whale Myoglobin, Lysozyme from the while of the chicken egg,
Ribonuclease A from the bovine liver, Cytochrome C from the horse heart, Bovine serum albumin (SIGMA).
Sample measurement was performed using a CaF2 cell measuring 0.1 mm in thickness after 8 mg of each
protein was dissolved in 0.4 mL of heavy water and allowed to sit for 24 - 48 hours for deuterium substitution.
The results are shown in Fig. 1 - 6. Fig. 2 - 6 show the spectra of each protein after subtraction of the
deuterium spectrum, and then smoothing. Figure 1 shows the overlaid spectra of 2 % myoglobin in heavy
water, and heavy water alone. Using a cell measuring 0.1 mm in thickness, the usable wavenumber range of
the heavy water solvent is 2100 - 1300 cm-1 because the absorbance of the solvent is lower than 1.
Deuterium substitution causes the band of Amide II, which normally appears around 1550 cm-1, to shift to a
much lower wavenumber. Therefore, only the Amide I appearing at 1650 cm-1 absorption band of the
principal chain observed.
Fig. 1 Overlaid spectra of 2% myoglobin in
Fig. 2 Myoglobin
Heavy water, and Heavy water

Fig. 3 Lysozyme Fig. 4 Ribonuclease

Fig. 5 Cytochrome C Fig. 6 Bovine serum albumin

 Evaluation of Si Wafer Surface Condition
using of 65º incident ATR PRO650G

Introduction
Measuring/analyzing the semiconductor surface of an Si substrate or
the like is mandatory for knowing the condition or the contamination
condition of thermally oxidized film that functions as insulating film. For
the surface analysis, such measures as XPS (X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, ESCA) and SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) are
popularly employed, and such measures give elemental information on the
sample surfaces. On the other hand, infrared spectroscopy (IR) easily
obtains information on the molecular bonding condition, which cannot be
analyzed by XPS or SIMS in a nondestructive manner. For the surface
analysis in IR, the ATR method is popularly employed. For the 45-degree
incident ATR, which is used in general, measurement of samples of Si
wafers or the like with a high refractive index was difficult, since it does
not satisfy the total reflection conditions required for ATR measurement.
With the single reflection 65º incident ATR we developed recently (Fig. 1), Fig. 1 Single Reflection 65º Incident ATR
Ge with a high refractive index (n = 4.0) is used for the prism, and the (ATR PRO650G)
incident angle of light to the sample is set at 65 degrees, thereby obtaining
information on the topmost surface and measuring samples with a high
refractive index, such as Si (refractive index = approx. 3.4) and rubber
containing carbon whose refractive index is 2.8 or higher. (See Table 1
JASCO FT/IR application data 280-AT-0003)

Table 1 Comparison of 65-degree Incident ATR and 45º Incident (Existing Type) ATR

Lower Measurement Limit at Low Penetration Depth

Incident Angle Prism n1 n2
Wavenumber Side (For 1000 cm-1, n2=1.5)

65º Ge - 700 cm-1 4.0 3.6 0.48 µm

45º Ge - 700 cm-1 4.0 2.8 0.66 µm

n1 : Refractive index of prism

n2 : Upper limit of measurable refractive index of sample (Upper limit that satisfies the total reflection conditions)

Features of Single Reflection 65º Incident ATR (ATR PRO650G)

The ATR PRO650G (Fig. 1) features a slip clutch to prevent damage to the sample or prism as standard
equipment for a design that does not allow application of pressures exceeding a certain level during the
process of bonding the sample and the prism. Furthermore, a wide space is secured around the top panel,
thereby enabling measurement of the center part of the sample even for a six-inch Si wafer. In addition, since
a polarizer and an analyzer can be introduced to the light path as an option, analysis of the molecular
orientation condition of the sample surface can also be executed.
Measurement Conditions
System: FT/IR-4600 Measurement Method: ATR method (Reflection: Single)
Resolution: 4 cm-1 Detector: DLATGS
Aperture: 3.5 mm Integration: 128 times
Accessory: ATR PRO650G (Prism: Ge)

Results and Discussion

As a sample, measurement was made of the Si wafer surface on which a natural oxide film was generated.
For comparison purposes, the measurement was made using a 45º incident ATR and the transmission method.
Fig. 2 shows the spectra obtained by overwriting the measurement results of the 45º incident ATR on it, and
Fig. 3 shows the spectra obtained by standardizing and overwriting the measurement results of the
transmission method. From Fig. 2, it can be seen that the spectrum of the 45º incident ATR does not satisfy
the total reflection condition required for the ATR measurement, and the spectrum presents significant
distortion making it difficult to evaluate the surface condition. On the other hand, with the 65º incident ATR,
since the spectrum satisfies the total reflection condition, the spectrum does not present any distortion and the
base line remains flat. From Fig. 3, the absorption peak in the vicinity of 1235 cm-1, which can be attributed
to the natural oxide film, is noted, and a slight amount of organic substances adhere to the surface starting
from the peak at 3000 to 2800 cm-1, which can be attributed to C-H adsorption. On the other hand, the results
measured by the transmission method reveal adsorption in the vicinity of 1100 cm-1, which can be attributed
to the Si-O in the Si wafer substrate, but the adsorption peak at around 1235 cm-1, or the peak that can be
attributed to C-H adsorption, cannot be determined. More specifically, this reveals that using the 65º incident
ATR enabled acquisition of information on the top surface of samples that could not be determined by the
transmission method.

65º incident ATR

0.1 65º incident ATR Transmission method
45º incident ATR

Abs Abs

4000 3000 2000 1000 4000 3000 2000 1000

Wavenumber [cm-1] Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 2 Oxide Film Spectrum on Si Wafer Fig. 3 Oxide Film Spectra on Si Wafer
(Offset Indication) (Standardized; Offset Indication)

As stated above, using the single refraction 65º incident ATR enables evaluation of the surface condition of
substrates such as Si wafers with a high refractive index in a nondestructive manner. As further development,
applications for the qualitative/quantitative evaluation of the adhesion condition of organic substances on the
Si wafer surface and the quantitative evaluation of oxide films by evaluating the peak height and area at
around 1235 cm-1, estimation of SiO and SiO2 percentages in the oxide film utilizing the fact that the
adsorption peak position is different between SiO (around 1100 cm-1) and SiO2 (around 1235 cm-1) can be
expected.
 Gas Analysis System using Full Vacuum Type FT/IR
(Trace amount of H2O in N2 gas)
Introduction
The analysis of low concentration gases using long pathlength gas cells has been reported previously,
however, it can be difficult to accurately quantitate gases at low concentrations when the absorption peaks of
the target gas overlap with the peaks of atmospheric water vapor or, when the target gas itself is H2O or CO2,
which are present in the atmosphere. This is because even with a vacuum FT-IR instrument, it was not
possible to evacuate the sample chamber with the long pathlength cell present. The full vacuum gas analysis
system introduced in this application note has a special gas cell integrated into the sample chamber, allowing
the entire light path to remain under full vacuum with the gas cell in place. This full vacuum model makes it
possible to quantitate concentrations of H2O even at the 0.2 ppm level.

Instrument and Measurement

For the measurement, there are separate vacuum lines for evacuation of the FT-IR instrument and the gas
cell, with independent evacuation capability for the separate components. Adding a vacuum gauge to the gas
cell makes it possible to control extremely low concentrations of the gas samples.

Cell specification
Cell type: Multi-pass ‘White’ cell
Pathlength : 10 meters
Cell body: Stainless steel
Cell inner surface: Electrochemically polished
Mirror material: Stainless steel
Mirror surface: Gold coated
O-ring: Viton
Window: CaF2
Heating: Possible, max. 100ºC
Cell capacity: Approx. 2 L
Gas in/output port: 1/4 inch VCR

Fig. 1 Full vacuum type FT-IR gas analysis system

(10 meter cell)
Measurement example
The quantitation of a trace amount of water vapor (H2O) within CO2 in gas cylinder was attempted.
Water vapor with a concentration of 15.0 ppm was diluted by monitoring the pressure gauge during dilution
of the standard samples with concentrations of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.6 and 9.12 ppm. Fig. 2 shows the IR
spectra of water vapor for each concentration. The lowest detection limit calculated from Signal to Noise
ratio was around 0.2 - 0.3 ppm. The calibration curve in Fig. 3 was created using the absorption peak at 1734
cm-1. As seen, the precise quantitation of low concentration can be done in this system.
 Abs.

Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 2 Expanded region for spectra of low concentration H2O

<Condition>
Instrument: FT/IR-6800
Accumulations : 100
Resolution : 2 cm-1
Zero filling: ON
Apodization: Cosine
Gain: Auto (1) Abs.
Aperture: 1.8 mm
Scan speed: Auto (4 mm/sec.)
Light source: Standard
Detector: MCT

Density [ppm]
Fig. 3 H2O calibration curve
 Measurement of broadband spectrum
using automatic wide-range measurement system
Introduction
Generally, Mid-IR spectroscopy (4000 - 400 cm-1) is widely used for qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the substance (mainly organic substance), since the information on normal vibration and
rotation of molecule can be obtained. Apart from this, Near-IR spectroscopy (15000 - 4000 cm-1) utilizing
overtone and combination tone is used with a focus on the non-destructive quantitative analysis of food,
drug and various industrial products, and Far-IR (Terahertz) spectroscopy (400 - 10 cm-1) using stretching
and lattice vibration between heavy atoms is used with a focus on the quantitative analysis of inorganic
substance and crystal structure analysis. One spectrum in Mid, Near and Far-IR range can be measured
using a single FTIR instrument by changing four elements such as light source, detector, beam splitter (BS)
and windows. Namely, one FTIR instrument enables to obtain the information on overtone, combination
tone, lattice vibration as well as normal vibration for overall evaluation of a sample. This time JASCO has
developed the automatic wide-range measurement system which can be incorporated in FT/IR-6000 series
to measure in the range from Near-IR to Far-IR fully automatically. FT/IR-6000 series are originally
equipped with the automatic switching system for light source and detector, and automatic wide-range
measurement system provides automatic switching for BS and windows. In this report, the details of the
system and measurement example using automatic wide-range measurement system are illustrated.

System
Fig. 1 shows the external appearance of FT/IR-6800FV and automatic wide-range measurement system,
which combines automatic BS switching unit and automatic windows switching unit (or automatic gate
value unit). Light source, detector, BS and windows are automatically switched so that the measurement
can be carried out in the wavenumber range set in the software.
One of the most significant example is a measurement with ATR method in Mid and Far-IR range with
automatic wide-range measurement system. For measurement in Far-IR range, full vacuum FTIR system is
necessary to prevent absorption by water vapor in the air. In case of transmission method in which diluent
materials are different depending on measurement range, the sample needs to be replaced since the
different sampling is required depending on the measurement range. On the other hand, in ATR method,
the sample doesn’t need to be replaced irrespective of the measurement range since the sampling is
unnecessary. Therefore, the spectra in Mid and Far-IR can be measured with keeping cohesiveness
between sample and prism, which is a very important aspect for the vacuum state of FTIR and ATR
method.
* Max. measurable wavenumber range is Vis to Far-IR (25000 ~ 10 cm-1)
* Wavenumber down to 30 cm-1 can be measured by using ATR PRO ONE equipped with diamond prism of wide-band type.

Automated Window Changer Unit Automated BS Changer Unit (EXBS-6000)

(EXPT-6000WIN)
or
Automated gate valve unit (EXPT-6000GV)

Fig. 1 FT/IR-6800FV + automatic wide-range measurement system and ATR PRO ONE
Measurement
For identification of carbonate and determination of crystal structure, the spectra in the range of
4000~100 cm-1 were measured.

System configuration
P/N: 7085-J066A FT/IR-6800FV FT/IR Spectrometer (full vacuum)
* FT/IR-6600FV(P/N: 7085-J062A) or FT/IR-6700FV(P/N: 7085-J064A) is also available
P/N: 7078-J001A EXBS-6000 Automated BS Changer Unit
P/N: 7078-J003A EXPT-6000GV Automated Gate Valve Unit
* The combination of Automated Window Changer Unit (EXPT-6000WIN, P/N: 7078-J002A) and PE window (PE-6000WIN, P/N: 6888-
J711A ) is also available.
P/N: 7078-J004A EXCU-6000 Controller for EXBS/EXPT-6000
P/N: 6888-J731A MYLBB-6000BS Beam splitter, broad band, Mylar
P/N: 6888-J712A PETGS-6000 DLATGS(PE) detector with switching mechanism
P/N: 6909-J142A ATR PRO ONE Single reflection ATR accessory
P/N: 6909-J342A PKS-D1F Diamond crystal kit (Wide-Band Type)
*) Automated Window Changer Unit enables to the wide-range measurement under the conditions of vacuum in interferometer and purge in
sample compartment. It is useful for the measurement in which the vacuum cannot be applied in sample compartment for such as the
measurement of powder.
Automated Gate Valve Unit is mainly used with full vacuum FT/IR Spectrometer.

Measurement conditions
Instrument: FT/IR-6800FV + Automatic wide-range measurement system.
Light source: Ceramic light source (Mid-IR, Far-IR range)
B.S.: Ge/KBr (Mid-IR range), Broad band Mylar (Far-IR range)
Windows: KRS-5 (Mid-IR range), None (Far-IR range)
Detector: TGS (Mid-IR range), PE-TGS (Far-IR range)
Accessories: ATR PRO ONE
Crystal: Diamond crystal of wide-band type

Results
Fig. 2 shows the spectra of barium carbonate and calcium carbonate. The typical absorption band of
carbonate can be confirmed at around 1400 cm-1 in the spectra of Mid-IR range, but it is difficult to
discriminate barium carbonate from calcium carbonate. On the other hand, in the spectra of Far-IR range,
the absorption peaks are shown at different wavenumber and so the difference can be clearly identified.
Carbonate are often contained as a foreign material and now it is recognized that the system used in this
report is useful by identification of carbonate as foreign material.
Fig. 3 shows the spectra of calcium carbonates that have different crystal structures. As shown in Fig. 2,
the pattern of peaks is also different in Far-IR range, and the difference in crystal structure can be easily
identified.
As stated above, the information on inorganic compound included in sample and crystal structure as
well as the structure of organic substance can be obtained by using the automatic wide-range measurement
system and measuring spectra in Far-IR as well as Mid-IR range.
 Mid-IR Far-IR Mid-IR Far-IR

BaCO3 CaCO3 (calcite)

0.25 CaCO3 CaCO3 (aragonite)
0.25

Abs Abs

4000 2000 1000 100 4000 2000 1000 100

Wavenumber [cm-1] Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 2 Spectra of barium carbonate and calcium carbonate Fig. 3 Spectra of calcium carbonates that have different crystal
(X-axis: 4:1 display, Y-axis: Offset) structures
(X-axis: 4:1 display, Y-axis: Offset)
 Measurement of thin film by Polarization-Modulation Infrared
Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS)
Introduction
Several industrial products utilizing the advanced functionalities of thin films such as electric, optical and/or
mechanical properties are now getting more and more popular in the market and techniques on generation and
evaluation of film are steadily improved in accordance with better quality of products. The Infrared
spectroscopy is known as one of the evaluation methods of such thin film providing information on molecular
structure and orientation along with optical thickness and electric properties. Especially, Infrared Reflection-
Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS) method enables to implement molecular structure analysis of a very thin
film with a thickness of tens of angstroms on metal substrates. However, there is a growing need for higher
sensitivity measurement and also process monitoring of film generation because the recent devices require
higher performance and higher functionality. In order to meet such requirement, a monitoring system for film
generation in vacuum chamber has been developed by using Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection-
Absorption Spectroscopy(PM-IRRAS) with greater sensitivity than ordinary IRRAS. This report explains the
outline of the system as well as the data for measurement of thin film using PM-IRRAS.

Principle of PM-IRRAS
IRRAS provides IR spectra measurement of thin film on metal substrates with high sensitivity by using p-
polarized light parallel to incidence plane. The p-polarized light ingenerates the electric field of stationary
vibration which increases sensitivity (See Fig. 1). This allows film thickness measurement in Å level. However,
absorption peaks obtained by IRRAS are usually very small, which may often require long time accumulation.
In addition, both of reference and sample substrates need to be measured. For these reasons, spectrum is
significantly affected by absorption of H2O and CO2 in atmosphere.
On the other hand, PM-IRRAS is a method of
finding intensity difference of s- and p-polarized Electric field of stationary vibration

lights (DI = Ip – Is) which is vertical and parallel to P-polarized light S-polarized light
incidence plane respectively by using Photoelastic
Modulator (PEM). As s-polarized light does not
ingenerate the electric field of stationary vibration,
absorption is much smaller than that of p-polarized Thin film on metal plate Thin film on metal plate
light. In addition, in PM-IRRAS, the sum of s- and
Fig. 1 Diagram of IRRAS method
p-polarization signal (SI = Ip + Is) is used as
reference and so there is no need to measure
reference substrates. Hence, the effect due to 0.002 Abs IRRAS
absorption of H2O and CO2 in atmosphere can be
decreased greatly. Since the measurement of
reference substrate is not needed, the measurement
results can be free from effect of difference between
substrates and the measurement time can be * Vertical axis of PM-IRRAS
shortened. spectrum indicates DI/SI PM-IRRAS

Additionally, this PM-IRRAS measurement

system allows higher sensitivity by detecting small
DI signal using direct lock-in detection by adopting
dual modulation spectroscopy of FT/IR 3500 3000 2500
interferometer and PEM. Fig. 2 shows measurement Wavenumber [cm-1]
results of PMAA thin film on Al mirror obtained by Fig. 2. Comparison between IRRAS spectrum and PM-
IRRAS and PM-IRRAS while other conditions are IRRAS spectrum (normalized, offset plotting)
the same. Spectra obtained using PM-IRRAS is
several times better in S/N than IRRAS.
 Instrument
The appearance of PM-IRRAS measurement
system and system layout of polarization
modulation unit are shown in Fig. 3. The incidence
angle of polarized light of this specific system is
85º, while the optimal incidence angle in general is
considered as 80 ~ 89º depending on the kinds of
metal and wavenumber of incidence light. In Gas blowing nozzle
Polarization
addition, the whole system can be vacuumed. In modulation unit
principle PM-IRRAS can reduce the noise due to
H2O and CO2 but vacuum of whole optics can Lens
enhance the sensitivity further. Apart from this, the
system is capable of blowing gas to sample or FTIR
heating sample, enabling the system to be used for
monitoring of film generation in process or Heating stage
Detector
Polarizer
structural changes in such film. PEM ( ~ 600 °C) Sample

Fig. 3 Appearance of FT/IR-6300FV & Polarization

modulation unit (upper)
Measurement example System layout of polarization modulation unit (lower)
1. PMMA thin film on Al mirror
The measurement result of PMMA thin film on Al mirror is shown in Fig. 4. The obtained spectrum has
good S/N without effect of H2O.

* Vertical axis of PM-IRRAS

spectrum indicates DI/SI
[Measurement condition]
Instrument: FT/IR-6300FV & polarization modulation unit
Detector: MCT-N detector
Accumulation: 50 times
Resolution: 4 cm-1
PEM center wavenumber: 1700 cm-1
2000 1500 1000
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 4 Measured spectrum of PMMA thin film

2. PMMA thin film on Al mirror

Measurement result of native oxidation film on Al mirror is shown in Fig. 5. The thickness of the native
oxidation film obtained using ellipsometer (JASCO: M-220) is 46.9 Å and it is confirmed that the measurement
of thickness in Å level was implemented in about 1 minute time utilizing PM-IRRAS.

* Vertical axis of PM-IRRAS

spectrum indicates DI/SI
[Measurement condition]
Instrument: FT/IR-6300FV + Polarization modulation unit
Detector: MCT-N detector
Accumulation: 100 times
Resolution: 4 cm-1
PEM center wavenumber: 1000 cm-1
1200 1000 800
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 5 Measured spectrum of native oxide film on Al mirror
 Acquisition of molecular orientation information using
automated MAIRS measurement unit AM-4000
Introduction
MAIRS (Multiple-Angle Incidence Resolution Spectrometry)1)-4), which has been invented by
Professor Takeshi Hasegawa of Kyoto University, has attracted a lot of attention as a new analysis method
for studying molecular orientation of thin film materials used in several fields such as liquid crystals,
organic devices and fibers. Conventionally, Transmission and RAS (Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy)
measurements in Infrared Spectroscopy have been used in combination for the analysis of molecular
orientation, difference of vibration in surface-parallel direction, perpendicular to incident light (in-plane,
IP) and vibration in surface-normal direction, parallel to incident light (out-of-plane, OP). However, this
method cannot be used for some samples because the metal substrate which is necessary for RAS
measurement may affect the molecular structure of thin film. In addition, non-metal substrate is also
separately needed for transmission measurement. On the other hand, since MAIRS is a method to analyze
molecular orientation only by transmission measurement using incident light with several different angles,
the necessary substrate is only non-metal one for transmission measurement. Generally in transmission
measurement in which the incident light goes perpendicular to sample plate, the only spectrum due to the
molecular vibration in in-plane direction is obtained, while if the transmission measurement is
implemented by changing the angle of incident light, the obtained spectrum will be expressed as the
summation of the spectrum of in-plane vibration and spectrum of out-of-plane, and linear unresponsive
components such as noise. As shown in Fig. 1, MAIRS measurement enables to acquire simultaneously
spectra of vibration of molecules oriented in in-plane direction and out-of plane direction (sIP, sOP) by
extracting components of only in-plane and out-of-plane vibration from single beam spectra (S
measurement) at each incident angle using regression matrix (rIP, rOP) which shows the ratio of in-plane
and out-of-plane vibration. In the MAIRS method, in which quite small change of peaks at each incident
angle needs to be analyzed, the very high precision measurement is required. JASCO’s Automated
MAIRS measurement unit AM-4000 (Fig. 2) employs JASCO’s original stage for compensation plate as
standard and can be mounted on fully vacuumed FTIR (FT/IR-6000FV series), assuring to obtain very
high quality spectrum. In this paper, it is reported that the molecular orientation of Langmuir-Blodgett
(LB) film was analyzed using Automated MAIRS measurement unit AM-4000.

* The same measurement with Y-axis as single beam needs to be implemented for background and
sample to calculate the spectra with Y-axis as absorbance.

Fig. 1 Outline of MAIRS measurement

Features of Automated MAIRS measurement unit, AM-4000
AM-4000 employs two symmetric stages electrically driven for rotation. It allows not only the
measurement with one stage for sample but also the measurement using both stages by mounting the
compensation plate on the other stage (compensation plate stage) so that the light axis shift due to
obliquely incident measurement can be corrected. Therefore, AM-4000 is effective for the measurement
using detector with small acceptance surface and using small aperture. In addition, the accompanying
software can control electrical stage automatically, and IP and OP spectra calculation function and
orientation calculation function of each molecular vibration are available as standards.

Fig. 2 Automated MAIRS measurement unit AM-4000

Fig. 3 MAIRS measurement program

Measurement
In order to analyze the orientation condition of alkyl chain of LB film consisting of 5 layers of
cadmium stearate on both surfaces of Ge (n = 4.0) substrate, the measurement was done using automated
MAIRS measurement unit AM-4000 with light at several incident angles. As compensation plate, Ge
substrate with the same size as sample plate was used. By using compensation plate, the light axis can be
corrected to the standard transmission measurement position even with the obliquely incident angle but not
perpendicular to the substrate.
<Measurement conditions>
Instrument: FT/IR-6600
Measurement method: MAIRS method
Resolution: 4 cm-1
Accumulation: 128 x 4
Detector: MCT-M
Accessory: AM-4000 (Automated MAIRS measurement unit)
Measurement angle: 10 - 45º (7º increment)
Measurement sample: Cadmium stearate film on Ge substrate (5 layers on each surface)

Results and discussions

IP and OP spectra are calculated from the measured spectra at each incident angle in the range of 3000
- 2800 cm-1 in which C-H vibration peaks are observed (Fig. 3).
The absorption at 2850 cm-1 (C-H symmetric stretch vibration of methylene group) and at 2918 cm-1
(C-H inverse symmetric stretch vibration of methylene group) were seen in IP and OP spectra, but these
peak intensities are not the same. The peak of absorption of C-H inverse symmetric stretch vibration of
methylene group was seen at 2955 cm-1 in IP spectrum, while it was shifted to 2961 cm-1 in OP spectrum.
In addition, the absorption at 2873 cm-1 (symmetric stretch vibration of methyl group) was observed only
in OP spectrum. Thus, it can be said that both IP and OP spectra corresponding to transmission and RAS
spectra were obtained.
As a result, this system is very effective for evaluation of the thin film sample in which the molecules
are oriented in in-plane and out-of-plane direction. When AM-4000 is mounted on fully vacuumed FTIR,
it enables to obtain high quality spectra without any effect of water vapor and carbon dioxide in shorter
time than purged system.

0.03
IP spectrum
OP spectrum Reference:
1) Hasegawa, T. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2002, 106, 4112-4115.
0.02 2) Hasegawa, T. et al., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 6049-6054.
3) Hasegawa, T. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 4385-4389.
Abs
4) Hasegawa, T. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2008, 43, 181-201.
0.01 5) Umemura, J. et al., J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 62-67.

0
3000 2900 2800
Wavenumber [cm-1]

Fig. 4. Calculated IP and OP spectra

 Variable-angle transmittance measurement attachment
with polarizer option
Introduction
In semiconductor industry, Infrared spectroscopy is widely used for various routine analysis such as
quantitative analysis of impurities like oxygen and carbon, qualitative analysis of insulator film and film
thickness analysis of epitaxial film etc. as well as basic researches. Among several analytical methods, the
transmission method is the most popular one in those applications, however, Silicon Wafer has high
reflectance, which may cause such symptom that the reflected light from surface of Silicon Wafer returns
to interferometer, resulting the noise on spectrum due to water vapor since the length of optical path with
sample is different from the length without sample. JASCO VAT-500i Variable-angle transmittance
measurement attachment can be used for such difficult applications of samples with reflectance. In this
attachment by changing the incident angle of light against the sample surface, the reflected light would not
go into interferometer. In fact, this design can drastically reduce the level of noise due to water vapor even
the incident angle is changed as small as 10 to 20º.

Specifications
Measurement mode: Transmission
Sample size: Maximum: f5 inch
Minimum: f34 mm (or 22 x 22 mm)
Maximum thickness size: 4 mm
Angle of incidence: 0 to 90º
polarizer: Wire-grid polarizer, KRS-5

VAT-500i
Fig. 1 shows the transmission spectrum of SiO2 film and Si substrate under 0º incident angle condition. The
vapor noise cannot be eliminated by spectral subtraction even based on Si substrate as reference.

SiO2 film on Si substrate

Si substrate

Subtraction spectrum

Fig. 1 Transmission spectrum of SiO2 film under 0º incident angle condition

 Fig. 2 shows the transmission spectrum of SiO2 film under several different incident angle conditions
from 0 to 20º.

0º

5 degree

10 degree

20 degree

Fig. 2 Transmission spectrum of SiO2 film under several

different incident angle conditions from 0 to 20º

In addition, for this VAT-500, the polarizer can be mounted in optical path if necessary. This capability
is effective for other applications such as analysis of polymer film and coating film, and also the
measurement of Dichroism of oriented membrane. Fig. 3 shows the spectra showing Dichroism
measurement of oriented polypropylene film. Using the rotatable sample holder, the direction of orientation
can be confirmed for unknown oriented sample. As a result of measurements with different angles at 0 and
90º, it was confirmed that the main axis of this sample was oriented in 0º direction. Fig. 3 shows the
absorbance spectra at 0º and 90º position, indicating that this polypropylene is isotactic polypropylene. In
addition, the large difference of absorption at 1168 cm-1 and 998 cm-1 is affected due to crystallization and
isotactic helix structure, which can be utilized as a degree of crystallization.

90 degree (⊥)

0 degree (//)

Fig. 3 Transmission spectrum of Dichroism measurement of

oriented polypropylene film
 Application of long pathlength gas cell for FT/IR
Introduction
FTIR, non-dispersive infrared analyzer, Gas detector tube system and
GC/MS are well known as methods for analyzing gas samples. In addition
Gas Analysis using Quantum Cascade Laser is getting popular recently as
a new analytical technique. Each of those methods has either merit or
demerit actually, however, an analytical method based on FTIR has a
remarkable merit such as quick analysis of multiple gas components
without any pre-treatment. As examples of FTIR analysis, there are actual
applications as ‘Monitoring Green House Effect gas’, ‘Quantitative/
Qualitative gas analysis at the fire site’ and ‘Quantitative analysis of
moisture content inside of gas cylinder’.
In case of practical measurement of low concentration gas by using Fig. 1 Full vacuumed FT/IR-6300FV
FTIR, a long pathlength gas cell needs to be mounted inside of sample with LPC-12M-FV gas cell
compartment of FTIR for measurement. By using a conventional gas cell,
measurement throughput was in many cases very low and it was necessary
to use MCT detector which needs liquid N2. However, a newly developed
JASCO’s 12M long pathlength cell with optimized optics allows higher
measurement throughput and enables to measure gases with lower
concentration than ppm level using TGS detector*1). There are 3 different *1) Lowest measurement limit
types of gas cell such as glass type cell, stainless type cell and full vacuum depends on each gas component.
type cell depending on each purpose. Detailed features of each cell are
described as below.
Features of cells
LPC-12M-G Glass type cell
 Body material is made of glass for reasonable price.
LPC-12M-S Stainless type cell
 Pressurization up to +0.1 MPa
 Heating up to 70ºC as option Glass type cell
 Heating cell up to 200ºC as option Stainless type cell
LPC-12M-FV Full vacuum type cell
Full vacuum type cell
 For full vacuum system of FT/IR-6000 series
 High sensitive and precise measurement of water vapor, carbon dioxide gas because of full vacuum
condition
Experimental
Glass type cell : LPC-12M-G
Fig. 2 shows measured spectra of CO, SO2, NO2, N2O, CH4. In gas analysis application using FTIR, it
is possible to execute simultaneous quantitative analysis of multiple gas samples which have each peak in
different wavenumber.
0.6
CO N2O
SO2 CH4 0.4
NO2
Abs 0.2

Fig. 3 shows spectrum of 530ppm CO gas 0

with DLATGS detector. 4000 2000 1000 400
Wavenumber [cm-1]
 0.002

0.0015
Measurement condition
Resolution : 2 cm-1
Accumulation : 200
Abs 0.001
Detector : DLATGS
0.0005
Apodization : cosine

0
2250 2200 2100 2025
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 3 IR spectrum of CO gas ( 530 ppb )

Stainless type cell : LPC-12M-S

Fig. 4 shows IR spectrum of CO gas under both atmospheric pressure condition and pressurized
condition. Peak intensity in case of pressurized measurement is 2 times larger in proportion to the pressure,
which makes it possible to measure low concentration gas in ppm level.
Atmospheric pressure
0.1
+0.1 MPa Pressurization

Measurement condition
0.05 Resolution : 2 cm-1
Abs
Accumulation : 50
Detector : DLATGS
Apodization : cosine
0
2250 2200 2100 2025
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 4 IR spectrum of CO gas

Full vacuum type cell : LPC-12M-FV

It is confirmed that how much water vapor affects the peak intensity through repeated measurement of
standard 15 ppm water vapor and its result is shown in Fig. 5. Actual measurement procedure in this
experiment was to inject standard water vapor gas into gas cell, to measure and to exhaust repeatedly. As
a result, peak intensity in 1653 cm-1 obtained was as precise as 0.0316 (Abs) +/- 0.63%, which shows that
water vapor in atmosphere didn’t affect the measurement and analysis.

0.1

Measurement condition
Resolution : 2 cm-1
Accumulation : 50
0.05
Abs Detector : MCT-M
Apodization : cosine
Option*2) : Bandpass filter
0
2000 1800 1600 1400 1250
Wavenumber [cm-1]
Fig. 5. IR spectrum of water vapor
*2) Option system with bandpass filter and MCT detector enables high sensitivity measurement, but it is
necessary to select the proper bandpass filter depending on the target gas.
 IR/NIR/FT-Raman Measurement using
Broadband KBr Beam Splitter (B/S)
Introduction
IR (Mid-IR), NIR, and Raman spectroscopy are widely used for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of polymer, food, medicine,
semiconductor material, etc., while if those methods are properly
combined, it is possible to obtain more information on basic physical
property of the sample. As an example, if IR and NIR spectroscopy
are combined, the following information can be obtained.
• Dissociation energy of molecule (De)
• Absorption index in the IR and NIR region (a) Fig. 1 System mounted with broadband KBr B/S
• Optical constant (n, k) (For IR/NIR/FT-Raman)

These values can provide the important perception for prediction of the chemical reaction or design of various
devices. Additionally if IR and Raman spectroscopy are combined, the following information can be obtained.

• Complementary information on molecular vibration

• Information on lattice vibration by measurement in low wavenumber range (specific to Raman spectroscopy)
• Information on molecular vibration when combined with heavy atom
FTIR instrument can measure the IR/Near IR/Far IR spectrum by selecting the proper light source, detector, and
B/S, and if the FT-Raman system is used, can obtain the Raman spectrum also. The measurement range covered by
general B/S used in FTIR is from 7800 to 375 cm-1, dedicated to IR range, while the newly developed broadband
KBr B/S covers the range from 12000 to 375 cm-1, enabling the measurement of IR/NIR/Raman spectrum without
replacing the B/S. This application data shows the perception of the basic physical property of the chloroform by
measuring the IR/NIR/Raman spectrum using such broadband KBr B/S.
Experimental
The IR and NIR spectrum are measured by the system as shown in Fig. 1 under the conditions as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Measuring conditions
Measurement range (cm-1) Light pathlength of liquid cell Light source*) Detector B/S

4000~400 0.025 mm Ceramic

6400~4000 1 mm DLATGS Broadband KBr

Halogen
12000~6400 5 mm
*)Raman Spectrum: Ex wavelength: 1064 nm, Detector: InGaAs
Calculation of Dissociation energy (De) and Absorption index (a) of C-H by using IR and NIR spectrum
According to the general interpretation of the IR spectrum, the harmonic
Morse function (1)
oscillator model is employed in which the atoms constituting the molecule Morse function=Potential energy
are combined by spring (Dotted line by simple quadratic function in Fig. 2), The eigenvalue that cleared up an Schrödinger equation
however, it is impossible to explain the overtone and combination tone in (2)
Energy (A.U.) [V(r)]

NIR region by this harmonic oscillator model. Therefore, in order to

(3)
interpret the NIR spectrum, the Morse function in which the anharmonic (4)
oscillation is taken into consideration (Continuous line in Fig. 2)1). In the
Morse function, the energy value is becoming close to Dissociation energy
(De) asymptotically when interatomic distance increases. In this case, the De
De
value of C-H is calculated by using absorption wavenumber of stretching
vibration (n1, 2n1, 3n1) of chloroform and Morse function. The Absorption
index (a)** is also calculated by absorbance (Abs) at each wavenumber of.
The IR/NIR spectrum of chloroform and attribution of each peak are shown re
Interatomic distance [r]
in Fig. 3.
 The dissociation energy (De) of C-H in chloroform
is calculated to be 460 +/- 7 kJ/mol from equation 2, Cell path Cell path Cell path

equation 4, and value of absorption wavenumber of

stretching vibration of C-H (n1, 2n1, 3n1)2).
The absorption index a of n1, 2n1, 3n1 is calculated
from measured spectra to be 219, 15.5, and 0.56
respectively as shown in Table 2. From those results, for
general organic substances, it is estimated that the
sample with high concentration can be quantitated, such
as about several 10 times if 2n1 is used and about
several 100 times if 3n1 is used. Therefore, in NIR range,
it is possible to measure the samples in non-destructive
method, without dilution which is required for IR
measurement. Fig. 3 IR/NIR spectrum of Chloroform
Figure 4 shows the IR spectrum (Vertical axis: %T)
and FT-Raman spectrum (Vertical axis: Int.). The peak
intensity ratio in IR spectrum between n1 and n4 of C-H Table 2 Absorbance index and assignment of Chloroform
is about 3.68 from Table 2. Regarding this, since the
Wavenumber [cm-1] Assignment Abs a**)
intensity ratio in Raman spectrum is about 1/4, it is
confirmed that the peak intensities of IR and Raman 3020 n1 (C-H stretching vibration) 0.55 219
spectrum are complementary. In general, when the 1215 n4 (C-H bending vibration) 2.02 806
change of the dipole moment in the molecular vibration 5375 n1+2n4 0.19 1.88
is larger (asymmetric vibration mode), the intensity of
peak in IR spectrum appears higher, while the stronger 5909 2n1 1.55 15.5
peak in Raman spectrum is detected when the change of 7089 2n1+n4 0.65 1.30
the polarizability is larger (symmetric vibration mode). 8674 3n1 0.28 0.56
Therefore, the change of the dipole moment for n1 of C-
**) a: Absorbance if the light path is 1 cm for this experiment
H is considered to be larger than the one of n4 (the
change of polarizability is smaller). The vibration of
molecule combined with the heavy atom like C-Cl can
be considered to be detected in the range less than 400
cm-1 from Raman spectrum. It is important to select IR
or FT-Raman depending on the vibration mode even if IR
the structure of molecule is simple like Chloroform.

Summary
This application data shows one of the topics in
vibrational spectroscopy taking the Chloroform for
example, using broadband KBr B/S. Besides, it can be
considered that as well as the general qualitative and
quantitative analysis, the broadband KBr B/S can be
applied to the 2D correlated spectroscopy based on
chemical reaction analysis by time-course measurement Raman
using 3 measurement methods. By using broadband KBr
B/S which does not require replacement, the
measurement mode can be switched without breaking
vacuum or interrupting N2 purge. This broadband B/S Fig. 4 IR and FT-Raman spectrum of Chloroform
will expand the potential to wider application fields. (Vertical scale: A.U. due to showing %T and Int., Horizontal scale: [cm -1]
for wavenumber and Raman shift.)
<Reference>
1) Kenneth W.busch, et,al, Appl.Spectrosc.54,1321(2000)
2) Chemical Handbook, the revised third edition