FOURIER SERIES: for even, odd function and 4/8/2022

half range series

for even, odd functions & half range series

Mathematics Section UniKL MFI

Norhayati Bakri

Even Functions & Odd Functions

Even functions and odd functions

are functions which satisfy particular
symmetry relations.

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Even Functions
A function is even if for each 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓,
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 . Even functions have reflective symmetry
across the y-axis.

Odd Functions
A function is odd if for each 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓,
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 . Odd functions have 180° rotational
symmetry about the origin.

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Example 1a
Analyze each graph. Determine whether the function of the
graph is even, odd or neither even nor odd.

Example 1b
Is the function of this graph even, odd or neither even nor
odd? Justify your answer.

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Example 2
Draw the following function and state whether they are even
or odd functions.
𝜋
1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0<𝑥<
2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = −1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛
2
<𝑥<
2
and is periodic of period 2𝜋
3𝜋
1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
2

Example 3
Determine whether the following functions are even, odd or
neither even nor odd.

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 − −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 + 𝑥4

𝑓 −𝑥 = 4 + −𝑥 4

= 4 + 𝑥4
𝑓 𝑥 = 4 + 𝑥4
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 is an even function

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Example 3 … continue
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
is an odd function

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑥
= −𝑥 3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
is an even function

Properties of Even, Odd Functions

Let 𝑔 𝑥 be an even function and ℎ 𝑥 be an odd function.

• Then the product 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 is an odd function.

𝑔 −𝑥 ℎ −𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 −ℎ 𝑥 = −𝑔 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥

• Then the product 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 is an even function.

𝑔 −𝑥 𝑔 −𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

• Then the product ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 is an even function.

ℎ −𝑥 ℎ −𝑥 = −ℎ 𝑥 −ℎ 𝑥 =ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥

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Properties of Even, Odd Functions

𝜋 𝜋
න 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 0

𝜋
න 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝜋

Example 4
State whether the following product is even, odd or neither
even nor odd function.
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥

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Fourier Cosine series

The Fourier series of an even periodic function 𝑓 𝑥 having
period 2𝜋 contains cosine terms only and may contain a
constant term. (contains no sine terms)
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝐿
𝑛=1

Due to symmetry about y-axis

1 𝐿 2 𝐿
𝑎0 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿 0
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 0 𝐿

Fourier Sine series

The Fourier series of an odd periodic function 𝑓 𝑥 having
period 2𝜋 contains sine terms only. (contains no constant
term and no cosine term)
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿
𝑛=1

Due to symmetry to origin

𝑎0 = 0 and 𝑎𝑛 = 0

1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 0 𝐿

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Example 4
−𝑎 −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
Given the periodic function 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑎 0<𝑥<𝜋

(a) Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 and determine whether 𝑓 𝑥 is even

function, odd function or neither even nor odd function.
(b) Obtain the Fourier series for 𝑓 𝑥 .

𝑓 𝑥

𝑥
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 is an odd
function because the
−𝑎
graph is symmetric
with respect to the
origin 1 period

Example 4 … continue

(b) Since 𝑓 𝑥 is an odd function, 𝑎0 = 0 and 𝑎𝑛 = 0

2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑇 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 since, 𝐿 = = =𝜋
𝐿 0 𝐿 2 2

2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝜋
2 𝑎
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 0
2𝑎
=− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝜋𝑛
2𝑎
𝑏𝑛 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝜋𝑛

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Example 4 … continue
Evaluate 𝑏𝑛 for 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

• when 𝑛 is even: 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, …
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏𝑛 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 = 1−1 =0
𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛
• when 𝑛 is odd: 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, …
2𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏𝑛 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 = 1 − −1 =
𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑛 𝑛𝜋

4𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏1 = , 𝑏3 = , 𝑏5 = , 𝑏7 = , …………
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋

Example 4 … continue

−𝑎 −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
The Fourier series for 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑎 0<𝑥<𝜋
∞

𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑏5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 + ⋯

4𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 + 5𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 + ⋯
𝜋

4𝑎 1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 + ⋯
𝜋 3 5

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Example 5
Determine the Fourier series for the function 𝑓 𝜃 = 𝜃 2 in
the range −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋. The function has a period of 2𝜋.
𝑓 𝜃

𝜋2

𝜃
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

1 period

𝑓 𝑥 is an even function because the graph is symmetric with respect

to the y-axis, then
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝜃
𝑓 𝜃 = + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝐿
𝑛=1

Example 5 … continue
𝜋
2 𝜋 2 𝜃3 2 2
𝑎0 = න 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 = = 𝜋3 − 0 = 𝜋2
𝜋 0 𝜋 3 3𝜋 3
0

integration by parts – tabular method

𝑢 𝑑𝑣

+ 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃
differentiate

integrate

1
- 2𝜃 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
1
− 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃
2 𝜋 2 + 2 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 0 −𝑛13𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 0

𝜋
2 𝜃2 2𝜃 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
0

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Example 5 … continue
𝜋
2 𝜃2 2𝜃 2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
0
0 0
2 𝜋2 2𝜋 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
0 0 0
2 02 0 2
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
4
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋
𝑛2
• when 𝑛 is odd: 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, …
𝑎1 = −4 , 𝑎3 = −49 , 𝑎5 = −25
4
,…
• when 𝑛 is even: 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, …
𝑎2 = 1 , 𝑎4 = 14 , 𝑎6 = 19 , …

Example 5 … continue
The Fourier series for 𝑓 𝜃 = 𝜃 2
∞
𝑎0
𝑓 𝜃 = + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃
2
𝑛=1
𝑎0
𝑓 𝜃 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 𝑎3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃
2
+ 𝑎4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 + 𝑎5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜃 + …
2 2
𝜋
𝑓 𝜃 =3 −4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 − 49 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃
2
+ 14 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 − 25
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜃 + …
𝜋2
𝑓 𝜃 = −4൫𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 14𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 + 19𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 − 16
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜃
3

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Half range Fourier Series

When a function is defined over the range 0

to 𝐿 instead of the full range −𝐿 to 𝐿, it may
be expanded in a series of sine terms only or
of cosine terms only. The series produced is
called a half-range Fourier Series.

 Half range cosine series

A function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is defined in the range 0 to 𝜋.

outside of the range we have
𝑓 𝑥
a triangular waveform

𝑥
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
1 period

If a half range cosine series is required, then an even

periodic function is needed.
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝐿
𝑛=1

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 Half range sine series

A function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is defined in the range 0 to 𝜋.

𝑓 𝑥
outside of the range
𝜋

𝑥
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

1 period

If a half range sine series is required, then an odd

periodic function is needed.
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿
𝑛=1

Example 6
Expand 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 as a half range Fourier sine series in
the range 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 and sketch the function within and
outside of the given range.

an odd periodic
𝑓 𝑥
function

𝑥
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

−1

The half range sine series ∞

𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐿
𝑛=1

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Example 6 … continue ∞

The half range sine series 𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥

𝑛=1

2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

2 𝜋1
= න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 2
𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 + 𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 𝑛 𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = − +
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0

Example 6 … continue
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 + 𝑛 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 𝑛 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝑏𝑛 = − + − − +
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

• when 𝑛 is odd: 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, …
1 −1 1 −1 1
𝑏𝑛 = + − + =0
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

• when 𝑛 is even: 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, …
1 1 −1 −1 1
𝑏𝑛 = + − +
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1 −4𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = − + − =
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 𝜋 1 − 𝑛2
4𝑛
𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋 𝑛2 − 1

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Example 6 … continue
Therefore, when 𝑛 is even: 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, …
4 2 8
𝑏2 = 2
=
𝜋 2 −1 3𝜋
4 4 16 4 6 24
𝑏4 = 2
= 𝑏6 = =
𝜋 4 −1 15𝜋 𝜋 6 2 −1 35𝜋

The half range sine series for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 in the range

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 is
∞

𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

8 16 24
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6𝑥 + ⋯
3𝜋 15𝜋 35𝜋

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