j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmrt

Original Article

Natural based polyurethane matrix composites

reinforced with bamboo fiber waste for use as
oriented strand board

Mariana Dias Machado Lopes a, Magno de Souza Pa
dua a,

Juliana Peixoto Rufino Gazem de Carvalho a, Noan Tonini Simonassi a,*,
Felipe Periss
e Duarte Lopez a, Henry A. Colorado b,
Carlos Maurı́cio Fontes Vieira a,**
a
Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense e UENF, Laborat
orio de Materiais Avançados e LAMAV, Avenida Alberto
Lamego, 2000, Campos Dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Brazil
b
CCComposites Laboratory, University of Antioquia, Cl. 67 #53-108, Medellı́n, Antioquia, Colombia

article info abstract

Article history: Composites that use natural fibers as reinforcement have generated great interest in the
Received 11 January 2021 industrial and scientific community due to the need for materials that present environ-
Accepted 8 April 2021 mental responsibility and are economically viable. This work aimed to develop and
Available online 20 April 2021 establish a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties and physical characteristics
between a castor oil based polyurethane resin composites reinforced with fibrous bamboo
Keywords: residue and a commercial Oriented Strand Board (OSB), in which where determined the
Charpy impact test technical issues of using these composites as OSB panels. Bamboo fibers used were ob-
Castor oil polyurethane resin tained as a residue from a barbecue sticks industry. Composites were made with 20 and
Bamboo fiber 40% volume fraction of continuous and aligned bamboo fiber. The density, moisture ab-
sorption, and mechanical strength of the composites were tested and compared with the
commercial OSB. The composites not only presented mechanical performance superior to
the commercial OSB, surpassing 1000 J/m, 85 MPa and 4.4 GPa for impact resistance,
flexural strength, and flexural elastic modulus, respectively, but also fulfilled the standard
requirements, while the commercial OSB, failed in most of the observed standards criteria.
In addition, the developed materials contribute to a sustainable environment by using both
bamboo waste and castor oil based polyurethane resin in a composite material.
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (N.T. Simonassi), [email protected] (C.M.F. Vieira).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.04.023
2238-7854/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
2318 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4

In Brazil, the most produced panels are those of agglom-

1. Introduction erates made from wood particles compacted and hot pressed
with adhesives. Initially, these panels can be made using any
Population growth requires greater demand for goods, which lignocellulosic material with high mechanical strength and
implies a significant increase in the generation of waste. The pre-established weight, since the chemical composition is
great question nowadays is how to advance technologically well known to be similar to that of wood [19]. The OSB is a
with the concept of both environmental and economical panel of oriented strips/fibers, bonded with waterproof resin
sustainability. Composite materials reinforced with natural and seated by hot pressing. It is a product with increasing
fibers are good alternatives [1]. Mankind has used composite demand in Brazil, and also in the world, since its use has
materials reinforced with natural fibers since the most remote already occupied a market share previously exclusive to
times [2]. The versatility of this type of material has caused, in plywood sheets. These panels can be produced with lower
the last decades, a large number of researches suggesting fi- costs, with greater use of the log wood and with similar
bers as engineering materials, mainly suggesting these as properties [20].
reinforcement in polymeric matrix composites [3e9]. In the Brazilian daily life is very common the consumption
Klı́mek et al. [10] points out that the high volumes of pro- of barbecue sold on small bamboo skewers. To produce them,
duction linked to the constraints of natural resources, most an enormous amount of bamboo fiber is incinerated due to the
likely will lead to a future shortage in the supply of wood. lack of proper disposal, or even a noble final destination for
Thus, the growing variety of lignocellulosic resources studied this product. Therefore, this work aims to reuse bamboo fiber
can be of strategic importance, since the use of waste as a raw residues in combination with castor oil based polyurethane
material has economic benefits, reducing environmental resin to produce composites reinforcement for use as OSB
burdens and improving the efficiency of the value chain. panels. This research proposes a greater employability of this
Among the lignocellulosic fibers, it is noteworthy that residue and, consequently, producing a new green material by
bamboo fibers have a great potential to be used as reinforce- combining a natural fiber along with a renewable source resin.
ment in polymeric composites, since they have excellent The main contribution of this research is the solution for a
physical and mechanical properties, and can be easily grown sustainable environment by using both bamboo waste and
in almost everywhere around the world [11,12]. Bamboo plant castor oil based polyurethane resin in a composite material.
has a rapid development cycle, making it a highly attractive This aspect has shown to be of significant important not only
natural resource compared to other tree species of existing from the technological approach [21e23], but also in educa-
commercial genera. In addition to the common applications of tion [24,25], for governments and society [26].
bamboo in civil construction [13], bamboo can be applied in
the manufacture of laminates using polymeric resins under
certain conditions [14,15]. 2. Materials and methods
The great potential of bamboo and its fibers are well
known. In fact, some researches show that the tensile 2.1. Materials
strength of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer matrix compos-
ite is comparatively equivalent to that of carbon steel, while The bamboo fibers used in this work were obtained as a res-
its density is only 12% [16,17]. In addition, polyurethane resin idue of barbecue skewers production. This waste comes from
is one of the most versatile polymers in existence, and may a bamboo sticks industry, located in Campos dos Goytacazes
come from a renewable resource, such as polyurethane and is usually disposed of in landfills or even incinerated by
derived from castor oil. Due to the large number of reagents the producer. Fig. 1 shows part of the skewer production chain
that can be used for its manufacture, polyurethanes can and the residue used in this work. The fibers used in this work
present several final characteristics such as rigid, flexible, were donated as fibrous waste with around 30 cm long (Fig. 1c)
rubbery and in the form of foams [18]. Therefore, the and was later washed and dried in a stove at 60
C for 24 h.
combination of polyurethane with bamboo fibers to produce Finally, the fibres were manually aligned and cut in the
laminate composites for use as oriented strand board (OSB) is dimension of the mold (12 cm long).
a possibility.

Fig. 1 e Some steps of production chain of skewers and their residues. Bamboo plant (a), bamboo sticks (b), fibrous bamboo
residue (c), and clean and aligned bamboo fibrous residue (d).
 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4 2319

temperature. After a resin curing period (24 h), composite

plates were obtained with dimensions of 150  120  10 mm3
(dimensions of the closed mold). The quantities of fibers used
for each volumetric fraction were calculated based on the
density obtained by the pycnometer method. Fig. 2 shows a
cured composite board with 20% volumetric fiber fraction.
As can be seen in Fig. 2, the fibers can be considered as
continuous and aligned. The plates were then cut with a cir-
cular saw to obtain the samples for each test. Composites
reinforced by 20 and 40% volume fraction of fiber were made
as well as samples of the pure resin and commercial OSB in
order to compare the values obtained by the composites with
the commercial product. The 40% volume fraction of fiber
composite was the higher amount of reinforcement that was
Fig. 2 e Composite board with 20% volumetric fiber able to be inserted in the PU resin without any further pro-
fraction. cessing of the fibers. The 20% volume fraction was than
selected as a good difference to compare with the 40% rein-
forced composites. For the tree-point flexural tests, however,
The resin used as a matrix for this composite was a castor a wedge plate was added to the metal mold so that the boards
oil based polyurethane (PU) and was commercially obtained came out with dimensions of 150  120  7 mm3.
from “Imperveg” company, located in Brazil as a two-
component resin. The polyol component derived from castor 2.2.3. Physical properties characterization of pure, composites
oil remains liquid until a proportion of 1.4 (140% of mass and OSB
fraction) of the isocyanate initiator is added. Then the poly- Aiming to obtain physical properties of the pure resin, com-
merization process occurs and the resin hardens. posites and commercial OSB, 6 specimens were cut in di-
The evaluation methods of this work take into account the mensions of 50  50 mm2 for each type of material, according
variation in performance of the composite with the increase to the recommendation of the ABNT NBR 14810 standard, to
of the volumetric fraction of fibers in comparison both with obtain the density (D) and moisture absorption content (U) of
the pure PU resin and in relation to a commercially obtained the pure resin, composites and commercial OSB. The density
OSB that was purchased at “Leroy Merlin” store located in the was obtained by dividing the value of the mass obtained in an
city of Rio de Janeiro, as a 1.22 m  2.2 m  10 mm board. analytical scale by the volume calculated with the aid of a
caliper. The moisture absorption content is obtained by
2.2. Methods comparing the masses of the dry material by the mass gain
after immersion in distilled water with pH ¼ 7 for 24 h.
2.2.1. Characterization of the residue (bamboo fibers)
The density of the fibers was measured by the relative density 2.2.4. Mechanical characterization of pure, composites and
test of the liquids, using the pycnometer method according to OSB
ASTM D792. Water was used as a standard in a controlled In order to better approximate the composites to a final
temperature of 25
C. The obtained density value was used to product, the mechanical tests chosen for this work were tree-
calculate the volumetric fractions of fibers used as reinforce- point flexural test, Charpy impact test and surface screw
ment. Also, the microstructure of the bamboo fibers was pullout test.
observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a Shi- The tree-point flexural tests were conducted with an INS-
madzu microscope model SSX-550 under 12e15 kV. Prior to TRON machine model 5582 with a 1 mm/min crosshead speed
the analysis, some randomly selected fiber samples from the in specimens with dimensions 120  20  7 mm3 according to
received bundle were coated with a very thin layer of gold. ASTM D-790 standard. The test was carried out in 10 speci-
mens for each material until the fracture of the material or
2.2.2. Manufacture of composites until a deformation of 200% was observed.
The composites preparation were carried out by putting the The Charpy impact tests were carried out according to the
fibers inside a metallic mold together with the already mixed ASTM D6110 standard. For this, the plates were cut in 14
resin and initiator. The mold can be closed and has final di- specimens with dimensions of 10  10  120 mm3 and a 45

mensions of 12  15  1 cm (180 cm3) when closed. Therefore, notch was made in one of the faces according to the standard.
the fibers were cut 12 cm long and aligned inside the mold in The tests were conducted in a PANTEC universal pendulum
the same direction as the 12 cm mold dimension. The samples model XC-50 with a 25 J hammer.
were made with the insertion of the cut fibers (12 cm long), As for the screw pullout tests, 8 specimens of each material
together with the already mixed resin and an initiator in a were cut with 150  75  10 mm dimensions from the plates.
metallic mold. This length not only guarantee an optimal In the center of these plates, 2.8 mm diameter holes were
adhesion of the fiber to the matrix, but also mimic a unidi- made where the screw was threaded through the specimen at
rectional composite, which is the best for mechanical prop- a depth determined by the ABNT NBR 14810 standard. The test
erties. The mold was then closed and subjected to a pressure speed was defined as 2 mm/min and these were driven on an
of 5 Ton in a hydraulic press and left for 24 h at room INSTRON machine model 5582. Fig. 3 shows a flexural test in
2320 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4

Fig. 3 e Flexural test being carried out on the commercial OSB sample (a), along whit its load versus extension curve (b), and
some of the screw pullout specimens ready for the test (c).

one of the commercial OSB samples, along whit the machine company that works with several bamboo species and from
output load versus extension curve and some of the screw various suppliers, the bamboo used in this research is a
pullout specimens ready for the test. combination of multiple palaces and supplies. Thus, the
density value was sought as a means of standardizing the fi-
bers, obtaining a value of 1.31 ± 0.004 g/cm3.
3. Results and discussion As for the microstructure of the bamboo fibers, there was
no significant variation between the final structure due to the
3.1. Bamboo fiber (waste) extraction process and the observed was the one predicted by
the literature [18]. Fig. 4 shows the microstructure of the fiber
The density variation of the bamboo according to the species, cross-sections (Fig. 4a and b) and the longitudinal surface of a
age and stalk region (base, middle and top) is already known fiber (Fig. 4c).
[27]. Since the bamboo is a waste processed by a large As can be seen in Fig. 4, the main structures responsible for
the resistance of these fibers, which are, fibrous cells, paren-
chyma cells and vascular elements, were found (Fig. 4a). As
expected, in fibers extracted from the outermost region of the
bamboo culm occurs a superior proportion of parenchyma
cells in comparison to the almost nonexistent fibrous cells
(Fig. 4b). This difference in microstructure between the inte-
rior and exterior section of the bamboo culm usually leads to a
variation of its fibers properties [28,29]. Finally, Fig. 4c shows
the intact longitudinal surface of the bamboo fiber after the
extraction process, where smooth fibrillary structures can be
observed along with its natural roughness.
These preliminary characterization of the fibers are useful
not only for calculating the composite volume fraction, but
also demonstrate that there is no significant variation in both

Table 1 e Density for the resin, composites and

commercial OSB.
Material Density (g/cm3) Water absorption
(%)
2h 24 h
PU 1.02 ± 0.08 1.5 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.9
PU-Bamboo 20% 0.68 ± 0.07 2.8 ± 0.8 8.8 ± 2.5
Fig. 4 e SEM Micrograph of the structure of a bamboo fiber PU-Bamboo 40% 0.72 ± 0.04 5.4 ± 2.8 10.4 ± 2.3
OSB 0.64 ± 0.03 44.3 ± 5.1 86.0 ± 5.4
in the transverse (a, b) and longitudinal (c), direction.
 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4 2321

Fig. 5 e SEM photomicrographs of the pure resin (a) (charpy test), a composite reinforced with 40% volume fraction of
bamboo fibers (b) (flexural test), and a commercial OSB surface of fracture specimen (c) (charpy test).

Fig. 6 e Flexural elastic modulus (a), and strength (b), for bamboo reinforce polyurethane resin compared to commercial OSB.

physical properties and microstructure between the waste As can be seen in Table 1, the addition of bamboo fibers
material used in this study and the literature, which is ex- leads to a reduction in the resins density. Since the observed
pected, since the extraction process is purely mechanical. density for the fiber is higher than that of resin, it is expected
that the density of the composites would increase. This
3.2. Resin, composites and OSB behavior can be justified by the appearance of bubbles in the
material associated with the retention of gases in the polymer
3.2.1. Density and water absorption curing process caused by the fibers. Fig. 5 shows SEM photo-
The density variation range among the produced materials micrographs of some surface of fracture for the pure resin, a
was between 0.64 and 1.02 g/cm3. Table 1 presents both den- composite reinforced with 40% volume fraction of bamboo
sity results and water absorption results obtained for the fibers and the commercial OSB. The appearance of the bobbles
resin, composites and commercial OSB. The water absorption on the matrix is evident by comparing the bobble free pure
tests provide indications regarding the conditions of adhesion resin (Fig. 5a) and the bobble on the composite.
and resistance of the reinforcement of the panel when In addition, the densities of the composites are slightly
immersed in water. higher than the density of the commercial OSB, but within the
standard intervals for medium density oriented strand
boards.
As can be seen in Table 1, the composites showed a low
variation in water absorption for after 2 h comparing to PU. For
24 h, however, the variation in water absorption is more
evident. Regarding the PU resin and its composites, a greater
water absorption is found on the composites reinforced with
the higher amount of fiber as expected, since NLFs are known
to present better water affinity compared to polymer resins
[1e9]. As for the OSB, the water absorption is largely greater
which can also been justified by the great amount of wood
inside as can be seen in Fig. 5.
These values show that the composites, unlike the com-
mercial OSB, are in accordance with ABNT NBR 14810 stan-
dard, which provides for a maximum absorption of 10 and 15%
for immersions of 2 and 24 h, respectively.

3.2.2. Flexural strength

Fig. 7 e Fracture surface of a composite strengthened by Fig. 6 presents the values of flexural elastic modulus and
40% volume fraction of bamboo fibers. strength obtained. As can be seen, both elastic modulus and
2322 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4

Fig. 8 e Rupture energy (a), and energy absorption (b), for bamboo reinforce polyurethane resin compared to commercial
OSB.

strength increase dramatically with the insertion of fibers in establishes values of 1800 MPa for elastic modulus and 11 MPa
the polyurethane matrix. for flexural strength. The composites are in accordance with
From the values contained in Fig. 6 it is evident how the both standards while the commercial OSB has an elastic
addition of fiber to the matrix increases the stiffness of this modulus below the normative requirement.
material. With a 20% volume fraction of fiber added, the
composites elastic modulus is, on average, 35 times higher 3.2.3. Impact resistance
than the pure resin and 71 times for 40% fiber addition. Fig. 7 Due to the type of reinforcement presented by the commercial
shows a SEM micrograph of the fracture surface of a com- OSB, unlike the composites, it was not possible to find a
posite reinforced with 40% volume fraction of bamboo fibers preferential direction of reinforcement orientation, which
where can be seen voids and pullout fibers, interfaces between may lead to a decrease in performance on impact resistance.
fiber and matrix as well as bubbles and cracks in the matrix. However, it can be seen from the values presented in Fig. 8,
Still, compared to commercial OSB, composites performed that the composites presented a performance of impact
better. resistance superior to both OSB and pure polyurethane resin
Fig. 4 is a good example for the developed composite. As for Charpy tests.
expected for this kind of material, the interface between As can be seen in Fig. 8, there is a tendency for the energy
reinforcement and matrix is weak where the fibers are pulled absorbed by the composites to increase with the amount of
out creating voids. However, the addition of fibers along the incorporated fiber. Indeed, the composite reinforced by 40% in
polymer causes their crack propagation to be limited where it volume fraction absorbed 10 times more energy (J/m) than the
changes their propagation direction justifying the increase in resin and 27 times superior to the commercial OSB. As ex-
strength and stiffness observed in the composites comparing pected the addition of fibers on the matrix led to a high in-
to the pure PU. crease on the impact resistance of the polymer material. This
ANSI 208.1 standard dictates that the lower limits for better mechanical performance is well known to be associated
flexural elastic modulus and strength are 1725 MPa and with the change of crack propagation direction caused by the
11.33 MPa, respectively, while the ABNT NBR 14.810 standard insertion of fibers on the matrix [1e9]. The macroscopic aspect

Fig. 9 e Macroscopic aspect of the fracture of the Charpy impact specimens.

 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s r e s e a r c h a n d t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 2 1 ; 1 2 : 2 3 1 7 e2 3 2 4 2323

resin reinforced by bamboo fibers, not only maintaining the

Table 2 e Maximum burst load values for surface screw
mechanical strengths, but also improving them.
pullout tests.
Material Maximum load (N)
PU 409.2 ± 253.9 Declaration of Competing Interest
PU-Bamboo 20% 912.8 ± 338.7
PU-Bamboo 40% 1483.9 ± 285.5
The authors declare that they have no known competing
OSB 175.0 ± 41.8
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
of the fracture of the materials is shown in Fig. 9, where a
complete fracture can be observed for the pure resin and for
the commercial OSB. Regarding the composites, however, the Acknowledgments
fracture does not occur completely. In this case, the relative
weak interface already shown in Fig. 7, leads to a good impact The authors would like to thank FAPERJ (process n
. E-26/202.229/2018
resistance performance, as expected. and E-26/202.299/2019), CAPES, CNPQ (process n
. 301634/2018-1),
Imperveg for the resin, the laboratory of advanced materials (LAMAV/
3.2.4. Surface screw pullout UENF) for the support and, mainly to Renan da Silva Guimara ~ es and
Table 2 presents the results obtained from the screw pullout ^ mulo Leite Loyola.
Ro
resistance of the composites and the analyzed OSB. As can be
seen, the pure resin showed a greater deviation compared to
the other materials, which can be explained by the ductile references
character of the pure resin, where the screw tends to tear the
resin leading to a differential break between the resin/screw
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