Unit-1: Fundamentals of Emotional Intelligence

 Emotional intelligence can be said to be an individual’s ability to effectively

manage emotions of self as well as of others around them, deal competently
with social situations, make appropriate decisions, and forge ahead in the
different arenas of life.
 It is the individual’s capacity to recognize, understand and manage the
feelings of self and others. It also refers to the extent of influence on the
emotional responses of others. The individual’s capacity to handle
frustrations, deal with setbacks, manage emotional reactions, and get along
with others also falls in the purview of emotional intelligence.

 Harvard Gardner and his theory of multiple intelligences have also played an
important role in the emergence of the concept of emotional intelligence. His
ideas of intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences laid the foundation for
the concept of emotional intelligence which embraces both these notions.
According to Gardner, the traditional understanding of intelligence fails to
explain the social success and adaptability of persons with borderline or
below average intellectual capacity.
 Salovey and Mayer were the first to coin the term ‘emotional intelligence’ in
1990 which was later popularized by Goleman when he wrote his best-
selling book Emotional Intelligence: Why it Can Matter More Than IQ.
 Significance of Emotional Intelligence:
a) It facilitates resilience, motivation, empathy, stress management,
communication, and our ability to read, understand, and navigate social
situations.
b) It affords one the opportunity to live a more fulfilled and happy life.
c) It plays an important aspect of academic and work-related success, as well as
mental and physical health.
d) It helps to form social relationships.
 Models of Emotional Intelligence:
1. Ability Model:
 This model was given by Salovey and Mayer (1997).
 They described the emotional intelligence as, “the ability to perceive
accurately, the appraisal and expression of emotions, the ability to access
and/ or generate feelings so as to assist thought, the ability to understand
emotions and emotional knowledge, and the ability to regulate emotions so
as to promote emotional and intellectual growth”.
 The four aspects of this model are discussed as follows:
i. Perceiving emotions: It includes the ability to recognize and distinguish
one’s emotions within oneself and others.
ii. Facilitating thoughts with emotions: Use emotions to facilitate cognitive
activities like reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and
interpersonal relationships.
iii. Understanding emotions: It includes the ability to label emotions with
accurate language as well as the ability to differentiate between emotion
labels and emotions themselves.
iv. Managing emotions: It includes the ability to accept own feelings and
modulate them in a manner so as to promote personal growth.
2. Mixed Model:
 This model was formulated by Goleman (1998) and is one of the most
comprehensive models.
 He defined emotional intelligence in terms of self-awareness, selfconfidence,
self-control, commitment and integrity, and a person’s ability to
communicate, influence, initiate change, and accept change. This model is
also referred to as the competency model because Goleman considered
emotional intelligence to be a combination of competencies which contribute
towards the person’s ability to monitor their own emotions, correctly assess
the emotions of others, and exert an influence over the opinions of others.
 The four quadrants of emotional intelligence according to this model are
discussed as follows:
i. Self-awareness: This includes three competencies–emotional awareness,
accurate self-assessment, and self-confidence. Emotional awareness is the
individual’s ability to recognize one’s emotions and their effects. Accurate
self assessment refers to the skill of knowing one’s weaknesses and
strengths. The component of self-confidence indicates a person’s capabilities
and a sense of self-worth.
ii. Self-management: This includes six competencies–emotional self-control,
trustworthiness, adaptability, achievement drive, initiative, and
conscientiousness.
iii. Social awareness: this quadrant refers to the way people handle
relationships and are aware of others’ needs, feelings, and concerns. It
includes the competencies of empathy, service orientation, and
organizational awareness.
iv. Relationship management: This talks about the skill or adeptness at
managing social relationships. The competencies included in this dimension
 are influencing and developing others, clarity of communication, conflict
management, leadership skills, being a change catalyst, building
relationships, teamwork and collaboration.

3. Trait Model:
 This is a relatively new model of emotional intelligence given by Petrides
and Furnham (2000) and is primarily related to the individual’s perception
related to own traits and emotional abilities.
 According to Petrides, there is no standard profile of an emotionally
intelligent person as the same set of traits may be adaptive and functional in
one situation and not in another.
 The four factors of the trait model are listed as follows:
i. Wellbeing
ii. Sociability
iii. Self-control
iv. Emotionality
4. Emotional Social Model:
 Emotional social modelwas formulated by Bar-On (2006). The basic
assumption of this model is that an individual’s social skills are separate
from their emotional intelligence skills, yet are equally important as far as
achieving goals is concerned.
 Components:
i. Intrapersonal: It includes self-regard, emotional self-awareness,
assertiveness, independence, and self-actualization. It highlights an
individual’s level of selfawareness and self-expression.
ii. Interpersonal: It includes empathy, social responsibility, and interpersonal
relationships. This subscale gives an account of the social awareness and
interpersonal relation skills of a person.
iii. Stress management: It includes tolerance and impulse control. This aspect
gives an account of emotional management and control.
iv. Adaptability: It includes reality testing, flexibility, and problem solving. This
gives an account of an individual’s capacity to handle change effectively.
v. General mood: It includes optimism and happiness. This aspect highlights
the level of internal motivation of a person.
 Importance of Emotional Intelligence:
1. Be a creative leader: People who can understand and address the emotional
needs of others can become effective leaders in many fields and industries.
2. Develop strong relationships: Emotional intelligence can help you develop
deeper relationships with the people you encounter every day, including
your coworkers, peers, and family members.
3. Build confidence: Having successful conversations with other people can
help you build confidence in many areas of your life, including the
workplace.
4. Resolve conflicts more easily: If you can understand the emotional nuances
of a situation, including which external factors are relevant, you can address
it better and learn how to handle it.
5. Improving a work environment: By communicating effectively with other
people, you can nurture a work environment that is supportive of positive
relationship development and career growth.
6. Manage time effectively: Understanding how your own emotions work can
help you create a more accurate timeline and manage your schedule better
 Building Blocks of Emotional Intelligence:
1. Self-Awareness: Self-awareness is the characteristic of self-realization. It can
also be referred to as intrapersonal intelligence. It is the individual’s capacity
to accurately recognize and understand one’s own moods, emotions, and
drives, as well as their impact on self and others. It also refers to self-
realization, and self-esteem.This competency also includes self-assessment
and self-confidence. Self assessment comprises the ability to understand
one’s own strengths as well as limitations, explore them and increase
understanding about them.Self-confidence is the ability to keep oneself
grounded, secure, and self-assured under all circumstances. Self-confidence
can be of three different types – general, situational, and task-specific.
2. Self Management: Self-management builds on self-awareness. It refers to the
ability to handle and take charge of emotions and not allow emotions to take
control. It is the ability to regulate and maintain equilibrium in the face of
provocation. It also means being able to maintain commitment and optimism
under all circumstances.
3. Social Awareness: This competency includes skills like being able to
recognize emotions in others, by understanding both verbal and non-verbal
content of communication. This skill expands the understanding of emotions
to others as well. This ability is important because only through
understanding the reactions and feelings of others, good interpersonal
relationships can be established.
4. Relationship Management: Relationship management can also be
conceptualized as interpersonal intelligence. The competencies that would
be subsumed under this skill are the ability to coordinate between several
people, recognize efforts of others, empathize, negotiate solutions to
complex interpersonal issues, and form positive relationships with others.
 The role of emotional intelligence in collaboration and teamwork Teamwork
means the collaborative effort of a group. This effort is made to achieve a
common goal or to complete a task efficiently. Teamwork is seen within the
 framework of a team. The people involved in the team depend on each other.
And work together for a common goal. 
1. Before leading a team, you must know how to manage your emotions in a
positive and constructive way. 
2. You will need to provide support to the team to ensure they have everything
they need to succeed. 
3. You need to create a psychologically safe environment where team members
feel comfortable asking questions and sharing their opinions.
4. You will have to deal with team members with different personalities and
may have different communication styles.

Unit-2: Personal Competence

 Competencies refer to the skills, knowledge, abilities, and behaviours that
individuals possess and demonstrate in order to perform effectively in a
particular role or field.
 Personal competency is the ability to evolve from the accumulated
knowledge that can facilitate learning and goal achievement. Further,
personal competence refers to an individual's ability to effectively manage
themselves and their interactions with others. It encompasses a range of
skills and qualities that contribute to personal growth, success, and well-
being.
 Components of Personal Competence:
1. Self-awareness: This involves having a clear understanding of one’s own
thoughts, emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values, and beliefs.
2. Self-Management: This component involves the ability to regulate one’s own
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It includes skills such as self-control,
emotional regulation, stress management, time management, and goal
setting.
3. Social awareness: This component involves being attuned to the emotions,
needs, and perspectives of others. Socially aware individuals show empathy
towards others, understand the dynamics of social situations, and navigate
interpersonal relationships effectively.
4. Relationship management: This refers to the propensity to build and
maintain positive and productive relationships with others. This includes
skills such as constructive communication, conflict resolution, teamwork,
and collaboration.
5. Self-motivation: This refers to the ability to stay driven and committed to
one’s goals, even in situations of setbacks. Self-motivated individuals have a
strong internal drive and are able to remain positive even in difficult times.
 Self Awareness:
 Casel (2002) defines self-awareness as the ability to understand one’s own
emotions, thoughts and values and how they influence behavior across
contexts.
 How can one identify self-awareness? The main indicator is when someone
is honest and able to evaluate themselves accurately. Individuals with high
levels of self-awareness can express themselves efficiently and how it affects
their work in a truthful manner, without necessarily divulging too much or
confessing extensively.
 Emotional self-awareness refers to the capability to recognize and
understand your own emotions, as well as the influence it has on your
thoughts, behavior, and overall well-being. It involves being in tune with
your feelings, being able to identify and label them accurately, and being
aware of how they influence your actions and interactions with others. Being
emotionally self-aware allows you to have a deeper understanding of
yourself, your values, and your needs.
 Self-assessment is a crucial component of self-awareness. It involves taking
the time to reflect on your own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, strengths,
weaknesses, and values. By engaging in self-assessment, you gain a deeper
understanding of yourself, your motivations, and your actions. Self-
awareness is the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions,
thoughts, and behaviors, and how they impact yourself and others.Through
self-assessment, you can identify your core values, passions, and interests,
which can guide you in making decisions aligned with your authentic self.
 Self-confidence is indeed an important aspect of personal competency. It
refers to having a belief in one’s own abilities, skills, and worth. When you
are self-confident, you have a positive perception of yourself and your
capabilities, which can greatly influence your actions and interactions with
others.When you have a strong sense of self-awareness and self-confidence,
you are more likely to take on new challenges, express yourself
authentically, and pursue your goals with determination.
 Self Management:
 According to Daniel Goleman, a renowned psychologist and author, self-
management includes diverse components which are essential for personal
and professional success.These components include:
1. Self-awareness: Self-awareness is the foundation of self-management. It
involves understanding one’s emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values, and
goals.
2. Emotional self-control: Emotional self-control refers to the ability to manage
and regulate one’s own emotions. It involves staying calm and composed in
difficult situations, not letting emotions dictate one’s actions or decisions,
and effectively controlling impulses or urges.
3. Adaptability: Adaptability is the capacity to be flexible and open to change.
Being adaptable allows individuals to navigate and respond effectively to
challenges and changes in their environment.
4. Achievement orientation: Achievement orientation pertains to setting and
striving towards challenging goals. It involves having a strong desire to excel
and continuously improve oneself.
5. Initiative and proactivity: Initiative refers to the ability to take action and
seize opportunities. It involves being proactive and taking responsibility for
one’s actions and decisions, rather than waiting for others to tell what to do.
6. Optimism: Optimism relates to having a positive outlook and maintaining
hopefulness even in challenging or uncertain situations. It involves
interpreting setbacks or failures as temporary and controllable, rather than
permanent or pervasive.
7. Resilience: Resilience refers to the ability to recover quickly from setbacks
and bounce back from adversity. It involves facing challenges, dealing with
 stress, and maintaining mental and emotional stability amidst difficult
circumstances.
 Motivation:
 It refers to the internal drive and desire to achieve goals, take action, and
persist in the face of challenges.
1. Goal setting: Motivation helps individuals set meaningful and achievable goals.
When individuals have a clear sense of purpose, motivation and direction, which
allows them to set specific and realistic goals.
2. Initiative and action: Motivation provides the energy and drive to take
initiative and take action. Such individuals are proactive and take responsibility
for their own growth and development.
3. Persistence and resilience: Motivation helps individuals stay persistent and
resilient in the face of obstacles and setbacks. Motivated individuals are more
likely to bounce back from failures, learn from their mistakes, and keep going
despite difficulties.
4. Confidence: Motivation enhances self-belief and confidence. When individuals
are motivated, they have a strong belief in their own abilities and potential.
5. Continuous learning and growth: Motivation drives individuals to seek out
new knowledge, skills, and experiences. Motivated individuals are more likely to
engage in continuous learning and personal development.
 Relationship Management:
1. Effective communication: Effective communication is essential for building
and maintaining relationships. It involves actively listening to others,
expressing oneself clearly and respectfully, and being able to adapt
communication styles to different individuals and situations.
2. Empathy and understanding: Empathy implies the propensity of the
individual to understand and express the feelings and views of others. It
involves being able to put oneself in someone else’s shoes and respond with
understanding and compassion.
3. Conflict resolution: Conflict is a natural part of any relationship, and effective
conflict resolution skills are crucial for maintaining good relationships.
Conflict resolution adeptness can help in managing disagreements, reducing
tension, and preserving the overall quality of relationships.
4. Collaboration and teamwork: Collaboration and teamwork skills are
important for working effectively with others towards a common goal. This
involves being able to contribute ideas, share responsibilities, and work
cooperatively with others. Strong collaboration skills result in successful
teamwork and positive relationships.
5. Building trust and rapport: Trust is the pillar of any healthy relationship.
Building trust involves being reliable, honest, and consistent in one’s actions
and words. It also involves being able to maintain confidentiality,
demonstrate integrity, and follow through on commitments.
 Social Awareness:
 Social awareness is indeed a crucial component of personal competency. It
refers to the propensity to empathize and comprehend others’ situations, as
well as being aware of the social dynamics and norms in different situations.
Social awareness involves being in touch with the emotional needs, and
perspectives of others, and being able to evaluate social interactions
effectively.
 Having social awareness allows individuals to build and maintain positive
relationships, as they are able to understand and respond appropriately to
the emotions and needs of others.
 Effective Communication:
 Effective communication is the process of exchanging information between
two or more people. It is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions,
knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with
clarity and purpose.
1. Observation: A person must have sharp observation skills to acquire greater
knowledge and information. 
2. Clarity and conciseness: The message should be written in simple words, and
it should be clear and precise to produce the desired effect on the recipient.
3. Listening and understanding: The most important skill a person can have is
to be a good, attentive and patient listener. He must be able to understand
and interpret the message well.
4. Emotional Intelligence: A person must be emotionally aware and have the
ability to influence others from within. 
5. Self-efficacy: Also, he must have confidence in himself and his abilities to
achieve the communication objectives. 
6. Confidence: Being one of the essential communication skills, confidence
enhances the meaningfulness of the message being conveyed. 
7. Respect: Delivering a message with courtesy and respecting the receiver's
values, beliefs, opinions and ideas is the essence of effective communication.
8. Non-verbal communication: To connect better with the receiver, the sender
must incorporate non-verbal communication as well. These include body
language, facial expressions, eye contact, postures etc. 
9. Choosing the right medium: Choosing the right medium for communication
is also a skill. It is necessary to select the appropriate medium according to
the situation, priority of the message, viewpoint of the recipient etc. 
10. Providing Feedback: Effective communication is always a two-way process.
One person should both take and give feedback to bring out the other
person's perspective.
 Seven C’s of Effective Communication:
1. Clear: Clear communication means conveying your message in a way that the
recipient can easily understand. This includes using simple language,
avoiding jargon or technical terms, and organizing your ideas logically.
2. Concise: Being concise means conveying your message in a clear and direct
manner without using unnecessary words or information. It is about
converting your thoughts and ideas into their most essential form.
3. Correct: Being accurate means giving accurate and reliable information
without errors or misleading statements. correct in communication ensures
that facts, figures, grammar, spelling and other details are correct.
4. Complete: Being complete means providing all the necessary information
and ensuring that your message is comprehensive and complete. It's about
leaving no room for confusion or ambiguity.
5. Coherent: Coherent in communication is about taking into account the needs,
attitudes and feelings of your audience. It requires empathy and
understanding, taking into account the specific circumstances, preferences
and concerns of your audience.
6. Concrete: Concrete communication is about avoiding vague or ambiguous
statements and providing clear details. Cogent language makes your
communications more relevant and engaging, allowing your audience to
understand what you're saying quickly and accurately.
7. Courteous: Courteous communication refers to the use of polite and
respectful language and behavior. This includes maintaining a professional
and friendly tone, following social norms, and showing respect for others'
opinions, time, and boundaries.
 How to regulate to manage anxiety and depression:
 Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive,
physiological, emotional, and behavioral components. These components
combine to create an unpleasant emotion, usually associated with
uneasiness, apprehension, fear, and distress.
 The state of depression lasts for a long time, depending on the subject the
person is thinking about. There is little possibility or expectation of change
in that regard. But the person remains immersed in the same thoughts for a
long time, and this creates depression.
 Methods:
1. Meditation and Mindfulness: Practicing regular meditation can help reduce
anxiety and depression. Doing a mindfulness practice from time to time to
pay attention to your thoughts and feelings.
2. Healthy Habits:Regular exercise can help maintain health and improve
mental health. Research healthy diets and maintain proper nutrition, as this
can affect your mental health.
3. Time Management: Manage time to clearly know and set your goals.
Scheduling time for specific tasks and focusing on completing them can
reduce anxiety.
4. Positive Thinking: Practicing positive self-talk and using positive mantras. 
Use of lifesaving words: Use positive words to increase your self-confidence.
5. Social Support: Sharing your conversations with your closest and most
supportive people can reduce anxiety.
6. Importance of Sleep: Follow regular sleep to give adequate rest to your body,
as it can help in improving mental health.
7. Art and Entertainment: Engaging in arts, cultural activities, or your favorite
recreational activities. Cultivating interest in new areas to boost morale in
exploring and pursuing new interests.
8. Self-Reflection: Take some time each day to review your thoughts, feelings,
and sensations. Create a routine to contemplate your life at a certain time.
9. Mindful Use of social media: Use social media sensitively and limitedly, so
that it does not affect your mental health. Discover and share positive and
inspirational content on social media.
Unit-3: Social Competence

 Orpinas and Horne (2006) defined social competence as ‘a person’s age

appropriate knowledge and skills for functioning peacefully and creatively in
his or her own community or social environment’.
 Components of Social Competence:
1. Cognitive Abilities: Social competence encompasses a range of cognitive
skills. One is resolving problems. It involves recognizing the issue, coming up
with a number of goals connected to the issue, brainstorming, considering
the alternatives, and coming up with a solution. Understanding how ideas
affect emotional responses is crucial.Cognitive ability entails using several
conflict management techniques, such as apologizing, avoiding a situation,
and resolving the disagreement.
2. Emotional Abilities: It encompasses the capacity to interpret verbal and
nonverbal clues, as well as one’s own and other peoples’ emotions. Another
emotional skill is the capacity to remain composed even under trying
circumstances, exercise self restraint when necessary, and consider one’s
actions before acting in a given circumstance.
3. Behavioral Abilities: Communication skills, the capacity to initiate a
discussion, the ability to communicate emotions, the ability to gently
interrupt others when necessary, and the ability to refrain from criticizing
others during conversation are all behavioral traits of social competence.
 According to N. C. Lang (2010), social competence is the result of a variety of
social learning experiences that people have at different ages. Moreover, he
included the following elements of social competence: 
1. Understanding oneself and one’s skills 
2. Respect for people and an awareness of their strength 
3. Self-control and internal self-discipline 
4. Degree of independence and self-direction
5. A propensity for socially acceptable behavior and pleasant interpersonal
interaction 
6. Maintaining civil contacts with others 
7. Being able to act in a sensitive and empathetic manner 
8. Being able to uphold social standards and recognize signs that develop
during conversation 
9. Being able to listen and collaborate with others when necessary
 Development of social competence:
1. Infancy (birth–1 year): The mother and father, who serve as the child’s
primary carers, create a prominent social backdrop. crucial time for social
reactions including smiling, praising, encouraging These qualities point to
the early development of social awareness.
2. Early Childhood (2–5): Social interactions throughout this time are diverse
and varied. perspective-taking ability begins to develop.how to share and
assist one another, pro-social behavior also begins to emerge
3. Middle School (6-12 years): At this moment, school becomes the principal
focus of the social environment. . As friendship is so valued at this period,
kids develop a high threshold for acceptance, rejection, retreat, and isolation.
They develop a grasp of the negative sides of social competence, such as
retreat and no acceptance
4. Adolescence (12-18 years): as one is progressing towards independence,
social engagement is less restricted to the environment of school. Group
interaction occurs, and perspective-taking matures as it begins to take into
consideration the demands of others.Romantic partnerships also begin.
 Importance of social competence
1. Learning social skills is essential for future societal functioning as well as for
lowering the likelihood of behavioral and emotional issues
2. It is crucial to cultivate strong social skills as it is one of the protective
factors for healthy mental health
3. High levels of social competency are required due to the issues of social
media, moving far from family members and familiar communities, needing
to create new social supports, etc
4. People who are more socially adept perform better in several facets of life
5. Socially competent kids do better in school, are happier, deal with mental
probs better and perform better in society
6. On the other hand, lack of social skills makes people feel more alone and
unsatisfied and can result in a number of issues, including social anxiety,
bullying and aggressiveness
7. Those who were good and comfortable at forming relationships as children
are more likely to have better health as adults
 Significance of Social Competence:
1. Relationship Development- ability to build and maintain connections with
friends, family, coworkers, and spouses requires social competence. Abilities that
support relationships are effective communication, active listening, and conflict-
resolution abilities.
2. Success in the workplace- Social skills are highly regarded in the workplace. s
assist people in collaborating with coworkers, functioning well in teams, and
navigating workplace disputes.
3. Emotional regulation People who are socially adept are frequently better at
controlling their own emotions and comprehending those of others. able to
handle stress, annoyance, and disagreement in more productive ways.
4. Resolution of conflict- People with social competence are skilled at mediating
disputes.
5. Effective communication- Part of being socially competent is having the
confidence to state one’s opinions and feelings.
6. Better parenting skills: Social skills are important for both parents and
educators. aid them in developing surroundings that are loving and encouraging
for kids encouraging positive social development.
7. Community and society: On a more general level, social competence supports
the operation of both communities and society at large.
 Social Competence Skills:
1. Understanding of social patterns This skill comprises social memorization of
interaction patterns, deciphering significant indicators, and comprehension
of both verbal and nonverbal emotional cues.
2. Decision-making and problem-solving skills At an early age, a kid learns how
to interact with others, resolve conflicts, participate in peer play, and make
social decisions.
3. Emotional regulation and management The majority of researchers concur
that emotional control skills exist. The majority of them thought it was
 crucial for social skills. When someone can’t manage their emotions and acts
impulsively, it results in negative outcomes and other people’s dislike.
4. Communication skills A socially adept person uses communication
successfully and responsibly in many contexts.
5. Self regulating Self-regulation encompasses emotional management since it
entails the capacity to restrain urges, postpone gratification, and withstand
peer pressure and temptation.
6. Positivity and self identity It relates to the interpersonal category of social
competency and comprises one’s sense of power, purpose in life, value, and
competence.
7. Social ethics Honesty, respect, compassion, empathy, a sense of justice, a
healthy lifestyle and sexual attitude, and flexibility are the determinants of
social ethics.
 Prism Model:
 Linda Rose-Kranor provided this model in 1997.
 This model essentially outlines many components needed to build strong
social competence and interaction.

 The top layer of analysis is theoretical in nature which basically considers

social competence's effectiveness in interaction.
 The second layer is an indexical level, and it is mostly focused on measuring
social competency. Examples include evaluating how well-liked peers are or
how helpful they are using different raters (Smith and Flanery, 2017).
 The bottom layer of the prism model is the skill dimension, which describes
the fundamental abilities that are critical in the various contexts in which
social interaction occurs, such as empathy, communication, perspective
taking, emotion management and emotion awareness.
 The depth dimension of the prism model relates to interaction that takes
place in different contexts, such as the home versus the classroom, the elder
against the younger, and offline versus online.
 Strategies to enhance Social Competence:
1. Environmental Context A child's early environment significantly impacts
their social skill development, with factors like classroom layout, daily
routines, and emotional climate playing key roles. Structured and free-choice
activities, such as play and role-playing, foster adaptability, self-regulation,
and healthy self-identities by providing age-appropriate challenges and
opportunities for social interaction.
2. Naturalistic strategies Classroom interactions, supported by naturalistic
strategies like attentiveness, conflict resolution, and affective reflection, help
children develop social skills. Techniques such as on-the-spot support, self-
regulation exercises, and positive reinforcement teach emotional awareness,
patience, and social values. Through conflict mediation and engagement,
children also learn adaptability, respect for others, and effective problem-
solving.
3. Daily usual tasks Establishing daily routines enhances social competence
through activities like peer-assisted learning, cooperative tasks, group
affection, and discussions. These activities promote interpersonal skills,
cultural competency, and positive self-identity by fostering bonds, practicing
social skills, and encouraging empathy and collaboration in diverse settings.
4. Intense inventions High-intensity interventions, including teacher-guided
strategies, direct social skills instruction, and purposeful social setting
manipulation, target children struggling with social competence. These
interventions, often adult- or peer-mediated, focus on promoting specific
behaviors through engagement and rewards, enhancing interpersonal skills,
self-control, planning, and decision-making.
5. Social skills training Kids who are liked and respected by their peers tend to
be kind and compassionate people. Social skill instruction seeks to teach
unpopular or rejected children how to treat their classmates and friends
nicely. In addition to assisting, sharing, and cooperating, social skills training
teaches kids how to join a group, become a good and productive member by
adhering to group norms, and interact socially with their peers.
Encompasses communication, problem solving etc.
6. Ensure good social niche: A suitable social niche should be established since
kids who struggle with their peers may not feel at ease in a big, unstructured
group environment like recess. If adult help and supervision are offered to
facilitate good peer contact, more organized, smaller peer interaction
settings appear to be more suited and beneficial. Although it is challenging, it
is important for kids to find a strong social niche.
Unit-4: Emotional Intelligence: Measurement and Development

 Strategies to develop and enhance emotional intelligence:

1. Practice Self-Awareness – Identify and analyze your emotions. Observe
patterns and triggers to understand yourself better. Example: Maintain a journal
to track emotions and responses.
2. Practice Empathy – Understand and connect with others’ emotions by seeing
situations from their perspective. Example: Offer emotional support to a friend
during difficult times.
3. Practice Active Listening – Focus completely on what others are saying
without interrupting. Show genuine interest in their views. Example: Listen
attentively in meetings and respond thoughtfully.
4. Practice Effective Communication –Express yourself clearly and respectfully.
Use both verbal and non-verbal cues effectively. Example: Maintain eye contact
and use a polite tone while discussing important matters.
5. Practice Stress Management – Adopt techniques like meditation, deep
breathing, and exercise to handle stress effectively. Example: Practice
mindfulness before exams to stay calm and focused.
6. Practice Conflict Resolution – Approach disagreements calmly and work
toward mutually beneficial solutions. Example: Resolve team conflicts by
listening to all perspectives and proposing compromises.
7. Practice Positive Thinking – Focus on solutions instead of problems and view
failures as learning opportunities. Example: Use constructive criticism to
improve performance rather than feeling discouraged.
8. Seek Feedback – Ask for honest feedback from peers, mentors, or supervisors
to identify areas for growth. Example: Request feedback after presentations and
work on suggested improvements.
9. Practice Self-Care – Maintain physical and mental well-being through proper
rest, exercise, and hobbies. Example: Regularly exercise and prioritize sleep to
stay energized and motivated.
 Measures of emotional Intelligence:
1. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT): This is a
performance-based test that measures four branches of emotional intelligence:
perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding
emotions, and managing emotions.
2. The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): This is a self- report questionnaire
that measures emotional intelligence across five composite scales: self-
perception, self-expression, interpersonal, decision- making, and stress
management.
3. The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue): This is a self-report
questionnaire that measures emotional intelligence across 15 facets, including
emotion perception, emotion expression, emotion regulation, and empathy.
4. The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): This is a self-report
questionnaire that measures emotional intelligence across five composite scales:
intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management, and general
mood.
5. The Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SREIT): This is a self-report
questionnaire that measures emotional intelligence across four domains: self-
awareness, social awareness, self-management, and relationship management.