Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chemical Data Collections

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cdc

Data Article

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract

of Guettarda Speciosa and its antimicrobial and
anti-oxidative properties
Saravana Kumar Deivanathan, J. Thomas Joseph Prakash *
PG and Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620 022 Tamil Nadu, U
India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The current work details the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by preferably
Guettarda Speciosa choosing Guettarda Speciosa (G.Speciosa) leaf extract as an effective reducing agent. The formation
Silver nanoparticles of AgNps (silver nanoparticles) was confirmed visually with the change in the colour illuminated
Antimicrobial
by the nanoparticles in the solution. Further, it was examined by UV-–Vis spectroscopy within the
Anti-oxidative properties
wavelength of 200–800 nm, FT-IR, DLS, FE-SEM, EDAX and XRD. The UV–Vis spectrum shows the
Specification table
presence of the AgNPs at 428 nm. FT-IR studies reveal the persistence of various functional groups
and their corresponding bonds present in the material. DLS predicts the size of AgNPs was in the
range of 6.5 nm and 160 nm and it was confirmed with the FE-SEM analysis accurately as 30 nm.
Hence the work promptly delivers the biosynthesized AgNps as an antimicrobial agent hostile to
contagious microorganisms and also, as an aggressive anti-oxidant. Moreover, AgNps were tested
with two gram-positive (Staphylococcus Aures (MTCC 25,923), Basillus Subtilis (MTCC 2451)) and
two gram-negative (Escherichia coli(MTCC 25,922), Streptococcus Aureus (MTCC 273)) microbes
and its active response could ensure it as a possible antimicrobial source and its related medical
applications.

1. Rationale

Nanotechnology, in the recent years, perhaps considered the most energizing and exceptionally renowned documented field that
curbs science and its innovation, in a great deal. The word nano was derived from Greek, implies overshadow or small. The nano-scale
indicates 10− 9 m i.e., one billionth of a mmeteretre. The nanotechnology is a unique assembly of nanostructures whose dimensions
starts from 0 to 3D with the scale matter between 1 and 100 nm. These low or dimensional materials show interesting properties that
endures wonders and novel applications [1–4]. Nanotechnology is the blend of physical, synthetic, metallurgy designing, and natural
sciences. The exploitation of the nanomaterial has made greater impact in almost all fields of science and technology, particularly in

Abbreviations: AgNps, Silver nanoparticles; UV–Vis, Ultra Violet Visible Spectroscopy; DLS, Dynamic Light scattering; FE-SEM, Field Emission
Scanning Electron Microscope; EDAX, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis; MTCC, Microbial Type Culture and Collection; μL, micro litre; μg, micro
gram; DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl-Hydrate; CFU/mL, Colony Forming Unit/ millilitre; HPB, Human Pathogenic Bacteria; g/mol, gram/
molecule.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.T.J. Prakash).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2022.100831
Received 7 November 2021; Received in revised form 12 January 2022; Accepted 14 January 2022
Available online 19 January 2022
2405-8300/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

smart appliances, energy storage and biomedical approaches [5,6].

In general the selection and usage of nanomaterial has a major influence, dealing with the synthesis methods, its material pro­
cessing and its related applications. Amongst the various noble metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gained consid­
erable attention, due to their ease in preparation, hydrophilic, non-toxic, flexible nature and adaptable to the environment. Currently
AgNPs came to limelight and incredibly regarded as a potential candidate by the researchers, because the phenomenal properties of
AgNps, they are utilized in various fields, for example biomedical(imaging, tissue recover, advancement of new clinical products)
material industries, food packing, restorative industry, sensors, catalyses, coating, plasmonics (SERS), antimicrobial, optoelectronics,
water treatment etc., Additionally, due their striking security against a wide extent of micro-organism. Furthermore, restorative
properties, AgNps are used as hostile to disease specialists, sedative movement specialists, cultivating. And also, because of their
conductivity silver nanoparticles have tracked down applications in electronics gadgets, electrical and sensors etc., [7–9]
Green synthesis is an arousing and emerging field of biotechnology that provides unusual monetary and ecological credits
optionally, in contrast to the physical and synthetic benefits. In green amalgamation, therapeutic plants assume an essential part due to
their non-toxic and eco-accommodation. So far, bio-synthesized metal nanoparticles have proven their inevitable jobs indulging with
anti-microbial and anti-bacterial actions efficiently. Some ayurvedic therapeutic assembly of materials, may incorporate mercury,
lead, arsenic and so on, that could be poisonous. In green synthesis, the parts of the medicinal plants like, leaves, flowers, stem (trunk),
roots and seeds were utilized to extract reducing juices to synthesis or process metallic nanoparticles such as Au, Ag, Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe, etc.,
[10–12]. In particular, the AgNps derived from green extracts have widespread bio usages such as anti-contagious, anti-bacterial,
anti-malignant, cooling agent and aggressive agent to microbial movements and its ill-effects. The fundamental benefits of utilizing
plant materials for the amalgamation of nanoparticles are that they do not need a perplexing interaction. [13,14]. Compared to
physical and chemical synthesis methods, green synthesis is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and scalable for large-scale
manufacturing of Nps. In addition, it doesn’t need high temperature, energy or harmful chemicals to achieve synthesis [15].
The plant G.Speciosa, belongs to Rubiaceae family, which is widely available in east Africa and south Asian continents. It is a
perennial shrub or a small size tree, where its leaves are large oval-shaped, dark green and soft in nature. The flower in it has its own
meritorious medicinal properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tirterpinoids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenols, gums, and mucilage are the
major bio products present in the G.Speciosa plants.These molecules act as reducing and capping agents. So that, Ag+ions reduced to
Ag0 metal. In east Africa, the stem of G.Speciosa, is used in the preparation of the currant to treat post pregnancy infections. In Tahiti, G.
Speciosa, has been used to relieve diarrhoeic, febrifugal and anti-cholinergic meds. Besides, the decoction of Guettarda Speciosa, its
leaves were used to treat hack, cold, sore throats, fever, free-entrails, acute lungs injury and cerebral pains. [14,16–18]
Therefore, our present work deals with the utilization of G.Speciosa extract as reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. G.Speciosa
reduced AgNPs were analysed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDAX, XRD, and DLS, Zeta potential and furthermore illus­
trated in detail in the forth-coming sections. Interestingly, these AgNPs showed active response to all kinds of micro-organisms like
Staphylococcus Aureus (MTCC 25,923), Bacillus Subtilis (MTCC 2451), Escherichia coli (MTCC 25,922) and Streptococcus Aureus (MTCC
273) used for testing and hence proved to be a better anti-microbial and anti-oxidant, that finds its potential usage in medical related
applications and henceforth.

2. Procedure

2.1. Materials

The G.Speciosa leaves (Figure 1)which are utilized for our current work were gathered from Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
(10.8341˚N, 78.5931˚E). Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was purchased from Merck with purity of 99.5% (molar mass 169.88 g/mol), and all the
experiments were carried out by using double distilled water (DDW).

2.2. Preparation of Guettarda speciosa leaves aqueous extract

The newly collected G.speciosa leaves are washed a several times to eliminate the unwanted waste and dust. The identity of the
plant was confirmed by Rapinet Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The cleaned leaves are dried in
shade for a desirably long time. Later, the fully dried leaves are ground into fine powder. The G.Speciosa powders are produced by
adding a two gram of powder mixed with 100 mL of DDW and it gets soaked for 30 min. The soaked mixture is kept under 60 οC until it
gets vaporized which could be noted with the pungent smell of the leaves. Later on, when the mixture gets concentrated for a certain
consistency, it is permitted to cool, filtered with Whatman filter paper, and the content is refrigerated for the sufficient time. The
extract serves as basis for agent and that reduces and stabilise.

2.3. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle

AgNO3 solution is made by dissolving 1 mM (a 0.169 g of AgNo3 is dissolved in 1 L of double distilled water) of its solute with 100
mL of DDW in a 200 mL measuring beaker. Later, it is added with 10 mL of G. Speciosa leaves extract under constant stirring for an
hour, meanwhile, the colour change of the mixture is noticed. The ratio of the G.speciosa leaves extract to the AgNO3 aqueous solution
is 1:9 respectively. At ambient temperature, AgNo3 solution is used to reduce Ag+ ions. After the complete blending took place in the
reaction mixture, again a sharp colour change of pale brown to reddish brown is noticed that confirms the presence of silver nano­
particles(Figure 2). The reaction of the mixture which showed the colour change has a pH value of 7.4 at initial and 6.8 when, it

2
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

achieves maximum dark colour at 48 h of observation. The biosynthesized AgNPs solution is centrifuged a few times with Remi 12C
centrifuge at rpm of 12,000 for 15 min. Finally, the G.Speciosa reduced AgNPs solution is washed with ethanol and an enormous
amount of DDW and are collected, dried under required time and temperature, and hence powdered for further usage. Besides, the
centrifuged AgNps are going through UV- Vis spectroscopic studies, the peak at particular nm which affirms the presence of the AgNps.

2.4. Characterization of silver nanoparticles

The presence of G.Speciosa reduced AgNPs is analysed by ultra-violet visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer model
Lambda 35) within the wavelength of 190 to 1100 nm. The attachment of functional groups and its corresponding bonds present in the
material sample is examined using Perkin Elmer Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the frequency range of 4000
cm− 1 to 400 cm− 1. Moreover, the persistence of biomolecules in the leaf extract could also be studied with FT-IR. Dynamic Light
Scattering (DLS) technique is used to explore the size of the nanoparticles in the material. The zeta potential value of synthesized
GsAgNp was carried out by using Malvern Panalytical zetasizer Nano Zs. The instrument (Micromeritics) could realize the size of the
(Dilution Method) particle, suspended in the solution, with the scope of 0.1 nm to 12.3 µm. The crystalline structural analysis of the
prepared AgNPs is examined by X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) using PAnalytical xpert plus. The dried AgNPs is analysed by XRD using
CuKα radiation of wavelength (λ) = 1.54 nm with the scanning 2θ angle between 15ο and 90ο. The microstructural and morphological
investigations are done by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) FEI Q250 FEG with an additional set up of energy
dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) with it. The testing samples are prepared with a drop of AgNPs over a 22 mm square glass plate.
Furthermore, they are allowed to dry for sufficiently longer time.

2.4.1. Mechanism of AgNPs formation

The biochemical response of AgNo3 responds with concentrate to frame the silver nanoparticles. The following expression explains
the mechanism of biosynthesized AgNps.
Ag+No3− + Leaves extract → Ag0 + by Products [19].

2.5. Antibacterial activities

2.5.1. Collection of test organic entities

The reason for this examination was to analyse the antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthesized AgNPs towards selected
pathogens using disc diffusion method.
The antibacterial activities of the synthesized AgNPs is analysed using two gram-positive bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus
aureus (MTCC 25,923), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 2451) and two gram-negative bacterial strains like E. coli (MTCC 25,922), Streptococcus
aureus (MTCC 273) were set up as test living beings. All the bacterial strains were secured from the Microbial Type Culture and
Collection (MTCC) at Chandigarh, India. These bacterial strains were developed at 37 ◦ C and kept up on nutrient agar (Difco, USA)
slant at 4 ◦ C.

2.6. Antifungal activities

2.6.1. Culture media

The media utilized for the antifungal test was Sabouraud’s dextrose agar / stock of Hi media private limited, Mumbai, India.

2.6.2. Inoculum
The fungal strains were immunized independently via Sabouraud’s dextrose stock for 6 h and the suspensions were checked to
provide approximately 105 CFU/mL. The clinical test for the harmful living organisms kept under examination were Aspergillus flavus
(MTCC-356) and Aspergillus niger (MTCC 227), that were acquired from National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, Maharashtra,
India.

2.6.3. Anti-oxidant activities (DPPH free radical scavenging activity)

The anti-oxidant activities of the synthesized silver nanoparticle AgNPs were analysed based on the scavenging effect on the stable
DPPH free radical activity (Braca et al., 2002). The required amount of ethanol is mixed with DPPH (0.05 mL) (250 μL) was added to
1000 μL of synthesised nanoparticles with various concentrations (100 - 500μg/mL). The DPPH set-up is made ready and kept in dark
at 4 ◦ C. The combination was allowed to record aabsorbance spectrum using spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Here, ethanol was utilized
to set the initial aabsorbance spectrum to be nil. In addition, a clear solution containing a similar mixture, with same concentration of
ethanol and DPPH was made ready. All the experiments and readings were measured in three-fold set-up. The free radical scavenging
activities of the tested samples, expressed as percentage of inhibition were calculated according to the following equation (Yen and
Duh,1994).
Percent (%) hindrance of DPPH movement = [(A – B)/A] x 100 where A and B are the aabsorbance upsides of the test and of the
clear example, individually.

3
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Table 1
X-ray diffraction data of synthesised G.Speciosa AgNps.
2 theta (deg) d Spacing FWHM(deg) h k l value Crystallite size D(nm) Average crystallite size D(nm)

32.4 2.35011 0.1919 110 45.0255 27.22

38.2 1.95890 0.5373 111 16.3473
46.3 1.95890 0.2686 200 33.6029
64.6 1.38595 0.5373 220 18.2750
77.0 1.23947 0.4605 311 23.0110

Table 2
Antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNps sample.
Samples Concentrations (µL/mL) Organisms/Zone of inhibition (mm)
Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis EEscherichia. Coli Streptococcus aureus

A (Amoxicillin) 10 7 7 7 7
B (Silver nitrate) 10 0 0 0 0
C (Plant extract) 10 3 2 3 1
D (Nanoparticles) 10 6 5 5 3

Table 3
Antifungal activity of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger with synthesised AgNps.
Samples Concentrations(µL/mL) Organisms/Zone of inhibition (mm)
Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger

A (Fluconazole) 10 8 8
B (Silver nitrate) 10 0 0
C (Plant extract) 10 1 0
D (Nanoparticles) 10 2 0

Table 4
In vitro antioxidant activity of the synthesized nanoparticles by DPPH and comparison with standard drug ascorbic acid.
S.NO CONCENTRATION Antioxidant activity by DPPH
SILVER NANOPARTICLE ASCORBIC ACID

1 100 (µg/mL) 53.96 71.87

2 200 (µg/mL) 59.53 76.56
3 300 (µg/mL) 62.87 78.90
4 400 (µg/mL) 68.43 81.25
5 500 (µg/mL) 72.34 83.59

Fig. 1. Picture of Guettarda Speciosa leaves.

4
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Fig. 2. (a) AgNo3 solution, (b) G.Speciosa Plant extract (c) synthesized G.Speciosa AgNp.

Fig. 3.. UV–vis spectrrum of G.Speciosa leaf extract and synthesised G.Speciosa AgNps.

3. Data, value and validation

3.1. UV–vis spectroscopy

UV-visible spectroscopy is one of the most widely recognized strategies to examine optical properties and broadness of Surface
Plasmon Resonance (SPR). Here, it is studied when there occurs a colour change in the experimental process while synthesizing AgNPs
with the addition of G.speciosa. The presence AgNPs is confirmed with the sudden change in the colour, in the solution mixture. The
change of colour from pale brown to reddish brown of the mixed reaction recommends the transformation of ionic silver (Ag+) to
metallic silver (Ag0). The ionic silver (Ag+) is decreased to metallic silver (Ag0) on the account of the bio products like flavonoids,
alkaloids, terpenoids and so on. Fig. 3 shows the UV–Vis analysis of G.Speciosa leaf extract (green line) and synthesized G.Speciosa
AgNps (dark blue line). An absorption spectrum at 428 nm (Fig. 3) is seen in the spectrum that indicates the adequate presence of
AgNPs, reduced via G.speciosa, and undesirable peak in the G.Speciosa AgNps (dark blue line) presumably in the presence of bio
products [20–23].

3.2. FT-IR spectroscopy

FT-IR analysis is one of the significant approaches for distinguishing the different functional groups present in the material sample
[24]. Fig. 4 shows the FT-IR spectrum the G.speciosa reduced AgNPs. The broad peak at 3468 cm− 1 is attributed to the O–H absorption
band (alcohol/N–H amine), an extended vibration which addresses the presence of alcohol. The significant peaks seen at 2969 cm− 1

5
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Fig. 4.. FT-IR analysis of G. speciosa AgNPs.

and 2851 cm− 1 are ascribed to C–H (alkaline) stretching [25]. The peak at 2423 cm− 1 corresponds to O = C = O (carboxyl bond
group) stretching vibration [26]. The peak at 1607 cm− 1 ascribed to the C–C carbon bond extended vibration [27]. The strong peak at
1379 cm− 1 could be related to the acidic stretch of C–O, sulfonic groups (S = O), strong aromatic C–N vibrations of amines and the
mild peaks attributed to the phenolic groups (O–H) [26]. The 1261 cm− 1 and 1114 cm− 1 addresses the extension of C–N amine
groups and C = O carboxylic groups, respectively [28]. The peak at 1069 cm− 1 is identified to be the N–H bond vibration, which arises
due to the formation of polysaccharides in the leaves extract [29]. The peaks at 777 cm− 1 and 622 cm− 1 (OCN deformation) shows the
presence of C–H twisting, caused by the heterocyclic mixtures of flavonoids. The variance of the peaks demonstrates the presence of
phytochemicals, in G.speciosa reduced AgNPs [20]. As indicated in the previous investigations the metal oxide extending frequencies
typically shows up at the peak ranges between 500 cm− 1 and 600 cm− 1. From this we affirms, that the obtained particles are silver
nanoparticles not as silver oxide nanoparticles [30].

3.3. FE-SEM and EDAX analysis

Fig. 5(a), (b) and (c) shows, the surface morphological image of synthesized G.Speciosa AgNPs. The nanoparticles are spherical
shaped with the approximate dimension in the range of 30–35 nm. FE-SEM examination uncovers the surface morphology and
topography of the AgNps. The synthesized AgNps without agglomeration were confirmed from the FE-SEM image. The histogram
(Fig. 5-d) shows the clear picture of green synthesized Ag nanoparticles accessed from FE-SEM study. The lesser nano dimensions of the
AgNPs hopefully have better chances of injecting them in the human blood serum or human platelets (dimensions in the range of
6.2–8.2 μm). Hence, the formation of AgNPs, via green synthesis with low dimensions, no doubt could be incorporated in bio medical
applications, in curing infectious diseases [,31][[32]
Fig. 5(e) shows the EDAX spectrum of green synthesized AgNPs. The solid peak at 3.2 keV shows the prominent presence of metallic
silver [33]. The occurrence of calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), and chlorine (Cl) in the material, arises from the glass substrate, used for
sample coating. The indication of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) in the spectrum could be due to the green synthesized AgNPs reduced
from G.speciosa, containing the organic mixture in the material sample. Further, the EDAX report shows the metallic nanoparticles with
58.60 Wt% of Ag [34] [23].

3.4. Powder XRD analysis

Fig. 6 shows the XRD pattern of synthesised G.speciosa AgNp, indicates the five strong peaks at 32.47◦ , 38.20◦ , 46.26◦ , 64.63◦ , and
77.02◦ which corresponds to (110), (111), (200), (220), (311) planes respectively, and these crystallographic planes are Face Centred
Cubic (FCC) which understanding with the ICDD No.89–3722. The average crystallite size of the synthesised nanoparticle was
determined to be 27.22 nm (From table. 1) using Scherrer’s equation. The noticed little peaks and other pollutants peaks are because of
quality of phytochemical compounds in the leaves concentrates, and like this report were at that point provided details regarding the
biosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles [35–37].

3.5. DLS and Zeta potential analysis

Fig. 7 shows the size distribution of the synthesised silver nanoparticles. It shows the different size of the nanoparticles which goes

6
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Fig. 5.. (a-c) FE-SEM image of AgNPs, (d) Histogrammic representation of AgNPs, and (e) EDAX spectrum of AgNPs.

from 6.5 nm to 160.3 nm, and had an average size of 157.6 nm. Also the difference between the biggest and littlest particle is 151.1 nm.
The size difference between FE-SEM and DLS estimation was predominantly because of interaction associated with the example
readiness. The particle size controlled by the FE-SEM addresses the real size of the nanoparticles as it was estimated at the dry state,
though by Dynamic Light scattering (DLS) technique the hydrodynamic measurement of the nanoparticle was gotten. Since the
nanoparticles will have the immense hydrodynamic volume because of dissolvable impact in the hydrate state. [38–40]. An analysis of
the zeta potentials indicated a negative value of − 12.4 mV for the synthesized nanoparticles. This indicates that the nanoparticles have
a fair high charge, which necessary for electrostatic stability to prevent aggregation. Also, this indicates that the synthesized nano­
particles were stable. In addition, the synthesized nanoparticles have good stability, and the prepared synthesized solution maintains

7
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Fig. 6.. XRD spectrum of synthesised G.Speciosa AgNp.

Fig. 7.. (a) DLS spectra of synthesised G.Speciosa AgNp. (b) zeta potential distribution of G.Speciosa AgNps.

its stability for approximately 40 days under observation [41].

3.6. Antibacterial activity

Antibacterial activity of the synthesised AgNps was determined by utilizing disc diffusion method. The petridishes (60 mm
diameter) was set up with Muller Hinton Agar and vaccinated with test living beings. After the arrangement is over, the disc were
placed over the agar plates and left for 30 min at ambient temperature for compound diffusion. Positive control was prepared using the
10 µL of Amoxicillin as standard anti-microbial disc. The prepared dishes were incubated for 24 h, at 37 ◦ C and the zone of incubation is
recorded in millimetres and the experiment was repeated twice.
Antibacterial exercises were inspected with different gram-positive and gram-negative HPB (Human Pathogenic Bacteria) disen­
gages were found to uncover extensive movement against the greater part of the disconnects. Reappearance of irresistible infections
and the consistent improvement of HPB in different pathogenic microbes represent a genuine danger to general wellbeing around the
world. Consequently, it is vital to creating suitable new methodologies to present specialists that are not obligated to actuate HPB and
still ready to control reappearance of irresistible sickness. Fig. 8 depicts the restraint zone and decrease of bacterial movement for
impetuses. Table. 2 shows the inhibition activity of various pathogenic bacteria. The synthesized G.speciosa AgNps were held good
inhibited with Staphylococcus, Bacillus subtilis, E-coli and Streptococcus aureus, and aftereffect of the antibacterial exercises.

3.7. Anti-fungal activities

Antifungal activity of sample was determined using the disc diffusion method The petridishes (diameter 60 mm) was prepared with
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) and inoculated with test organisms. Sterile disc of 6 mm width were impregnated with 10 µl of
various samples. Prepared discs were placed onto the top layer of the agar plates and left for 30 min at room temperature for compound

8
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Fig. 8.. (a-d) Anti-bacterial activity of AgNps against various bacteria.

Fig. 9.. (a) Antifungal activity of Aspergillus flavus and (b) Antifungal activity of Aspergillus niger.

diffusion. Positive control was prepared using the 10 µl of Fluconazole as standard antibiotic disc. The dishes were incubated for 24 h at
37 ◦ C and the zone of inhibition was recorded in millimetres.
Fig. 9(a) and (b) shows the antifungal activity of G.speciosa AgNps with Asperigillus flavus and Asperigillus niger. Table. 3 shows
antifungal movement of the synthesised G.Speciosa AgNps, from the outcome we could predict that Asperigillus flavus will be more
effective than Asperigillus niger.

3.8. DPPH analysis

In this study, anti-oxidant behaviour of the synthesised AgNps are carried out by DPPH free radical scavenging. The anti-oxidant
properties of the synthesised G.Speciosa AgNps are compared with Ascorbic acid (Figure 10) and the results are tabulated. From the
Table. 4 it could be found that the synthesised G.Speciosa AgNps had very good anti-oxidant behaviour when the concentration of the
solution is to be increased. So that there is no doubt the synthesised nanoparticles might be used for treatment of the many diseases
caused by oxidant stress.

9
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

Fig. 10.. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of silver nanoparticle and Ascorbic acid at different concentration.

4. Conclusion

In our present work, we have created non-harmful, eco-accommodating, non-risky practical, and solid for the green blend of silver
nanoparticles from Guettarda Speciosa leaves extract, with an average size of 32 nm and spherical in shape. The arrangement of created
spherical AgNps was affirmed by utilizing UV–Vis, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, and DLS. The formations of the synthesised AgNps were
affirmed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (428 nm) in UV–vis spectra. The FE-SEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles size were in
the range between 30 and 35 nm. The XRD analysis also confirmed the developed AgNps were FCC structure and crystallite size was 27
nm which has the close result with FE-SEM report. Also the EDX Spectrum report confirms the presence of silver with a strong peak at
3.2 keV. The spherical in size of the synthesised silver nanoparticles are exhibited greater ability of anti-oxidant, and having anti­
microbial movement against gram-positive (Staphylococus aureus, Bacillius subtills) and gram-negative (E. coli, Streptococcus aureus)
microbes. Overall the synthesised process might be an excellent eco-friendly one. Thus the synthesized Guettarda Speciosa silver
nanoparticles can be utilized as a likely medication for bacterial and contagious situated illnesses in the future.

Subject area Physical Chemistry/Nano particles synthesis

Compounds Silver Nanoparticles
Data category Spectral, green synthesis, FE-SEM, crystallographic, antimicrobial and anti-oxidative etc.,
Data acquisition UV–vis, FTIR, FESEM-EDX, powder XRD, DLS, and antimicrobial studies.
format
Data type The Data UV–vis, FTIR,XRD, were analysed and illustrated in the graphical format. The FESEM,EDX, Antimicrobial are images as received.
Procedure The present study details the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract, Characterization and antimicrobial, anti-oxidative
properties evaluation.
Data accessibility All data is available with this article.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

References

[1] Tatiane Melo Pereira, Vera Lucia Perussi Polez, Marcelo Henrique Sousa, Luciano Paulino Silva, “Modulating physical, chemical, and biological properties of
silver nanopraticles obtained by green synthesis using parts of the tree Handroanthus heptaphyllus”, Colloid Interf. Sci. Commun. 34 (2020) 1–8, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.colcom.2019.100224, https://doi.org/.

10
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

[2] Parvathy Ajith, Murali AswathyS, Bindhya.S Shrihari.H, Vinod, Amrita Anil, Smitha Chandran, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Calotropis
gigantean extract and its application in antimicrobial and Larvicidal activity, Mater. Today: Proc. 18 (2019) 4987–4991, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2019.07.491, https://doi.org/.
[3] Eun-Young Ahn, Hang jin, Yomie park, Assesing the antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptoxic and wound healing properties of silver nanoparticles green synthesized by
plant extracts, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 101 (2019) 204–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.095.
[4] Giuliana Vinci, Mattia Rapa, Noble Metal Nanoparticles Applications: recent Trends in food control, MDPI Bio Eng. 6 (2019) 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3390/
bioengineering6010010, https://doi.org/.
[5] A. Lalitha, I Kolahalam, Bhagavathula S. V Kasi vishwanath, B. Diwakar, Venu Govindh, Y.L Reddy, N. Murthy, Review on nanomaterials: synthesis and
application, Mater. Today: Proc. 18 (2019) 2182–2190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.371, https://doi.org/.
[6] Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Ganesh Dattatraya saratale, et al., Wheat straw lignin in silver nanoparticles synthesis: expanding its prophecy towards antineoplastic
potency and hydrogen peroxide sensing ability, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 128 (2019) 391–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.120, https://doi.org/.
[7] Harshiny Muthukumar, Santhoshkumar Palanirajan, Manoj Kumar Shanmugam, Sathyanarayana N. Gummadi, Plant extract mediated synthesis enhanced the
functional properties of silver ferrite nanoparticles over chemical mediated synthesis, Biotech. Rep. 26 (2020) 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.
e00469, https://doi.org/.
[8] Reem Hassan Ahmed, Damra Elhaj Mustafa, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by traditionally used medicinal plants in Sudan, Int. Nano Lett. 10
(2020) 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-019-00291-9, https://doi.org/.
[9] Nazia Tarannum, Divya, Yogendra K. Gautam, Facile green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles: a state-of- the-art review, RSC Adv. 9 (2019)
34929–34948, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04164h.
[10] Sri Raghava, Kenneth Munnene Mbae.S, Umesha, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Rivina humilis leaf extract to tackle growth of brucella species and
other perilous pathegens, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 28 (2021) 495–503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.034, https://doi.org/.
[11] Shakeel Ahmad, Mudasir Ahamed, Babu Lal Swami, Saiqa Ikram, A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial
applications: a Green expertise, J. Adv. Res. 7 (2016) 17–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007, https://doi.org/.
[12] Saima Gul, Muhammed Ismail, et al., Novel synthesis of silver nanoparticles using melon aqueous extract and evaluation of their feeding deterrent activity
against housefly Musca domestica, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 6 (2016) 311–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(15)61036-2, https://doi.org/.
[13] Adewuni Olueassogo, Folahan Amoo Adekola, Fehintoluwa Elizabeth Dada, Adunola Tabitha Adelani-Akande, Micheal Oluwasesan Bello, Chidioga
Rita Okonkwo, Adejumoke Abosede Inyinbor, Abimbola Peter Oluyori, Adeniyi Olayanju, Kolawole Oluseyi Ajanaku, Charles Oluwaseun, Adetunji, Silver
nanoparticle synthesis by Acalypha wilkwsiana extract: phytochemical screening, characterization, influence of operational parameters, and preliminary
antibacterial testing, Heliyon 5 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02517, 1-8.
[14] Hien Thi Thu Le, Young‑Chang Cho And Sayeon Cho, Methanol extract of Guettarda speciosa Linn. Inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators through
the inactivation of Syk and JNK in macrophages, Int. J. Mol. Med. 41 (2018) 1783–1791, https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3377.
[15] Muhammad Rafique, Iqra Sadaf, M. Shahid Rafique, M. Bilal Tahir, A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications, Artif. Cells
Nanomed. Biotech. 45 (7) (2017) 1272–1291, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2016.1241792.
[16] Pavan Kumar.P Thamizhvanan.K, Thanuja Bachala, Madhu Mohan.D, Praveen Kumar K Krishnakishore.K, Antibacterial and antifungal activities of various
extracts of Guettarda Speciosa L, Int. J. Phytopharmacol. 1 (2010) 20–22.
[17] Kyun Ha Kim, Ji Yeon Lee, Seonju Ahn, Ran Won, Sang-Jun Kim, Seung-Il Jeong, Jung Ju Lee, Jong-In Kim, Jun-Yong Choi, Myungsoo Joo, “The methanol
extract of Guettarda speciosa Linn. Ameliorates acute lung injury in mice”, BMC Complement. Med. Therap. 20 (2020) 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-
020-2828-6, https://doi.org/.
[18] R. Gandhimathi, Saravana kumar A, K.K. Senthilikumar, Kusuma Praveen Kumar, Uma Maheswari J, Pharmacological studies of anti-diarrhoeal activity of
Guettrada Speciosa (L.) in experimental animals, J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res. 2 (2009) 61–66.
[19] Manasa kumar Panda, Nabin Kumar Dhal, Manish Kumar, Pravat Manjari Mishra, Rajendra Kumar Behera. “ Green Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its
potential effects on pytopathogens”. Mater. Today: Proc. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.188.
[20] Samira Mohammedalinejhad, Hadi Almasi, Mohsen Esmaiili, Simultaneous green synthesis and in-situ impregnation of silver nanoparticles into organic
nanofibers by lythrum salicaria extract, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 105 (2019), 110115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110115.
[21] Balachandramohan Mohanaparameshwari, Muruigeshwari, Bio synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by leaf extract of moringa oleiofera leaf,
azardica indica(neem) leaf, bamboo leaf and their antibacterial activity”, Mater. Today: Proc. 18 (2019) 1783–1791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2019.05.277, https://doi.org/.
[22] A.Prkasam M.Gomathi, P.V. Rajumar, S. Rajesh Kumar, R. Chnadrasekaran, P.M. Anbarasan, Green Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Gymnema Sylvestre
leaf extract and evaluation of its antibacterial activity, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng. 32 (2020) 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2019.11.005, https://doi.org/.
[23] Espoir K. Kambale, Christian I. Nkanga, Blaise-Pascal I. Mutonkole, Alain M. Bapolisi, Daniel O.Tassa, Jean-Marie I. Liesse, Rui W.M. Krause, Patrick
B. Memvanga, Green synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract from three congolese plant species (Brillantaisia patula,
Crossopteryx febrifuga and Senna siamea)”, Heliyon 6 (2020) e04493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04493, https://doi.org/.
[24] Adewumi O Dada, Adejumoke A Iniyinbor, Ebiega I Idu, Oluwaseasan M Bello, Abimbola P Oluyori, Tabitha A Adelani-Akande, Abiodun A Okunola, Olarewaju
Dada. “Effect of operational parameter, characterization and antibacterial studies of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, using Tithonia diversifolia”. DOI:
10.7717/peerj.5865.
[25] Aarti Sharma, Sarita Kumar, Puspalatha Tripathi “ A facile and rapid method for green, against aedes aegyti L, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 26 (2019) 698–708, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.001, https://doi.org/.
[26] Antony Lawrence.A, Thomas Joseph Prakash.J, Physical and chemical characterization of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using stem of hibiscus vitifolius
leaf its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, Asian J. Pharmaceut. Clin. Res. 12 (2019) 46–53.
[27] Siriporn Phongtongpasuk, Sarinyavpoadang, Niti yongvanich, Green synthetic approach to prepare silver nanoparticle using Longan (Dimocarpus Longan) peel
extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activities, Mater. Today: Proc. 4 (2017) 6318–6325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.133, https://doi.org/
.
[28] Imran uddin, Khateeb Ahmed, Asraf Ali Khan, Mohd Alim Kazmi., “Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Matricaria Recutita plant extract and its mercury ions
sensor”, Sensing and Bio sensing research. 16 (2017) 62-67. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.11.005.
[29] Eman zakria Gomaa, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antitumor activities of silver nanoparticles synthesised by allium cepa extract: a green approach, J. Genet.
Eng. Biotech. 15 (2017) 49–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.12.002, https://doi.org/.
[30] M. Workneh, H Shume, C. Ananda Murthy, Amare Zereffa Enyew, A review on synthesis and characterization of Ag2O nanoparticles for photocatalytic
applications, J. Chem. Hindawi 2020 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5039479. Article ID 5039479https://doi.org/.
[31] Matti Kinnunen, Antti Kauppila, Artashes Karmenyan, Risto Myllylä, Effect of the size and shape of a red blood cell on elastic light scattering properties at the
single-cell level, Biomed. Opt. Express 2 (2011) 1803–1814, https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.2.001803, https://doi.org/.
[32] M. Diez-Silva, M. Dao, J. Han, C.-.T. Lim, S. Suresh, Shape and biomechanical characteristics of human red blood cells in health and disease, MRS Bull. 35 (2010)
382–388, https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.571, https://doi.org/.
[33] Abiola Grace Femi-Adepoju, AdewumiOluwasogo Dada, Kabir Opeyemi Otun, Adeyinka OlufemiAdepoju, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using
terrestrial fern(Gleichenia Pectinata wild) C.Presl.): characterisation and antimicrobial studies, Heliyon 5 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.
e01543, 1-18.
[34] Selva raja, Vinayagam Ramesh, Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan, Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Calliandra Haetocephala leaf extract, their
antibacterial and hydrogen peroxide sensing capability, Arabian J. Chem. 10 (2017) 253–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.023, https://doi.org/.
[35] T. Olufunto, ElHadji Mamour sakho Jemilugba, sundarrajan Parani, Vuyo Mavumenngwana, S. Oluwatobi, Oluwafemi. “ Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle
using Combretum erythrophyllum leaves and its antibacterial activities”, Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 31 (2019), 100191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
colcom.2019.100191 https://doi.org/.

11
S.K. Deivanathan and J.T.J. Prakash Chemical Data Collections 38 (2022) 100831

[36] Mahmoodreza Behravan, Ayut Hossein Panahi, Ali Naghizadeh, Masood Ziazee, Roya Madavi, Aliyar Mirzapour, Facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
using berberis vulgaris leaf and root aqueous extract and its antibacterial activity, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 124 (2019) 148–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2018.11.101, https://doi.org/.
[37] Ashok kumar Reddy B.Ajitha, K.M Rajesh, P. Sreedhara Redddy, Sesbania Grandiflora leaf extract assisted green synthesis of silber nanoparticles: Antimicrobial
Activity, Mater. Today Proc. 3 (2016) 1977–1984, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.04.099, https://doi.org/.
[38] G. Lakshmanan, A. Sathiyaseelan, P.T. Kalaichelvan, K. Murugesan, Plant –mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using fruit extract of cleome viscosa L:
assessment of their antibacterial and anticancer activity, Karbala Int. Mod. Sci. 4 (2018) 61–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kijoms.2017.10.007, https://doi.org/
.
[39] Ruben Daraio Rivera-Rangel, M pilar GonZalez-Munoz, Mario avalia-Rodriguez, Teresa Alejandra Razo-Lazcano, Conxita solans. “Green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles in oil-water micro emulsion and nano-emulsion using geranium leaf extract as a reducing agent”, Colloids Surf. A 536 (2018) 60–67, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.051, https://doi.org/.
[40] Sutanuka Pattanayak, Md Masud Rahman, et al., Butea monosperma bark extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: characterization and
biomedical application, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 21 (2017) 673–684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2015.11.004, https://doi.org/.
[41] R. Gauthami, U.G. Vinitha, Savarimuthu Philip Anthony, Meenakshi Sundaram Muthuraman, Cissampelous pairera mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles
and it’s invitro antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities, Mater. Today: Proc. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.865 https://doi.org/
.

12