www.nammakalvi.
com
HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR
CLASS: XI BIO-BOTANY
GLOSSARY: -
1. Acetyl Co A – Small, Water-soluble metabolite comprising an acetyl
group linked to coenzyme A (CoA).
2. Agar- Jelly like substance, derived from red algae like Gelidium and
Gracilaria.
3. Akinetes- Thick walled, dormant, non-motile asexual spores.
4. Amphicribal- Xylem in the centre with phloem surround it. Ex. Ferns
(Polypodium)
5. Apogamy- Formation of sporophyte from the gametophytic tissues
without the fusion of gametes.
6. Apospory- Development of the gametophyte from the sporophyte
without the formation of spores.
7. Callose- Sieve pores are blocked by substances called callose.
8. Chemotaxonomy- Classification based on the biochemical constituents of
plants.
9. Chlorosis- Breakdown of chlorophylls leads to yellowing of leaves.
10. Cladistics- Methodology used to classify organism into monophyletic
group.
11. Codon- Sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that specifies a
particular amino acid during protein synthesis; also called triplet.
www.nammakalvi.com
12. Coenzyme- A non-protein molecule involved in enzyme catalysed
reaction serves as transfer of proteins or electrons between various
molecules.
13. EDTA- Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid, chelating agent makes
iron uptake possible by forming soluble complex in an alkaline soil.
14. Monograph- Complete account of a taxon of any rank.
15. Necrosis- Death of tissue.
16. PAR- The wavelength at which the rate of photosynthesis is more is
called ‘Photosynthetically Active Radiation’ which falls between 400nm to
700nm.
17. Photolysis- Splitting of water molecules by light which generates
protons, electrons and oxygen.
18. Photoperiodism- The response of plants to the photoperiod expressed in
the form of flowering.
19. Photon- Light is electromagnetic radiant energy and travels as tiny
particles called photons. A discrete physical unit of light energy.
20. Phytochrome- A photo reversible proteinaceous plant pigment in very
low concentration that absorbs red and far-red light which controls
flowering.
21. Quantasome- Morphological expression of physiological photosynthetic
units, located on the inner membrane of thylakoid lamellae. Act as
photosynthetic unit contains 200 to 300 chlorophyll molecules.
22. RUBISCO- Enzyme responsible for fixation of Carbon-dioxide, the
most abundant protein. (Ribulose 1,5 Bi Phosphate Carboxylase
Oxygenase).
www.nammakalvi.com
23. Sucrose- Non-reducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
24. Telomorph- Sexual or perfect state of the fungi.
25. Trichoblasts- One type of epidermal cells in the leaf epidermis.
26. Trichomes- Unicellular or multicellular appendages.
27. Zygospores- Thick-walled diploid resting spores.
IMPORTANT TWO MARK QUESTIONS: -
CHAPTER 1.
1. Define virion.
2. Define viroid.
3. Define Virusoids.
4. Define Prions.
5. What is plasmid?
6. What is Mycorrhizae?
CHAPTER 2.
1. What is Eustele?
2. Write any two uses of Peat.
3. What is Pyrenoids?
4. What is carpogonium?
5. What is Leptosporangiate?
6. What is Eusporangiate?
www.nammakalvi.com
CHAPTER 3.
1. What is velamen? Give example.
CHAPTER 4.
1. What is involucre?
2. What is sympodial cyme?
3. Define Hypanthium.
4. What is Pomology?
CHAPTER 5.
1. Define Taxonomy.
2. Define Systematics.
3. What is Taxonomic hierarchy?
4. What is Binomial nomenclature?
5. Define Biosystematics.
CHAPTER 6.
1. Define the term Resolution.
2. What is numerical aperture?
3. Write the formula to calculate the Magnification. (Or) What is
Magnification?
4. What is micrometry?
5. Write any two functions of Golgi apparatus.
6. Write any two functions of Mitochondria.
7. Write any two functions of Chloroplast.
www.nammakalvi.com
8. Write any two functions of Nucleus.
CHAPTER 7 & CHAPTER 8.
1. What is C-value?
2. What is cell cycle?
3. Define apoenzyme.
4. Define Holoenzyme.
5. Define Coenzyme.
6. State Erwin Chargaff’s Law?
7. Name the three types of DNA and RNA.
CHAPTER 9.
1. Draw and label the structure of Brachysclereids.
2. Name the four types of Xylem and Phloem.
3. Define Callose.
4. What is known as Casparian strips?
5. What is known as Passage cells?
6. What is Eustele?
7. What are called bulliform cells?
8. What is Mesophyll?
CHAPTER 10.
1. What is known as Dendrochronology?
2. What do you mean by the term ‘Bark’?
www.nammakalvi.com
CHAPTER 11.
1. Define Diffusion.
2. Define Osmosis.
3. What is Imbibition?
4. What is known as Ascent of sap?
5. What is known as Transpiration?
6. Why Transpiration is known as “Necessary evil”?
7. Draw and label the structure of Stomata.
CHAPTER 12.
1. Name some micro and macronutrients.
2. Name some nitrogen fixing bacteria with examples.
3. Name some non-nitrogen fixing bacteria with examples.
4. What is Nitrogen fixation?
5. What is Nitrification?
6. What is Denitrification?
CHAPTER 13.
1. Write the overall chemical equation of photosynthesis.
2. What is Red drop or Emerson’s first effect?
3. What is Kranz anatomy?
CHAPTER 14.
1. What is compensation point?
2. Write the four major steps completed in Aerobic respiration.
www.nammakalvi.com
3. How many ATP molecules are produced from one sucrose molecule?
4. What is Respiratory Quotient (RQ)?
5. Why RQ will be zero in succulent plants?
CHAPTER 15.
1. What is apical dominance?
2. What is parthenocarpy fruits? Give example.
3. What is Sigmoid growth curve?
4. What is polycarpic perennials? Give example.
5. How will you calculate the actual growth in length of plants?
6. What is bolting?
7. What is known as Richmond lang effect?
8. What is stress hormone?
9. What is photoperiodism?
10. What is vernalization?
11. What is Devernalization?
I. Difference between: -
1. Anabolism and Catabolism.
2. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
3. Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae.
4. Difference between gymnosperm and angiosperm.
5. Difference between simple leaf and compound leaf.
6. Difference between racemose and cymose.
www.nammakalvi.com
7. Difference between classical and modern taxonomy.
8. Difference between taxonomy and systematics.
11. Difference between nucleoside and nucleotide.
12. Difference between meristematic and permanent tissue.
13. Difference between Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
14. Difference between fibre and sclerids
15. Difference between tracheids and fibre
16. Difference between sieve cells and sieve tubes
17. Difference between dicot root and monocot root.
18. Difference between Dicot stem and monocot stem
19. Difference between Intrafasicular cambium and Interfasciular
cambium
20. Difference between porous wood and non-porous wood
21. Difference between spring wood and autumn wood
22. Difference between sap wood and heart wood
23. Difference between phellem and phelloderm
24. Difference between active absorption and passive absorption.
25. Difference between photosystem I and photosystem II.
26. Difference between cyclic photosphorylation and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation.
27. Difference between C3 and C4 plants.
28. Difference between photorespiration and Dark respiration.
www.nammakalvi.com
29. Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
30. Difference between alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation.
II. SIGNIFICANCE: -
1. Significance of molecular taxonomy.
2. Significance of DNA barcoding.
3. Significance of meiosis.
4. Significance of diffusion in plants.
5. Significance of transpiration.
6. Significance of photosynthesis.
7. Significance of CAM cycle.
8. Significance of C4 cycle.
9. Significance of Kreb’s cycle.
10. Significance of Respiratory Quotient (RQ).
11. Significance of pentose phosphate pathway.
12. Write any three significances of seed.
13. Write any two significance of imbibition.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT: -
12. Physiological effect of auxin.
13. Physiological effect of gibberellin.
14. Physiological effect of ethylene.
15. Physiological effects of senescence.
www.nammakalvi.com
III. STEPS INVOLVED: -
1. Steps involved in Gram staining procedure.
IV. IMPORTANCE: -
1. Importance of mycorrhizae.
2. Importance of growth rings.
3. Importance of Photoperiodism.
4. Write the importance of Serotaxonomy.
V. PROPERTIES: -
1. Properties of Light.
2. Properties of Water.
3. Properties of Enzymes.
DIAGRAM: -
1. Draw and label the structure of bacteria.
2. Draw and label the structure of mycoplasma?
3. Draw and label the parts of leaf.
4. Draw and label the structure of mitochondria.
5. Draw and label the structure of chloroplast.
6. Draw and label the structure of nucleus.
7. Draw and label the structure of chromosomes.
8. Draw and label the structure of polytene chromosomes.
9. Draw and label the structure of DNA.
10. Draw and label the structure of chloroplast.
11. Draw and label the structure of tRNA.
12.Draw and label the structure of ATP.
www.nammakalvi.com
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: -
1. Economic importance of algae.
2. Economic importance of bryophytes.
3. Economic importance of pteridophytes.
4. Economic importance of gymnosperms.
EXPLAIN: -
1. Explain the two types of respiration found in bacteria.
2. Explain the four types of ascocarp.
3. Sexual reproduction in algae.
4. Explain the types of Protostele.
5. Explain the special type of inflorescence.
6. Explain the different types of aestivation.
7. Explain fluid mosaic model.
8. Explain karyokinesis and cytokinesis
9. Explain the types of Auxins.
10. Explain the synergetic and antagonist effect.
11. Explain Test tube funnel experiment.
12. Explain the different stages of respiration.
13. Explain the closed and open mitosis.
14. Explain lock and key mechanism of enzymes.
15. Explain the structure of DNA.
16. Explain the different types of RNA.
www.nammakalvi.com
17. Explain Histogen theory.
18. Explain Tunica-corpus theory.
19. Explain Korper Kappe theory.
20. Explain Quiescent centre concept.
21. Explain the different types of sclerids
22. Explain the types of membrane permeability.
23. Explain Thistle funnel experiment.
24. Explain Potato Osmoscope experiment.
CLASSIFICATION: -
1. How will you classify lichen.
2. Classification of bryophytes.
3. Classification of pteridophytes.
4. Classify the number of carpel and explain.
5. Why classification is need?
6. How will you classify plants based on photoperiodism?
7. Classify photosynthetic bacteria.
SALIENT FEATURES: -
1. Five salient features of cyanobacteria.
2. Salient features of angiosperms.
GENERAL CHARACTERS: -
1. Five general characters of algae.
2. Five characteristic features of Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae,
www.nammakalvi.com
Chlorophyceae.
3. Five general characteristics of bryophytes.
4. General characteristic features of gymnosperm.
5. Five characteristic features of root.
6. Characteristic features of stem.
7. Characteristic features of leaf
COMPARISON: -
1. Compare gymnosperm with angiosperm.
AIMS: -
1. Write any two aims of chemotaxonomy.
2. Write any two aims of biosystematics.
FUNCTIONS: -
1. Primary functions of stem.
2. Secondary function of stem.
3. Primary functions of leaf.
4. Secondary functions of leaf.
5. Functions of cell membrane.
6. Functions of Golgi body.
7. Functions of chloroplast.
8. Functions of nucleus.
9. Functions of cell wall.
10. Write any three functions of fruit.
www.nammakalvi.com
11. Functions of epidermal tissue system.
DESCRIBE: -
1. Morphological and anatomical features of dicotyledons and
monocotyledons.
2. Modification of root based on storage.
SKETCH: -
1. Sketch the different types of root modification.
FLOWCHART: -
1. Write a flow chart on stem modification.
2. Flowchart of Glycolysis.
3. Flowchart of Kreb’s cycle or Citric Acid cycle.
4. Write the flow chart of Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification.
5. Flowchart of Calvin cycle.
TABULATE: -
1. Tabulate the root zones.
2. Tabulate the Five kingdom system of classification.
USES: -
1. List out the uses of Herbarium.
2. Write any two uses of molecular taxonomy.
GENERAL: -
1. Write a short note on Aggregate fruit.
2. What is albuminous and non-albuminous seed? Give example.
www.nammakalvi.com
3. Write the ICN principle.
4. How will you prepare herbarium?
5. What is the need of cladistics?
6. Write the floral characters of Datura metal.
7. Write the drawbacks of Amitosis.
8. Write the characteristic features of meristematic tissue.
9. Write a short note on active and passive transport.
10. Write any three characteristic features of diffusion.
11. Factors affecting photosynthesis.
12. Industrial uses of alcoholic fermentation.
13. Write a short note on phytochrome.
14. What is vernalization? Explain its mechanism.
15. What is Devernalization? Write its practical applications.
16. Write any three factors affect dormancy of seeds.
PREPARED BY
K. ARAVINDARAJ M.SC., B.ED.,
LECTURER IN BOTANY,
CRESCENT HR. SEC. SCHOOL,
PUDUCHERRY-605 001.
