Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1. Evaluate the indefinite integral.

∫
5x 4 − 4x 3 + 6x 2 − 2x + 1 d x

Solution:

Take the integral one term at a time using the integration rule for basic
power functions.

x a+1
∫
a
x dx = +C
a+1

∫
5x 4 − 4x 3 + 6x 2 − 2x + 1 d x

5x 4+1 4x 3+1 6x 2+1 2x 1+1 x 0+1

− + − + +C
4+1 3+1 2+1 1+1 0+1

5x 5 4x 4 6x 3 2x 2 x
− + − + +C
5 4 3 2 1

x 5 − x 4 + 2x 3 − x 2 + x + C

2. Evaluate the indefinite integral.

1
 3x 3 + x 2 − 12x − 4
∫
dx
x2 − 4

Solution:

Take the integral one term at a time using the integration rule for basic
power functions.

x a+1
∫
a
x dx = +C
a+1

3x 3 + x 2 − 12x − 4
∫
dx
x −4
2

(3x + 1)(x + 2)(x − 2)

∫
dx
(x + 2)(x − 2)

∫
3x + 1 d x

3x 1+1 x 0+1
+ +C
1+1 0+1

3 2
x +x+C
2

3. Evaluate the indefinite integral.

∫
(5x − 7)(3x + 2) d x

2
Solution:

Take the integral one term at a time using the integration rule for basic
power functions. First, rewrite the function by multiplying the binomials.

∫
(5x − 7)(3x + 2) d x

∫
15x 2 − 11x − 14 d x

15x 2+1 11x 1+1 14x 0+1

− − +C
2+1 1+1 0+1

15x 3 11x 2 14x

− − +C
3 2 1

11 2
5x 3 − x − 14x + C
2

4. Evaluate the indefinite integral.

x 3 − 3x + 2
∫
dx
x 3

Solution:

3
Take the integral one term at a time using the integration rule for basic
power functions. First, rewrite the function by separating the fraction and
then bringing the power functions to the numerator.

x 3 − 3x + 2
∫
dx
x3

x 3 3x 2
∫ x3 x3 x3
− + dx

3 2
∫
1− + dx
x 2 x 3

∫
1 − 3x −2 + 2x −3 d x

Then the integrated value is

x 0+1 3x −2+1 2x −3+1

− + +C
0 + 1 −2 + 1 −3 + 1

x 1 3x −1 2x −2
− + +C
1 −1 −2

3 1
x+ − 2 +C
x x

4
PROPERTIES OF INTEGRALS

1. Given the value of each of these integrals,

3 6 3 6

∫0 ∫3 ∫0 ∫3
f (x) d x = 7 f (x) d x = 9 g(x) d x = 2 g(x) d x = 5

what is the value of of the following integral?

∫0 [
2f (x) + 3g(x)] d x

Solution:

If

3 6

∫0 ∫3
f (x) d x = 7 and f (x) d x = 9,

then

∫0
f (x) d x = 7 + 9 = 16

Then,

6 6 6

∫0 ∫0 ∫0
f (x) d x = 16 2f (x) d x = 2 f (x) d x = 2 ⋅ 16 = 32

5
Similarly, if

3 6

∫0 ∫3
g(x) d x = 2 and g(x) d x = 5

then

∫0
g(x) d x = 2 + 5 = 7

Then, if

6 6 6

∫0 ∫0 ∫0
g(x) d x = 7 3g(x) d x = 3 g(x) d x = 3 ⋅ 7 = 21

Therefore,

∫0 [
2f (x) + 3g(x)] d x = 32 + 21 = 53

6
 FIND F GIVEN F’’

1. Find f (x) from its second derivative.

f′′(x) = 3x 2 + 4x − 7

Solution:

Given the second derivative, the first derivative is

∫
f′(x) = 3x 2 + 4x − 7 d x

3x 3 4x 2
f′(x) = + − 7x + C1
3 2

f′(x) = x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + C1

Then f (x) is

∫
f (x) = x 3 + 2x 2 − 7x + C1 d x

x 4 2x 3 7x 2
f (x) = + − + C1x + C2
4 3 2

2. Find g(x) from its second derivative.

7





 x 4 − 4x 2 + 4
g′′(x) =
x2 − 2

Solution:

Given the second derivative, the first derivative is

x 4 − 4x 2 + 4
∫
g′(x) = dx
x2 − 2

(x 2 − 2)(x 2 − 2)
∫
g′(x) = dx
x −2
2

∫
g′(x) = x 2 − 2 d x

x3
g′(x) = − 2x + C1
3

Then g(x) is

x3
∫ 3
g(x) = − 2x + C1 d x

x4
g(x) = − x 2 + C1x + C2
12

3. Find h(x) from its second derivative.

8x 3 − 9x 2 + 6x
h′′(x) =
x7

8








 Solution:

First, simplify the second derivative function.

8x 3 − 9x 2 + 6x
h′′(x) =
x7

8x 2 − 9x + 6
h′′(x) =
x6

Given the second derivative, the first derivative is

8x 2 − 9x + 6
∫
h′(x) = dx
x 6

8x 2 9x 6
∫ x6
h′(x) = − 6 + 6 dx
x x

∫
h′(x) = 8x −4 − 9x −5 + 6x −6 d x

8x −4+1 9x −5+1 6x −6+1

h′(x) = − + + C1
−4 + 1 −5 + 1 −6 + 1

8 −3 9 −4 6 −5
h′(x) = − x + x − x + C1
3 4 5

Then h(x) is

8 9 6
∫ 3
h(x) = − x −3 + x −4 − x −5 + C1 d x
4 5

9









 −8x −2 9x −3 6x −4
h(x) = + − + C1x + C2
3 ⋅ −2 4 ⋅ −3 5 ⋅ −4

4x −2 3x −3 3x −4
h(x) = − + + C1x + C2
3 4 10

4 3 3
h(x) = 2 − 3 + + C1x + C2
3x 4x 10x 4

10
 FIND F GIVEN F’’’

1. Find f (x) given its third derivative.

f′′′(x) = 2x + 3

Solution:

Given the third derivative, the second derivative is

∫
f′′(x) = 2x + 3 d x

f′′(x) = x 2 + 3x + C1

From the second derivative, the first derivative is

∫
f′(x) = x 2 + 3x + C1 d x

x 3 3x 2
f′(x) = + + C1x + C2
3 2

Then f (x) is

x 3 3x 2
∫ 3
f (x) = + + C1x + C2 d x
2

x4 3x 3 C1x 2
f (x) = + + + C2 x + C3
3⋅4 2⋅3 2

11









 1 4 1 3
f (x) = x + x + C1x 2 + C2 x + C3
12 2

2. Find g(x) given its third derivative.

g′′′(x) = 4x 3 + x 2 − 3

Solution:

Given the third derivative, the second derivative is

∫
g′′(x) = 4x 3 + x 2 − 3 d x

4x3
g′′(x) = x + − 3x + C1
3

From the second derivative, the first derivative is

x3
∫
4
g′(x) = x + − 3x + C1 d x
3

x 5 x 4 3x 2
g′(x) = + − + C1x + C2
5 12 2

Then g(x) is

x 5 x 4 3x 2
∫ 5
g(x) = + − + C1x + C2 d x
12 2

12









 x6 x5 3x 3 C1x 2
g(x) = + − + + C2 x + C3
5 ⋅ 6 12 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 3 2

1 6 1 5 1 3
g(x) = x + x − x + C1x 2 + C2 x + C3
30 60 2

3. Find h(x) given its third derivative.

3 2
h′′′(x) = 5 − 4 + 4
x x

Solution:

Given the third derivative, the second derivative is

3 2
∫ x5 x4
h′′(x) = − + 4 dx

∫
h′′(x) = 3x −5 − 2x −4 + 4 d x

3x −4 2x −3
h′′(x) = − + 4x + C1
−4 −3

3x −4 2x −3
h′′(x) = − + + 4x + C1
4 3

From the second derivative, the first derivative is

3x −4 2x −3
∫
h′(x) = − + + 4x + C1 d x
4 3

13












 3x −3 2x −2 4x 2
h′(x) = − + + + C1x + C2
4 ⋅ −3 3 ⋅ −2 2

x −3 x −2
h′(x) = − + 2x 2 + C1x + C2
4 3

Then h(x) is

x −3 x −2
∫ 4
h(x) = − + 2x 2 + C1x + C2 d x
3

x −2 x −1 2x 3 C1x 2
h(x) = − + + + C2 x + C3
4 ⋅ −2 3 ⋅ −1 3 2

1 1 2 3
h(x) = − 2 + + x + C1x 2 + C2 x + C3
8x 3x 3

14


 INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS

1. Find f (x) if f′(x) = 7x − 5 and f (4) = 24.

Solution:

Given f′(x) = 7x − 5, then

∫
f (x) = 7x − 5 d x

7x 2
f (x) = − 5x + C
2

If f (4) = 24, then

7(4)2
24 = − 5(4) + C
2

48 = 7(4)2 − 2(5)(4) + 2C

48 = 112 − 40 + 2C

−24 = 2C

C = − 12

Therefore,

7 2
f (x) = x − 5x − 12
2

15


 2. Find g(x) if g′(x) = 2x 2 + 5x − 9 and g(−4) = 34.

Solution:

Given g′(x) = 2x 2 + 5x − 9, then

∫
g(x) = 2x 2 + 5x − 9 d x

2x 3 5x 2
g(x) = + − 9x + C
3 2

If g(−4) = 34, then

2(−4)3 5(−4)2
34 = + − 9(−4) + C
3 2

128
34 = − + 40 + 36 + C
3

102 = − 128 + 120 + 108 + 3C

2 = 3C

2
C=
3

Therefore,

2 3 5 2 2
g(x) = x + x − 9x +
3 2 3

16


 3. Find h(x) if h′(x) = 3x 2 + 8x + 1 and h(2) = 31.

Solution:

Given h′(x) = 3x 2 + 8x + 1, then

∫
h(x) = 3x 2 + 8x + 1 d x

h(x) = x 3 + 4x 2 + x + C

If h(2) = 31, then

31 = 23 + 4(2)2 + 2 + C

31 = 8 + 16 + 2 + C

C=5

Therefore,

h(x) = x 3 + 4x 2 + x + 5

4. Find f (x) if f′(x) = x 3 + 4x + 3 and f (−2) = 15.

Solution:

17



 Given f′(x) = x 3 + 4x + 3, then

∫
f (x) = x 3 + 4x + 3 d x

x 4 4x 2
f (x) = + + 3x + C
4 2

x4
f (x) = + 2x 2 + 3x + C
4

If f (−2) = 15, then

(−2)4
15 = + 2(−2)2 + 3(−2) + C
4

15 = 4 + 8 − 6 + C

15 = 6 + C

C=9

Therefore,

1 4
g(x) = x + 2x 2 + 3x + 9
4

18

 FIND F GIVEN F’’ AND INITIAL CONDITIONS

1. Find g(x) if g′′(x) = 2x + 1, g′(1) = 5, and g(1) = 4.

Solution:

Given g′′(x) = 2x + 1, then

∫
g′(x) = 2x + 1 d x

g′(x) = x 2 + x + C

If g′(1) = 5, then

5 = 12 + 1 + C

5=2+C

C=3

and g′(x) = x 2 + x + 3. Then g(x) is

∫
g(x) = x 2 + x + 3 d x

x3 x2
g(x) = + + 3x + C
3 2

If g(1) = 4, then

19









 13 12
4= + + 3(1) + C
3 2

1 1
4= + +3+C
3 2

24 = 2 + 3 + 18 + 6C

1 = 6C

1
C=
6

Therefore,

x3 x2 1
g(x) = + + 3x +
3 2 6

2. Find h(x) if h′′(x) = 2x − 7, h′(3) = − 20, and h(6) = − 98.

Solution:

Given h′′(x) = 2x − 7, then

∫
h′(x) = 2x − 7 d x

h′(x) = x 2 − 7x + C

If h′(3) = − 20, then

20








 −20 = 32 − 7(3) + C

−20 = 9 − 21 + C

C =−8

and h′(x) = x 2 − 7x − 8. Then h(x) is

∫
h(x) = x 2 − 7x − 8 d x

x 3 7x 2
h(x) = − − 8x + C
3 2

If h(6) = − 98, then

63 7(6)2
−98 = − − 8(6) + C
3 2

−98 = 72 − 7(18) − 48 + C

C=4

Therefore,

1 3 7 2
h(x) = x − x − 8x + 4
3 2

3. Find f (x) if f′′(x) = 3x − 6, f′(2) = 2, and f (2) = 15.

Solution:

21




 Given f′′(x) = 3x − 6, then

∫
f′(x) = 3x − 6 d x

3x 2
f′(x) = − 6x + C
2

If f′(2) = 2, then

3(2)2
2= − 6(2) + C
2

2 = 6 − 12 + C

C=8

and f′(x) = (3/2)x 2 − 6x + 8. Then f (x) is

3 2
∫2
f (x) = x − 6x + 8 d x

1 3
f (x) = x − 3x 2 + 8x + C
2

If f (2) = 15, then

1 3
15 = (2) − 3(2)2 + 8(2) + C
2

15 = 4 − 12 + 16 + C

C=7

Therefore,

22






 1 3
f (x) = x − 3x 2 + 8x + 7
2

23
24