International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Design of Energy Dissipator for Khadakwasla Dam to Control the

Velocity of Flow
Ninad Doke1, Soham Jakate2, Sudhanshu Mirkute3, Pratik Tavate4 ,Dipali Patil5
1,2,3,4 UG Student, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, DRIEMS Neral.
5Assistant Professor Dipali Patil, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, DRIEMS Neral, Maharashtra, India.
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Abstract - When the water is dispatched through potential reach at downstream. This project is
the spillway the static energy gets converted in kinetic energy. concerned with designing a ski jump energy dissipator
This energy proves costly because of the force which destroys for Khadakwasla dam in Nanded city.
the nearby area by flooding. This breaks the kinetic energy to
reduce it to acceptable limits. This was been observed at Khadakwasla dam is built on the River Mutha
Khadakwasla Dam this year with flooding occurring with which is 21 kms away from Pune city. This dam was
intensity of 14000 cusecs. This destroyed the surrounding area built in 1879, as a result the flow techniques used in it
and caused damage to canal. The dissipation of energy is done are outdated. By designing new energy dissipator, we
through internal friction and turbulence or impact and can enhance the control over velocity rather using old
diffusion of the high velocity flow in the mass of water. techniques. Flooding situation in this region can be
So, we are going to use Ski-jump energy dissipator minimized to great extent, if new designs are
to reduce the kinetic energy of Khadakwasla dam. Ski jump is implemented. If the energy of water is not reduced,
a trajectory bucket type dissipator which throws the water there are dangers of scour to the riverbed which may
through bucket in mid-air which impacts the plunge pool threaten the stability of this dam or neighboring valley
resulting in breakage of momentum causing reduction in slopes.
velocity of flow by considerable amount. This causes diffusion
of energy thus reducing the velocity of flow and water pressure
on hydraulic structure. This study proposes a design of ski 1.1 SKI JUMP ENERGY DISSIPATOR
jump energy dissipator which is to be installed on Ogee
spillway on Khadakwasla Dam with Guidelines as per IS Code. One of the most effective & economical methods for
A complete overview of hydraulic uplift and other dissipation of hydraulic energy from flood waters is to
hydrodynamic forces has been improved. project the flow in free trajectories jet from to a
Keywords: Dissipation of energy, Ski-jump dissipator, location where impact creates a plunge pool in
Hydraulic uplift, Hydrodynamic force, Ogee spillway, IS downstream side of riverbed. This type of energy
Code. dissipation can be done by ski-jump energy dissipator
which is increasingly popular form of hydraulic
1. INTRODUCTION
dissipation for large dams.
Ski jump dissipators are provided where there
Controlling the velocity of flow in large dams is
is deficiency in tail water to produce a hydraulic jump
a serious concern. This is where energy dissipator
situation which arises in hilly terrain with a steep
comes into action. These are the devices and structures
sloping river bed made of hard and sound rock. The jet
which are used to control and reduce the velocity if
impact is transmitted through cracks and fissures o the
flow according to the required and acceptable limits, so
rock in the form of hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations
that downstream side of channel is protected from
which might give rise to hydraulic jacking action and
action of erosion, damage to the structure by abrasion,
which get further intensified because of air locking.
flooding and damage to population and their assets.
There are numerous types of energy dissipators which An upturn solid bucket (see Fig. 1C) is used when the
are used in action, and their main purpose is to break tailwater depth is insufficient for the formation of the
kinetic energy and the turbulence of water into hydraulic jump, the bed of the river channel

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

downstream comprises sound rock and is capable of X = horizontal throw distance from bucket lip to the
withstanding, without excessive scour, the impact of center point of impact with tail water, in m;
the high velocity jet. The flow coming down the
spillway is thrown away from toe of the dam to a Y = difference between the lip level and tail water,
considerable distance downstream as a free sign taken as positive for tail water below the lip
discharging upturned jet which falls into the channel level and negative for tail water above the lip level, in
directly, thereby avoiding excessive scour immediately m;
downstream of the spillway. There is hardly any energy = depth of scour below tail water level, in m;
dissipation within the bucket itself. The device is used
mainly to increase the distance from the structure to a = vertical distance from the lip level to the highest
the place where high velocity jet hits the channel bed, point of the center of jet, in m; dc = critical depth, in
thus avoiding the danger of excessive scour m;
immediately downstream of the spillway.
1.2 COMPONENTS OF SKI JUMP ENERGY TWL = Tail Water Level = 3 m
DISSIPATOR
= bucket lip angle (exit angle) with horizontal, in
degree = 30°

2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

On 18th of August, 2018 roads along Mutha River

submerged due of excess of 14000 cusecs of water released
from Khadakwasla dam into the river. This caused major
disturbance in locality along Mutha River. Second incident
Figure 1 Components of Ski Jump Trajectory Bucket was around 27th September, 2018where the canal was
breached due to excess velocity. This caused flooding in low
Where, lying areas. Both of these incidents were due to improper
H= depth of overflow over spillway, in m; dissipation of energy. Thus, the solution was to break this
energy by installation of Energy Dissipator.
= reservoir pool elevation minus bucket invert
elevation, in m; 3. LITERATURE REVIEW
(Utkarsh Nigam, S. Das, M. R. Choudhary, 2015) had
= spillway crest elevation minus bucket invert
dealt with energy dissipation of spillway through hydraulic
elevation, in m; jump type stilling basin. They had also given a complete
overview of hydraulic uplift. Study of Energy dissipation
= reservoir pool elevation minus tail water
with other hydrodynamic forces is also studied. (Valentin
elevation, in m; Haller, Willi Hager and Hans Erwin Minor 2005) this paper
studies that ski jump energy dissipator is a major part of
= reservoir pool elevation minus bucket lip dam spillway. Several hydraulic problems related to ski jump
elevation, in m; no yet been solved. 1. Problem such as pressure head and
pressure distribution along circular shaped bucket.2. Impact
= reservoir pool elevation minus jet surface characteristics in tail water with shock waves formations
elevation on bucket, in m; and height of recirculation.3. Difficulties in flow condition by
trajectory bucket. All such problems are correctly accounted
R = radius of bucket, in m; by Froude’s number. Hence by using Froude’s number
successfully design of ski jump in hydraulic structure is
possible. (S.K. Mazumder,2001) research conducted by them

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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was to test a scale model in ratio of 1:100 scale of ski jump 4.1.2Bucket Invert Elevation
energy dissipator on mobile sand bed for applicability of
design guide lines design in I S:7365(1985) code for rocky Bucket invert elevation = 1.5 + Tail Water Depth
type river bed. Throw length, throw height and submerged
Tail Water Depth = 3 m
of jet web measured and compared with code provision.
Other certain aspects such as scour depth and size of plunge Bucket Invert Elevation = 1.5 + 3 = 4.5 m
pool with consideration of discharge and tail water depths
compared with theoretical value.  Trajectory Bucket Pressure

(IS Code 11527: 1985) This code has guidelines on

P=
criteria of selection of energy dissipator for spillway. (IS
Code 7365: 2010) This code has guidelines for designing
the bucket type energy dissipator. Where,

4. METHODOLOGY P = Bucket Pressure, in

 The hydraulic jump type energy dissipator is = Weight of Water,

designed by referring IS Code Proposed 7365: 2010.
 However, the amount of energy dissipator on type = Actual Velocity of Flow entering in bucket, in
of jump formed which in turn depends upon the
amount of flow entering spillway. g = Acceleration due to gravity, in
 The sub-critical depth of flow and bucket lip
elevation. R = Radius of Bucket, in m
 The jump formed will be stored with the help of
training wall and divide wall. = depth of flow entering bucket, in m
 The lip level should be higher than tail water level.
This will cause ski jump rather than roller action P= 1 X 0.76
which is achieved in this case.
 This ski jump would help in dissipation through P = 1.282
impact.
4.1.3 Radius of Bucket
Proposed solution as per IS Code 7365: 2010

R = 0.8
4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Hydraulic design of trajectory bucket consists of
Where,
determining the following: -
R = Radius of Bucket
1. Bucket shape
2. Bucket invert elevation H = Depth of flow over spillway
3. Radius or principle geometrical parameter of
bucket = Reservoir Pool Elevation – Jet Surface Elevation =
4. Lip elevation and lip angle 32.79 – 0.343 = 32.447 m
5. Trajectory length
6. Estimation of scour downstream Jet Surface Elevation = *
4.1.1 BUCKET SHAPE
Where,
The performance of trajectory bucket is judged by
trajectory height and length of throw in flip action. = Actual Velocity of Flow entering in bucket, in
Generally, a circular shape is preferred.
g = acceleration due to gravity, in

© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7654
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

= Lip angle (30°-40°) 4.1.5.2 Vertical Throw Distance

Jet surface elevation = * = 0.343 m a=

Where,
R = 0.8
a = Vertical distance from the lip level to highest point of
R = 3.97 4m centre of jet, in m

4.1.4 Lip Angle and Lip Elevation = Actual velocity of flow entering the bucket, in

Lip Angle = 30°

= Bucket lip angle with the horizontal, in degrees
Lip Elevation = 5.14 m
g = acceleration due to gravity, in
4.1.5 Trajectory Length
a= = 0.343 m
4.1.5.1 Horizontal Throw Distance

+ 4.1.6 Estimation of Erosion at the Point of Impact

=
Where,
Where,
X = Horizontal throw distance from bucket lip to the
center point of impact with tailwater, in m = depth of scour in m below tailwater level

Y = Difference between tailwater level and lip level, sign m = constant (0.36 for minimum expected scour and 0.54
taken as positive for tailwater below lip level and negative for probable scour under sustained spillway operation and
for tailwater above lip level, in m 0.65 for ultimate scour)

Y = 5.14 – 3 = 2.14 m
q = discharge intensity
= Velocity head of jet at bucket lip, in m
= reservoir pool elevation – bucket lip elevation, in m
=
= 0.65 [53.477(5.14 -

= Actual velocity of flow entering bucket, in

= 9.9 10 m

g = acceleration due to gravity, in Another formula to work out the probable scour is also
given below
g= = 1.373

= bucket lip angle (with the horizontal) in degree

Where,

+ = depth of scour, in m

= Reservoir pool elevation – Tail water elevation, in m

X = 4.387 m
= 32.79 – 3 = 29.79 m

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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= 19.37 m V = 40.23

4.1.7 Training and Divide Walls Achieved Velocity per gate after installation of energy
dissipator = = 3.66
4.1.7.1 Height of Training Wall ( )

Actual Velocity = 5.19 3.66

= + 1.5 m
Thus, the achieved velocity by installation of ski jump
Where, energy dissipator is reduced than the actual velocity
available at the dam.
= Height of Training Wall
6. CONCLUSIONS
= Maximum Surge Height
 Ski Jump dissipator is found to be the most suitable
= Lip level of bucket + Vertical throw distance = 5.19 +
energy dissipator because it has it proves beneficial
0.343 = 5.483 6m in removing the sediments from the bucket.
 By choosing this type of dissipator, it has resulted
economical due to the short dimensions of the
bucket.
4.1.7.2 Length of Training Wall
 The provision of divide wall up to the bucket lip
The wall should be extended downstream beyond the completely leads to the possibility of soil erosion
surge portion by about 3 m. being wiped out.

We take 4 m.
7. REFERENCES
Length of Training Wall = 6 + 4 = 10 m

[1] S.K.Mazumder, "Model Study Of A Ski-Jump Type

4.1.7.3Foundation of Training Walls Energy Dissipator," in HYDRO, Delhi, 2001.

Foundation of Training Walls is below 2 m depth of scour [2] V. Heller, "Ski Jump Hydraulics," Journal Of
Hydrological Engineering, vol. 131, no. 5, 2005.
Depth of scour = 10 m
[3] BIS, IS-CODE 7365, 2010.
Depth of Foundation = 2 + 10 = 12 m.

[4] BIS, IS CODE 11527, 1985.

5. Result [5] U. Nigam, "Overview of Energy Dissipators and Stilling

Basins With design Aspects of Hydraulic Jump Type
Since the pressure developed = = 1000 * 9.81 * 32.73 Energy Dissipators," in NCIET, 2015.

= 32.11

From IS Code 7365: 2010

P=

32.11 =

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