INPUT DEVICES Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and proces the output. it to produce Categories of Input Devices + Pointing Devices- Mouse, Trackball, Touchpad, Light Pen + Hand Held Devices- Joy Stick, Stylus, Touch Screen, Light Pen + Optical Devices- OCR, OMR, MICR, Image Scanner, Barcode Reader, Keyboard, Mouse, Barcodes, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, Smart Cards, Light Pen, Audio Input Devices, Visual Input Devices Some common Input Devices are: a, Keyboard: The keyboard is the main input device of the computer that is used most. often. The keyboard is used to perform all typing tasks on the computer. The keyboard has many types of keys for proper function. The QWERTY keyboard has 6 types of keys: Indicators, Function keys, Control keys, Alphanumeric Keys, Number keys and Navigation keys. b. Mouse: The mouse is also the main input device. With which the pointer on the computer screen is controlled. That is why it is also called a pointing device. Mouse is used to open, close, drag and drop files.icons on a computer. The use of the mouse has increased a lot with the introduction of GUI (Graphic User Interface). ¢. Scanner: A scanner is used to scan documents and enter them into the computer in digital form. The scanned document can be saved as an image on the computer. You can also edit the document if you want. 4d. Light pen: This is a positioning input device which is used to do graphic design, text messaging, etc. on a touch screen computer. You can draw very easily with the Light pen. Its pen-like shape makes it very easy to use.e the lines of the barcode. A barcode is a vertical (permanent) line of black colour, in which a lot of information is hidden: product name, product price, product price, batch number, company name, ete. & £. Microphone: A microphone is an input device developed by Emile Berliner in 1877. It is used to convert sound waves into electrical waves or to input sound into computers. It captures sound by converting sound waves into an electrical signal, which can be digital or analogue, g. Touch Screen: A touch screen is a screen that you control with the touch of your finger. You can also use your finger or stylus to control it. An Android phone is a simple example ofa touch screen, as a touch screen is available in most Android phones. You don't need a separate mouse or keyboard to run it h, Joystick: A joystick is an input device with a stick attached and is used to control the direction of the device, It is most commonly used in gaming. eg’ i, Webcam: A webcam is an input device. A webcam is a camera that you use to take pictures or video conferences by connecting it to your computer or laptop. You can connect the webcam to your computer with a cable, or you can also use a wireless webcam.OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices are peripherals that receive data from a computer and translate that data into a form that is understandable to the user or another device. These devices are essential for presenting the results of a computer's processes. Types of Output Devices 1. Monitor: Monitor is the most important output device of a computer as it is the visual output device. The monitor is a basic device of the computer for the visual display of all types of information or data in any form. The monitor is designed to display information in symbolic and graphical types. It shows all the data and information as a Soft Copy of that data on its screen. Anyone can view Files, photos, videos, texts, graphics, and tables in real-time through the monitor. Can be based on various technologies such as LCD, 2. Printer: A printer is a device that accepts text and graphics output from a computer, and it transfers this information to paper, sheets. Printers can print any information that has been passed to it, whether it be Text, Numbers or Images. The resolution of Printer is in general measured in dpi. DPI stands for “Dots per Inch”. In general printers have resolutions of about 550 to 600 dpi. Charles Babbage introduced the first mechanical printer for use with a difference engine in 1822. Types of Printer Depending upon the printing methods and the quality of images produced, printers are of two major types: a. Impact Printers b. Non-Impact Printers a, Impact Printer: Impact printer works with paper via direct contact with an ink ribbon. It has similar working mechanisms as that of typewriter. The examples of Impact Printer are: i. Daisy Wheel Printers i. Dot Matrix Printers i. Line Printers i, Daisy Wheel Printer * Daisy wheel printing is a mechanical impact printing technology. + Itis called daisy-wheel because its printing mechanism looks like a daisy. + Its speed is usually 25-50 characters per second. 3Dot Matrix Printer + The Dot-Matrix printers uses 9 to 24 pin print heads depending upon the quality print required. + More number of pins results in more clarity + Usually inexpensive and speed ranges between 100 and 550 characters per second. + A dot matrix printer is less expensive as compared to most of the printers, and it is easily available in the market + The speed of the dot matrix printer is slow as compared to non-impact printers, and its output is also not of high resolution. + It creates high noise when the pins hit the ribbon to the paper. Line Printer + As the name suggests it can print whole line at once. + Speed ranges somewhere between 1,000 to 6,000 lines per minute.b. Non-Impact Printer: Non-Impact Printers do not need to touch the ink ribbon to print the documents. Maintenance of Non-Impact printers is easier than Impact printers. The examples of non-impact printer are i. Inkjet Printers Laser Printers ii. LED Printers i. Inkjet Printer: The inkjet printers are the most common and widely usedprinters in both professional and domestic settings. ‘eatures: * Capable of printing highly detailed and photo elastic prints. * Higher cost per page than laser printers ii, Laser Printer: Laser Printers were developed by Xerox in 1960s. The majority of laser printers use light, photoreceptor belts, and photosensitive drums. During the print, the laser will scan page line by line nsi Features: * Cost-effective than inkjet printers * High print speed * Expandable with paper trays, finishes, * High paper capacity LED Printer * LED Printers are quite similar to Laser Printers + Uses LED instead of laser to create pictures/images. + LED printers are considered are more efficient and reliable than laser printers.Thermal Printer Thermal Printer is invented by Jack Kilby. These types of printers are widely used in banking, airline, grocery, entertainment, retail, healthcare industries, fax, and calculator machines. These printers are low-cost and print fast, and do not use ink like other printers. They primarily depend on the thermal paper to produce the images. C4 v. 3D Printer + One of the best enhancements in the history of printing technology is the 3d printer, which was developed by Chuck Hull in 1984. + It produces 3D objects and items by using quality resin, + It uses materials like plastics, polymers, metal alloys, or even food ingredients. + There are many applications where 3D printers are used, such as archaeology, aerospace engineering, information systems, dentistry, and biotechnology. + The main advantage of a 3D printer is that it allows users to print objects in 3D . Plotter + A plotter is a hardware device or a printer, which was first invented by Remington-Rand in 1953, + It is developed to print vector graphics and uses a pencil, pen, marker, or other writing tools for drawing continuous lines instead of using ink or toner. + A Plotter is capable of working on the large sheet around 2 feet or more with better, quality. + Itcan print on sheet, steel, plastic, aluminum, plywood, and any flat sheet material, including paper. + Itcan draw the same pattern thousand times without any degradation 64, Speaker: They are the audio output devices. Computer speakers are hardware output devices that connect to a computer to reproduce sound. The signals used to reproduce sound from your computer's speakers are produced by your computer's sound card. 5. Projector: Projector: A projector is an output device that accepts data from a computer (output) and projects that data or information as a picture onto a wall or screen or any large surface. COMPUTER MEMORY/STORAGE UNIT Computer memory refers to the hardware components that store data temporarily or permanently. It isa crucial part of a computer system, as it enables the system to store and retrieve data quickly and efficiently. Types of Computer Memory I. Primary Memory: Primary memory is the memory that the CPU can access directly. Primary memory is volatile (it will lose its contents if power is turned off). Types include RAM and ROM RAM: Any system process that has to be executed is put into RAM, where it is processed by the CPU according to the program’s instructions. ROM: Any data that does not need to be changed is saved in ROM. The ROM contains both programmes that run when the system boots up and data such as the algorithm that the OS requires.Features of Primary Memory include: * Temporary Storage: Random Access Memory (RAM) is used for temporary storage of data that the CPU actively uses during multimedia processing. * Real-time Processing: Larger RAM capacities facilitate smoother real-time processing of multimedia applications, preventing delays or buffering issues. . Secondary Storage Devices: These include Floppy Disk, Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs). A floppy disk, also known as a "floppy" or "diskette," is a type of removable storage media used to store data on computers. The disks are usually made from plastic and metal and can hold anywhere from 100 KB to 1.44 MB of data. fe Hard disk drives (HDD) and Solid state drives (SSD) are data storage devices. HDDs store data in magnetic disks, while SSDs store data in flash memory. SSD vs HDD. Features: © Data Storage: HDDs and SSDs store multimedia files, applications, and the operating system. «Playback and Editing: playback, editing, and other operations. © Speed and Performance: SSDs, due to their faster read and write speeds, are preferred for multimedia applications requiring quick access to data, storage devices for . External Storage Devices: External storage enables users to store data separately from a computer's main ot primary storage and memory at a relatively low cost. It increases storage capacity without having to open up a system. An external storage device can be removable or non-removable, temporary or permanent, and accessible over a wired or wireless network. ‘Types of External Storage Devices include USB Drives, External HDDs, and SSDs. USB drives are used for auxiliary storage, backup and data transfer between computers.An External/Removable hard drive attaches to the outside of a computer. External hard drives are useful for backing up computers and transferring data between computers. - External SSDs are useful for companies, or individuals, that need to easily and securely transport large quantities of data. External SSDs can be powered through USB connections to the computer > Features: © Data Transfer and Backup: External storage devices are used for transferring multimedia files between devices and for backup purposes. s offer a portable solution for sharing and accessing multimedia content on different systems. |. Optical Storage: Optical storage is any storage type in which data is written and read with a laser. Types of Optical Storage include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Dises. CDs, DVDs, and Blu- rays are optical disc formats primarily used to store music, videos, games, etc. Blu-ray is a new way to store digital files compared to CDs and DVDs. Most of the newest movies and games are saved on Blu-ray. It seems like Blu-ray has replaced the old CD and DVDs. Indeed, Blu-ray offers a betier visual experience with higher video resolution. In brief, CD (Compact Disc) is primarily used for delivery of music, DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) primarily for standard definition (720x480 in the North America, 720x576 in most of the rest of the world) video, and Blu-ray Disc primarily for high definition 1920x1080) video. Features: © Distribution: Optical discs are used for distributing multimedia content, such as movies, music, and software. * Archiving: Some multimedia professionals use optical storage for archiving projects and important data.5. Cloud Storage: Cloud storage is a service model in which data is transmitted and stored on remote storage systems. Cloud Storage is a mode of computer data storage in which digital data is stored on servers in off-site locations. The servers are maintained by a third- party provider who is responsible for hosting, managing, and securing data stored on its infrastructure, The provider ensures that data on its servers is always accessible via public or private internet connections. Features: * Remote Access and Collaboration: Cloud storage services enable remote access to multimedia files and facilitate collaboration among users. © Backup and Syne: Multimedia content can be automatically backed up and synchronized across multiple devices using cloud storage solutions. 6, Flash Memory Cards: A flash memory card - sometimes called a storage card ~ small storage device that uses non-volatile semiconductor memory to store data on portable or remote computing devices. Such data includes text, pictures, audio and video. Features: * Cameras and Devices: Flash memory cards, like SD cards, are commonly used in cameras and other devices to store multimedia content. * Mobile Devices: Smartphones and tablets often use embedded flash memory for storage, providing a compact and ist solution, 7. Cache Memory: Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient. The cache i and faster memory that stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. Features © Faster Access: Cache memory stores frequently accessed data to provide quick access for multimedia applications, improving overall system performance. Efficient coordination between different types of memory and storage devices is essential for ensuring seamless multimedia playback, editing, and production. The choice of smaller 10specific devices often depends on factors such as speed, capacity, portability, and the specific requirements of multimedia applications. PROCESSING CONCEPT OF COMPUTER The processing concept of a computer refers to the sequence of operations performed by the computer to convert raw data into useful information. This involves several stages, including input, processing, storage, and output, which collectively form the computer's data processing cycle. The data processing cycle refers to the sequence of steps or stages through which data passes to be transformed into useful information. This cycle ensures systematic handling and processing of data, making it accessible and meaningful for use! processing cycle are: 1. Data Collection + Definition: The process of gathering raw data from various sources. + Methods: Manual entry, sensors, surveys, transactions, online forms, etc. + Example: Collecting sales data from a point-of-sale (POS) system, gathering weather data from sensors. 2. Data Input + Definition: The process of converting collected data into a format that can be processed by a computer. + Devices: Keyboards, scanners, cameras, microphones, ete. + Example: Entering sales data into a spreadsheet, scanning barcodes of products. 3. Data Proces ig + Definition: The manipulation and transformation of input data into a meaningful format. + Components Involved: CPU, RAM, software applications. + Steps: © Sorting: Organizing data in a specific order. un© Classifying: Grouping data based on certain criteria. © Calculating: Performing arithmetic operations on data. © Summarizing: Condensing data to highlight key information + Example: Calculating total sales for a month, sorting customer data by last name. 4. Data Storage + Definition: The process of saving processed data for future use or reference. + Types: © Primary Storage: Temporary storage during processing (¢.g., RAM). © Secondary Storage: Long-term storage (e.g., hard drives, SSDs, cloud storage). + Example: Saving a processed sales report to a hard drive, storing a database on a cloud 5, Data Output + Definition: The presentation of processed data in a usable format. + Devices: Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors. + Formats: Reports, graphs, audio, video + Example: Displaying a sales report on a screen, printing a summary of quarterly earnings 2