UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
MEDICAL BIOLOGY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
2020-2021
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
Schistosoma spp.
By:
Dr. Khansaa Azeez Al-Taei
خنساء عزيز الطائي. د
Department of
Lecture .6 Basic Dental
Sciences
Department of: UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
HERE
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Genus: Schistosoma
There are three main species of schistosome that cause
schistosomiasis in humans :-
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with blood flukes of the
genus Schistosoma. At least 5 trematode species are known to infect
humans. These are S. haematobium, S. intercalatum, S. japonicum,
S. mansoni, and S. mekongi. .Human schistosomiasis is among the
most prevalent human parasitic infections. The disease ranks
second beneath malaria on the list of parasitic diseases.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
What is schistosomiasis?
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is transmitted
through contact with fresh water contaminated with the parasite’s larvae.
020-2021
Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is a tropical disease affecting around 240
million people worldwide.
People become infected with schistosomes if they come into contact with the larval? forms
of the parasite, for example, when washing or playing in contaminated fresh water.
Schistosomiasis particularly affects poor communities without clean water, adequate
sanitation or readily-available medical treatment.
Unlike other flukes (trematodes) in which sexes are not
separate (monoecious), schistosomes are unique in that
adults are divided into males and females, thus,
(dioecious). However, the two adults live in permanent
partnership, a condition called in copula.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
The schistosome life cycle occurs in 2 hosts: snails and mammals.
Either asexual or sexual reproduction occurs, depending on020-2021
the type of
host .Asexual reproduction occurs in freshwater snails. In the snail,
this begins with the development of miracidia into a sporocyst.
Sporocysts multiply and grow into cercariae. In the mammalian hosts,
parasites grow to become mature, mate, and produce eggs.
Mammalian hosts include humans, mice, and dogs.
TThe oute
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Morphology
These parasite are cylindrical shape body,They have a long life span (cycle) may reach up to 30
years.
Always the male are short and wider than female, have two suckers oral and ventral sucker
.There are manyDepartment of: sucker, The size and number of testis is varying in
testis behind ventral
different SchistosomaHEREspp. There is a characterstic region which called sex groove or
gynecophoric canal, the function of this groove is a very important during fertilization, in
fertilization process the female sit (leis) in this groove, produce the copulation of male and
female.
The outer cover (tegument) may be rough or smooth according to present tubercular or no in
3 species.
Female is thinner and longer than male in about 1-1.5 time.The female in the three species have
A large structure which is the ovary is differentiate in position in three spcies.The outer cover is
Smooth in the middle of body.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Differentiations between three Schistosoma spp
D
Schistosoma Schistosoma Schistosoma
Male haematobium mansoni japonicum
Department of:
HERE
1-number and Range from 3-5 Range 9-13 they Rang 6-9
shaped of testis they are large are small and medium in size
rounded
2-Shape of skin Slightly Coarsly Smooth skin
(integument) tuberculate tuberculation
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Schistosoma Schistosoma Schistosoma
Female haematobium mansoni japonicum
020-2021
1-location of The ovary located The ovary located In the mid line of
ovary below the mid above the mid line body(central)
line of body of body
Schistosoma Schistosoma Schistosoma
Male and haematobium mansoni japonicum
female
1-Intermidate Bulinus spp Biomphilaria spp Ochomelania
host or snail
host
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
2- Habitation Vesicle plexus in Inferior mesentric Superior mesentric
venules of urinary venules surrounded venules surrounded small
bladder large intestine intestine 020-2021
3-Infective stage
is similar cercaria cercaria ercaria
4- Mode of By penetration of By penetration of skin By penetration of skin
infection is skin
similar
5-Shape of ova Elongated ovoid in Larger than ova of Rounded and it have no
differs of vary in shape have terminal S.hematobium have a spine but have knob like
different species spine unoperculated lateral spine tuberculate
and ova always and contained
partially miracidium and it is
embryonated partial embryonated
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Schistosomiasis life cycle
The schistosome eggs are excreted into the water system in the urine or faeces of an infected
human.The eggs hatch to release the free-swimming larval stage of the parasite, called
miracidia, into Department
the surroundingof:
water.The miracidia burrow into the tissue of a small,
freshwater snail suchHERE
as Biomphalaria.
In the snail, the miracidia undergo several rounds of asexual replication and mature into the
next larval stage, called cercariae. These are then released back into the water where they
swim around looking for a human host.Once the cercariae come into contact with a human
host they burrow into the skin. The cercariae lose their tails while burrowing into the skin
and become schistosomulae.These schistosomulae then enter the blood stream and migrate in
the blood through the lung to the person’s liver where they mature into adult worms.
The adult worms then pair with a mate of the opposite sex and move along blood vessels
against the blood flow to the blood vessels near the bowel, rectum or bladder.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Once they reach the blood vessels near the bowel, rectum or bladder the worms begin to lay
their eggs. About half of these eggs will be released in the human’s urine and faeces but
some will stay in the body and circulate back to the liver where they cause inflammation.
Department
Schistosoma mansoni of:
and Schistosoma japonicum generally migrate to the bowel or rectum
HERE
and release eggs in the faeces.Schistosoma haematobium tends to migrate to the bladder
and release eggs in the urine.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Department of:
HERE
Department of: UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
HERE COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
a Schistosoma mansoni egg a
with the characteristic lateral Schistosoma japonicum egg
spine with the characteristic knob
a Schistosoma haematobium egg
with the characteristic terminal
spine
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Department of:
HERE
Biomphalaria snails
Cercariae of Schistosoma spp.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Pathology
Schistosome eggs, which may become lodged within the hosts tissues, are the major
cause of pathology in schistosomiasis. Some of the deposited eggs reach the outside
Department of:
environment by passing through the wall of the intestine; the rest are swept into the
HERE
circulation and are filtered out in the periportal tracts of the liver, resulting in periportal
fibrosis. Onset of egg laying in humans is sometimes associated with an onset of fever
(Katayama fever). This "acute schistosomiasis" is not, however, as important as the
chronic forms of the disease.
For S. mansoni and S. japonicum, these are "intestinal" and "hepatic schistosomiasis",
associated with formation of granulomas around trapped eggs lodged in the intestinal wall
or in the liver, respectively. The hepatic form of the disease is the most important,
granulomas here giving rise to fibrosis of the liver and hepatosplenomegaly in severe
cases. Symptoms and signs depend on the number and location of eggs trapped in the
tissues.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
The granulomas formed around the eggs impair blood flow in the liver and, as a
consequence, induce portal
Department of: hypertension. With time, collateral circulation is formed
and the eggs disseminate
HERE into the lungs, where they cause more granulomas,
pulmonary arteritis and, later, cor pulmonale.
This fibrosis occurs only many years after the infection and is presumed to be caused
in part by soluble egg antigens and various immune cells that react to them.
The antiparasitic drug Praziquantel often effectively treats schistosomiasis, especially
in acute phase disease.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Symptoms :
Inflammation.
Pain when urinating. 020-2021
Blood in the urine.
Bloody diarrhoea.
Chest pain.
Liver failure.
Seizures (such as a stroke) and paralysis.
can develop anaemia?, malnutrition? and
learning disabilities in Children.
The antiparasitic drug praziquantel often effectively treats schistosomiasis,
especially in acute phase disease.
UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL
COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
2020-2021
THE END
