D

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING

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III YEAR / V SEMESTER

REGULATION 2021

ME3581- METROLOGY AND DYNAMICS LAB

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STUDENT NAME :

REGISTER NO :
 D

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING

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III YEAR / V SEMESTER

REGULATION 2021

ME3581- METROLOGY AND DYNAMICS LAB

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Faculty In charge Head of the Department

Dr.R. ASHOK RAJ Dr.P.PRABHAKARAN
Associate Professor Professor
 COLLEGE VISION MISSION

VISION:

To become a globally recognized ‘Centre of Academic Excellence’ providing Quality

Education to all students.

MISSION:

To provide Quality Education in the fields of Engineering, Management, Information

Technology and other Engineering areas.

DEPARTMENT VISION MISSION

VISION:
To look for greatness in the field of Mechanical Engineering training through information

and abilities to oblige the necessities of the general public.

MISSION:

 To constantly improve the instructing and learning cycle to empower understudies to

meet worldwide needs.

 To redesign the information and abilities of understudies, individuals from personnel

and supporting staff through standard training.

 To produce the best personalities of specialists equipped for meeting assumptions for

Industry, Society and Entrepreneurship improvement.

 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Effectuating success in careers by exploring with the design, digital and

computational analysis of engineering systems, experimentation and testing,

PEO1
smart manufacturing, technical services, and research.

Amalgamating effectively with stakeholders to update and improve their core

competencies and abilities to ethically compete in the ever-changing

PEO2
multicultural global enterprise.

To encourage multi-disciplinary research and development to foster advanced

technology, and to nurture innovation and entrepreneurship in order to

PEO3
compete successfully in the global economy.

To globally share and apply technical knowledge to create new opportunities

that proactively advances our society through team efforts and to solve
PEO4
various challenging technical, environmental and societal problems.

To create world class mechanical engineers capable of practice engineering

ethically with a solid vision to become great leaders in academia, industries

PEO5
and society.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO1 fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

Apply the knowledge gained in Mechanical Engineering for design and development
PSO1 and manufacture of engineering systems.

Apply the knowledge acquired to investigate research-oriented problems in

PSO2 mechanical engineering with due consideration for environmental and social
impacts.

Use the engineering analysis and data management tools for effective management
PSO3 of multidisciplinary projects.
 INSTRUCTIONS

All the students must follow the instructions strictly as appended below:

 All the students should enter the lab class with proper uniform.

 Bring the observation note book and lab manual during all the lab class.

 Before entering the next lab classes ensure that the experiment is neatly
written in the respective record note book and the same should be
checked / corrected by the faculty in charge.

 Failing this, the entry to the lab class will be denied.

 Get completed signature in the index page of the record note book from
the faculty in charge when all the experiments are completed.

 Before appearing the university practical examination, the students must

get the bonafied signature in the record note book.

 Don’t operate the equipment/machineries/mockups until you are asked to

do so.

 Observe safety precautions strictly as instructed by the faculty in charge.

ME3581 METROLOGY DYNAMICS AND LABORATORY L T P C
0 0 4 2
OBJECTIVES:
The main learning objective of this course is to prepare the students able to:

 Apply the principles of kinematics involved in various mechanisms.

 Apply the principles of dynamics involved in various experiments
 Demonstrate the calibration of simple linear measuring instruments used
in manufacturing industries.
 Demonstrate the important linear and angular measurements carried out in
manufacturing industries.
 Demonstrate the measurement of prismatic components using contact and non-
contact methods and surface metrology.

Part-I:DYNAMICS LABORATORY LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of gear parameter

2. Kinematic models to study various mechanisms.

3. Determination of moment of inertia of flywheel and axle system.

Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia of axis symmetric bodies using Turn Table
4.
apparatus

5. Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia using bifilar suspension and compound pendulum.

6. Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam – with and without concentrated masses.

Determination of torsional natural frequency of single and Double Rotor systems.-

7.
Undamped and Damped Natural frequencies.

8. Dynamic analysis of cam mechanism.

9. Experiment of Watt Governor.

10. Experiment of Porter Governor.

11. Experiment of motorized gyroscope.

12. Determination of critical speed of shaft.

 Part-II: METROLOGY LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Calibration of vernier caliper using gauge blocks and measurement of given samples.
2. Calibration of micrometer using gauge blocks and measurement of given samples using
micrometer.
3. Calibration of dial gauge using given gauge blocks.
4. Calibration of vernier height gauge using gauge blocks and measurement of given sample
using vernier height gauge.
5. Calibration of vernier depth gauge using gauge blocks and measurement of given sample
using vernier depth gauge.
6. Measurement of bore diameter of given samples using Bore gauge.
7. Measurement of bore diameter of given samples using telescopic gauge
8. Measurement of linear dimensions of given sample using Comparator.
9. Measurement of angles using sine bar.
10. Measurement of gear parameters using gear tooth vernier.
11. Non-contact (Optical) measurement using Profile projector.
12. Measurement of Surface finish in components manufactured using various processes
(turning, milling, grinding, etc.,) using stylus based instruments.

Course period: 60 Hours

COURSE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course the students would be able to:

CO1 - The students able to measure the gear tooth dimensions, angle using sine bar, straightness.

CO2 - Determine mass moment of inertia of mechanical element, governor effort and range of

Sensitivity.

CO3 - Determine the natural frequency and damping coefficient, critical speeds of shafts.
 CORRELATION OF COURSE OUTCOMES(Cos) WITH POs/ PSOs

CO/
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
PO

CO1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2

CO2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

CO3 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2
 INDEX
DYNAMICS LABORATORY

Ex.No.
Name of the Experiment

1 Study of gear parameter.

2 Kinematic models to study various mechanisms

Determination of radius of gyration and moment ofinertia of Connecting
3.
rod by oscillation method
Determination of mass moment of inertia of
4.
compound pendulum
5. study the displacement motion curve of cam

6. Experimental verification of gyroscopic couple

7. Determination of mass moment of inertia using turntable apparatus

8. Determination of radius of gyration using Bifilar suspension

Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration in
9. a
single rotor system
9. b Determine natural frequency of torsional vibration intwo rotor system
To determine the whirling speed of shafts with
10.
various diameters experimentally and compare it withtheoretical values.
11. Transverse vibration of free beam setup

12. a Determination of Range Sensitivity, Effort Etc., for Watts Governor

12. b Determination of Range Sensitivity, Effort Etc., for porter Governor

BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

1 Free Vibration of Spring Mass System

2 Hartnell Governor Apparatus

INNOVATIVE PROJECT

1 Rotating Solar Tree Based on Sun TrackingMechanism

 INDEX
METROLOGY LABORATORY

Ex.No. Name of the Experiment

1.a Calibration of Vernier caliper

1.b Calibration of Micrometer

1.c Calibration of Dial gauge

Determine the height of the given specimen by usingVernier

2.a
Height gauge

Determine the height of the given specimen by usingVernier

2.b
Depth gauge

3 Measurement of gear parameters using gear toothvernier.

4.a Measurement of angles using sine bar.

Non-contact (Optical) measurement using Profile

4.b
projector.

Measurement of linear dimensions of given sample

5.a
using Comparator.

Measurement of bore diameter of given samples using Telescopic

5.b
gauge.

6.a Measurement of bore diameter of given samples usingBore gauge.

Measurement of Surface finish in components manufactured using

6.b various processes (turning, milling, grinding, etc.,) using stylus
based instruments.
 STUDY OF GEAR PARAMETERS

EX.NO: 1

AIM: - To study various types of kinematics links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

APPARATUS USED: - Kinematics links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

THEORY: - 1. Definitions of kinematics links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

1. Classifications of kinematics links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

2. Diagrams of kinematics links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms

4 Advantages & Disadvantages of kinematics links, Pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

5. Applications of kinematics link, Pairs, chains & Mechanism

6. Examples of kinematics link, Pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

KINEMATIC LINK: - A mechanism is made of a number of resistant bodies out of which some may

have motions relative to the others. A resistant body or a group of resistant bodies with rigid connections

preventing their relative movement is known as a link. A link also known as kinematic link or element.

Examples :- A slider-crank mechanism consists of four links: frame and guides, crank connecting rod

and slider, the crank link may have crankshaft and flywheel also, forming one link having no relative

motion of these.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LINKS:-

1. Binary link

2. Ternary link

3. Quarternary link

KINEMATIC PAIR: - A kinematic pair or simply a pair is a joint of two links having relative motion

between them.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF PAIRS:

1- Kinematics pairs according to nature of contact:-

(i) Lower pair (links having surface or area contact)

Examples- Nut turning on a screw, shaft rotating in a bearing, universal joint etc.
(ii) Higher pair (Point or line contact between the links)

Examples:- when rolling on a surface, cam and follower pair, tooth gears, ball and roller
bearings etc.

2- Kinematics pairs according to nature of Mechanical Constraint:-

(a) Closed pair (when the elements of a pair are held together mechanically)

Examples :- all the lower pairs and some of the higher pair

(b) Unclosed pair (when two links of a pair are in contact either due to force of gravity or some
spring action),

Example :- cam and follower pair.

3- Kinematics pairs according to nature of relative motion:-

(i) Sliding pair

(ii) Turning pair

(iii) Rolling Pair

(iv) Screw pair (Helical pair)

(v) Spherical pair

KINEMATIC CHAIN :- A kinematic chain is an assembly of links in which the relative motions of the

links is possible and the motion of each relative to the others is definite. If indefinite motions of other

links , it is a non-kinematic chain.

Types of kinematics chains :-

(i) Four bar chain or quadric cycle chain

(ii) Single slider crank chain

(iii) Double slider crank chain

MECHANISM :- A linkage is obtained if one of the links of a kinematics chain is fixed to the ground. If

motion of each link results in definite motions of the others, the linkage is known as a mechanism. If one

of the links of a redundant chain is fixed, it is known as a structure. The degree of freedom of a structure

is zero or less. A structure with negative degree of freedom is known as a superstructure.

OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION:-

1. Comparison between kinematics links,Pairs, chains & Mechanisms.

2. Type of Motion to be named.

VIVA-QUESTIONS:-

a) Define machine & structure.

b) Concept of kinematics links, pairs, chains & mechanism.

c) Classification & examples of all the kinematics links, pairs, chains & mechanism.

d) Grasshof’s criterion.

e) Types & examples of constrained motion.

 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define the fundamental parameters of gears and
C02
explain their significance in gear design. Remember Low
2. Discuss the relationship between gear module,
pitch diameter, and number of teeth. How do C02 High
Create
these parameters influence gear performance?
3. Explain the concept of gear ratio and its
importance in mechanical systems. How do gear C02 Understand Medium
parameters affect gear ratio?
4. Explain the impact of gear tooth profile (e.g.,
involute, cycloidal) on gear meshing efficiency C02 Understand Medium
and smooth operation.
5. Illustrate the role of pressure angle in gear
design. How does pressure angle affect load C02 Understand Medium
distribution and gear tooth strength?
6. Analyze the effect of backlash on gear
performance and noise levels. How can gear C02 Analyze High
parameters be adjusted to minimize backlash?
7. Discuss the significance of tooth thickness and
tooth depth in gear design. How do these C02 Create High
parameters impact gear strength and durability?
8. Examine the influence of gear material
properties on gear parameters such as tooth C02 Analyze High
profile, pitch, and pressure angle.
9. Explain the factors affecting gear tooth surface
C02 Understand Medium
roughness and how it relates to gear parameters.
10. Compare and contrast different methods for
measuring and analyzing gear parameters in C02 Analyze High
engineering applications.
 KINEMATIC MODELS TO STUDY VARIOUS MECHANISMS

EX.NO:02

AIM: -To study various types of gear trains- simple, compound, reverted, epicyclic and differential.

APPARATUS USED: -. Arrangement of Gear train system.

THEORY: -

1. Definition of. Geart rain

2. Classification of Geartrain

3. Diagrams of different types of Gear train.

4. Working & Construction of different types of Gear train.

5. Advantages & Disadvantages of Gear train

6. Applications of Gear train .

7. Examples of Gear train

GEAR TRAIN :- A gear train is a combination of gears used to transmit motion from one shaft to

another. It becomes necessary when it is required to obtain large speed reduction within a small space.

The following are the main types of gear trains:

(i) Simple gear train

(ii) Compound gear train

(iii) Reverted gear train

(iv) Planetary gear train

SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN :- A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion from one

gear to another is called a simple gear train. In it, all the gear axes remain fixed relative to the frame and

each gear is on a separate shaft.

Train Value = Number of teeth on driving gear / Number of teeth on driven gear

COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN :- When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two or more

gears rotate about an axis with the same angular velocity, it is known as compound gear train. In this

type, some of the intermediate shafts.

 Train Value = Product of Number of teeth on driving gear / Product of Number of teeth on driven gear

REVERTED GEAR TRAIN :- If the axes of the first and last wheels of a compound gear coincide; it is

called a reverted gear train. Such an arrangement is used in clocks and in simple lathes where ‘back gear’

is used to give a slow speed to the chuck.

Train Value = Product of Number of teeth on driving gear / Product of Number of teeth on driven gear

PLANETARY OR EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN :- When there exists a relative motion of axis in gear

train, it is called a planetary or an epicyclic gear train (or simply epicyclic gear or train). Thus in an

epicyclic train, the axis of at least one of the gears also moves relative to the frame.

Consider two gear wheels S and P, the axis of which are connected by an arm a. if the arm ‘a’ is fixed,

the wheels S and P constitute a simple train. However, if the wheel s is fixed so that the arm can rotate

about the axis of S, the wheel P would also move around S. therefore, it is an epicyclic train.

DIFFERENTIAL GEAR :- When a vehicle takes a turn, the outer wheels must travel farther than the

inner wheels. In automobiles, the front wheels can rotate freely on their axis and thus can adapt

themselves to the conditions. Both rear wheels are driven by the engine through gearing. Therefore, some

sirt of automatic device is necessary so that the two rear wheels are driven at slightly different speeds.

This is accomplished by fitting a differential gear on the rear axle.

OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION: -

1. Comparison between simple, compound reverted, epicyclic and differential. Gear train.

2. To calculate the train value.

3. To calculate the speed of any gear.

APPLICATIONS :-

(i) Gear trains are used in automobiles.

(ii) Reverted gear train are used in clock and simple lathe

(iii) Epicyclic gear are used in transmission, computing devices.

(iv) Gears are used in different machinery.

VIVA-QUESTIONS :-

a. Define about gear trains with classification, advantages & disadvantages and applications.

b. Define train value.

c. Define differential gear train with applications.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Explain the concept of kinematic modeling and its
significance in analyzing mechanical systems.
CO2 Understand Medium
Provide examples of real-world applications where
kinematic models are used.
2. Compare and contrast different types of kinematic
models used to study mechanisms, such as graphical,
CO2 Understand Medium
analytical, and computer-based models. Discuss the
advantages and limitations of each approach.
3. Select a specific mechanical mechanism (e.g., four-
bar linkage, slider-crank mechanism) and develop a
kinematic model to analyze its motion CO2 Apply High
characteristics. Include diagrams and equations to
support your analysis.
4. Investigate the role of kinematic models in
predicting and optimizing the performance of robotic
CO2 Analyze High
systems. How are kinematic models used in robot
design and control?
5. Explain the use of simulation software in kinematic
modeling of complex mechanisms. Discuss the
benefits of using simulation tools and provide CO2 Understand Low
examples of software commonly employed in
engineering practice.
6. Discuss the importance of accuracy and validation in
kinematic modeling. How can experimental data be CO2 Create High
used to validate kinematic models?
7. Analyze the impact of varying parameters (such as
link lengths, joint angles, or input velocities) on the
CO2 Analyze High
behavior of kinematic models. Provide practical
examples to illustrate your findings.
8. Investigate the relationship between kinematic
models and dynamic analysis in mechanical systems.
CO2 Analyze High
How do kinematic models contribute to
understanding dynamic behavior?
 DETERMINATION OF RADIUS OF GYRATION AND MOMENT OFINERTIA OF

CONNECTING ROD BY OSCILLATION METHOD

EXP NO:03

AIM:

To determine the radius of gyration & moment of inertia of connecting rod using oscillation
method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Connecting rod

2. Vernier calliper

3. Stop watch

FORMULA:

Time period tp= time taken / No of oscillation in (sec)

Moment of Inertia I=mk2 (kgm2)

K-radius of gyration(m) K2=h(l-h)

Natural frequency Fn=1/2π (Hz)

L1=Equivalent length of the connecting rod when the system is from the small end.

L1=g(TP1/2Π/)2

h1=Distance of small end from centre of gravity .

Natural frequency Fn2=1/2π 2 (Hz)

L2= Equivalent length of the connecting rod when the system is from the big end.

L2=g(TP2/2Π/)2

L=L1+L2/2

h2= Distance of big end from centre of

gravity .h1+h2=l+d1/2+d2/2

l-Length of connecting rod

PROCEDURE:

1.The experimental setup is taken and stand is fixed for oscillation of connecting rod.

2.The connecting with its small end is hanged on the stand.

3.Connecting rod is passed to a point and then it is released and allowed to oscillate.

4.Time is noted for 5 oscillation of rod.

5.Now some procedure is followed by hanging rod &readings are taken to find radius of gyration &MOI

of connecting rod by using the formula. I=mk2 (kgm2)

S.No Type of Time for 5 Mean Time Natural Radius of Moment

End oscillation time(s) period Frequency Gyration of Inertia
(t)(s) Tp(s)=t/n (Hz)(1/tp) (k)(m) I(kgm2)

RESULT:

Thus the radius of gyration & moment of inertia of given connecting rod is found out using
oscillation method.

Radius of gyration =

Moment of Inertia =
Questions

1. Define crank effort and crank pin effort .

Crank effort is the net effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to the crank , which gives the

required turning moment on the crankshaft.

The component of force acting along connecting rod perpendicular to the crank is known as

crank-pin effort.

2. Define Piston effort

Net force acting on the piston is termed as piston effort.

3. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram? It is the graphical

representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of the crank. It turning

moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank angle as abscissa.

4. Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels. The difference between the maximum

and the minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation of energy. Maximum

fluctuation=maximum energy-minimum energy .

5. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy. It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy

tothe work done per cycle .Ce=maximum fluctuation of energy/work done per cycle .

6. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed. It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to

the mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

Cs= (N1-N2)/NWhere,N1=maximum speedN2=minimum speed N=mean speed=(N1+N2)/2.

7. Define coefficient of steadiness.

The reciprocal of the fluctuation of speed is known as coefficient of steadiness'=1/Cs =N/

(N1-N2).

8. Why flywheels are needed in forging and pressing operations

In both the machines flywheels are required to control the variations in speed during each

cycle of an engine.
 9. Define static force analysis. If components of a accelerate, inertia is produced due to their

masses. However, the magnitude of these forces is small compared to the externally applied loads.

Hence inertia effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force

analysis.

10. Differentiate between static & dynamic equilibrium.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are:1.vector sum of

all the forces acting on a body is zero.2. The vector sum of all the moments of all the forces acting

about any arbitrary pointer axis is zero. First conditions are sufficient conditions for static

equilibrium together with second condition is necessary for dynamic equilibrium.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Explain the concept of moment of inertia and its
significance in engineering. How does the moment
CO2 Understand Medium
of inertia relate to the distribution of mass in a
mechanical system?
2. Explain the oscillation method used to determine the
moment of inertia of a connecting rod. Outline the
CO2 Understand Medium
experimental setup and procedure involved in
conducting this experiment.
3. Discuss the importance of accurately determining the
moment of inertia of a connecting rod in mechanical
CO2 Create High
engineering applications. How does it impact the
design and performance of machinery?
4. Explain the concept of radius of gyration and its
relationship with the moment of inertia. How is the
CO2 Understand Medium
radius of gyration calculated and what does it
represent?
5. Develop a mathematical model to predict the period
of oscillation of a connecting rod based on its
CO2 Create High
moment of inertia and other relevant parameters.
Include any assumptions made in your model.
6. Investigate the factors that may affect the accuracy
of the oscillation method in determining the moment
CO2 Analyze High
of inertia of a connecting rod. How can these factors
be minimized or controlled during experimentation?
 DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INTERIA OF COMPOUND PENDULUM

EX. NO : 04

Aim

To find out the moment of inertia of the given body

Apparatus required:

1. Compound pendulum

2. Scale

3. Stop watch

Experimental Setup:

A compound pendulum represents a represents a rigid body supported at ‘O’. So that it can swing in

vertical plane about some axis passing through it.

Formula used:

1. Time period Tp= 2π / √Kexp2+OH2/g xOG

OG-distance between centre of gravity and suspension point

2.Experimental radius of gyration= √ (4 π2 /T xgxOG )-Oh2

Time period observed =time taken/ no. oscillation

3.Experimental Frequency =1/T

4. Theoretical frequency =1/T √ GxOh/g2 +oh2

L-Length of compound pendulum

Moment of Inertia I= mk2

m- mass of the compound pendulum

Procedure:

1. Measure the distance of suspension point O from the center of gravity G of given compound

pendulum

2. Compound pendulum is suspended from the suspension point and is oscillated.

 3. Time taken for 10 oscillations is found out using stop watch and three trials are made for the

same suspension point.

4. By varying the distance of suspension point above procedure is repeated.

5. Average time taken for each suspension point is calculated.

6. Using formula Natural frequency, radius of gyration and Moment of inertia are calculated.

OBSERVATION:

Length of compound pendulum L= 1000mm

Mass of the compound pendulum=800mm

Distance of Centre of Gravity=L/2

Mass=760kg

Tabulation

Time
Time Mean Moment of
Height

Sl. period Natural

taken for time’ t’ Radius of gyration of k inertia
No T=t/n frequency
10 sec Kg-m2
sec
oscillation

Exp Ther
Exp K the
fn fn
 Result :

Thus Radius of gyration of given compound pendulum and moment of inertia are found out

Experimental radius of gyration K exp=

Theoretical radius of gyration Kth=

Moment of inertia I=

Questions
1. What is free body diagram? A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which

shows all the pertinent weight force, the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its supports

connections acting upon it by the removed elements.

2. Differentiate between static & dynamic equilibrium. Necessary and sufficient conditions

for static and dynamic equilibrium are:1.vector sum of all the forces acting on a body is

zero.2. The vector sum of all the moments of all the forces acting about any arbitrary pointer axis is

zero. First conditions are sufficient conditions for static equilibrium together with second

condition is necessary for dynamic equilibrium.

3. Define applied and constraint force. The external force acting on a system of body from

outside the system is called applied force. The constraint forces are the forces existing internally

within the body.

4. Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis. If components of

a machine accelerate, inertia forces are produced due to their masses. If the magnitude of

these forces are small compared to the externally applied loads, they can be neglected while

analysis the mechanism. Such analysis is known as static force analysis.

5. Define inertia force.

The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in an

equilibrium position. Inertia force = -Accelerating force = - m.a

 7. State D‟Alembert‟s principle.

D'Alembert's principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the and torques acting

on a body together result in static equilibrium.

8. State principle of superposition.

The principle of superposition states that for linear systems the individual responses to

several disturbances or driving functions can be superposed on each other to obtain the total

response of the system.

9. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of

the crank. It turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank

angle as abscissa.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Explain the concept of mass moment of inertia
and its significance in engineering. How does
CO3 Understand Low
the mass moment of inertia affect the motion of
mechanical systems?
2. Describe the compound pendulum setup used to
determine the mass moment of inertia. Outline
CO3 Understand Low
the experimental procedure involved in
conducting this experiment.
3. Discuss the importance of accurately
determining the mass moment of inertia of a
compound pendulum in mechanical engineering
CO3 Create High
applications. How does it influence the design
and performance of systems utilizing pendulum
motion?
4. Explain the difference between a simple
pendulum and a compound pendulum in terms
CO3 Evaluate Medium
of their motion characteristics and experimental
setup for determining mass moment of inertia.
 STUDY THE DISPLACEMENT MOTION CURVE OF CAM

EXP NO : 05

Aim :

To study the profile of given can using cam analysis system and to draw the displacement

diagram for the follower and the cam profile .Also to study the Jump speed characteristics of the cam

follower mechanism .

Apparatus required :

Cam analysis system and dial gauge .

Description :

A cam is a machine element such as cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact so

designed as to give the follower . A cam is a rotating body imparting oscillating motor to the follower .

All the cam mechanisms are composed atleast of 3 links .

 Cam

 Follower

 Frame which guides the follower

Procedure :

1. Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower . Pull the rod and guides of pull rod .

2. Set the cam through 10 degree and note the projected length of the pull rod above the guide .

3. Calculate the life by subtracting each reading with initial reading .

Jumpspeed :

1. The cam is run at gradually increasing speed at which the follower jumps off .

2. The jump speed is observed for the different loads of follower .

 Tabulation

Linear displacement of the

Angular Follower in mm
Displacement of cams in Linear displacement of the follower in mm
degree Circular Arc Cam

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

Graph: To draw angular displacements of the cam Vs the linear displacements of theFollower by

graphical and Polar chart.

Result:

Thus by measuring the follower lift cam profile was drawn and jumping speed was observed for

the different loads of follower.

Questions

1. Define unbalance.:

A disc cam produces unbalance because its mass is not symmetrical with the axis of rotation

2. Define windup.

Twisting effect produced in the camshaft during the raise of heavy load follower is called as windup.

3. What are the effect and causes of windup?

The effect of windup will produce follower jump or float or impact.

Causes of windup are:

When heavy loads are moved by the follower,

When the follower moves at a high speed, and

When the shaft is flexible.

4. Flywheels are needed in forging and pressing operation?

In both forging and pressing operation, flywheels are required to control the variations in speed during each cycleof an

engine.

5. What is cam dynamics?

Cam dynamics is the study of cam follower system with considering the dynamic forces and torques

developed in it

6. How jump of the follower is reduced in cam follower system

In cam follower system the jump is reduced by using retaining spring

7. What is the remedy for camshaft windup?

Camshaft windup can be prevented to a large extend by mounting the flywheel as close as possible to the cam.
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define the concept of a cam and its role in
mechanical systems. How does the displacement CO3 Understand Low
motion curve of a cam contribute to its function?
2. Explain the significance of studying
displacement motion curves of cams in
engineering applications. How do these curves CO3 Understand Low
influence the design and performance of cam-
based mechanisms?
3. Describe the methods used to generate
displacement motion curves for cams, such as
graphical methods, analytical methods, and CO3 Create High
computer-aided simulations. Discuss the
advantages and limitations of each approach.
4. Explore the various types of displacement
motion curves encountered in cam design,
including uniform velocity, simple harmonic CO3 Evaluate Medium
motion, and modified profiles. Compare and
contrast their characteristics and applications.
 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF GYROSCOPIC COUPLE

EX.NO:06

Aim:

To determine the active and the reactive gyroscopic couples and compare them.

Apparatus required:

Gyroscopic, tachometer, variable voltage transformer, rotating disc with a light reflecting stickerto
scraboscope speed measurement.

Procedure:

1.The disc is made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time using variable voltage transformer.2.the

speed of the disc(N) is measured using a scraboscope or tachometer.

3. a weight/mass is added on the extending platform attached to the disc .

4.this causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly (rotating disc, rotor and weight
platform with weight) is standing to move in a perpendicular plane to that of plane rotating disc. This
is called gyroscopic motion.

5.the time taken(t) to the transverse a specific angular displacement(Ø) is noted.

Formula used:

1. Mass moment of inertia of the disc(I)

I= md2/8

M-mass of disc

d-diameter of disc

2. Angular velocity of disc(ω)

ω =2∏N/60 rad/sec

N- speed of disc

3. Angular velocity of precession

ωp = (Ø/t)*( ∏/180) rad/sec

4. Reactive gyroscopic couple

Cr =IωωpNm
 5. Active gyroscopic

coupleCa=wL

w- weight added mg in N

L- Distance between centre of weight to the centre plane of disc.

Graph: between active and reactive and gyroscopic couples are

obtained.Active couple vs reactive couple

Weight added vs reactive couple

TABULATION:

S Speed Weight Angular Time for Angular Angular Active Reactive

no added displacement angle turned revolution velocity couple couple
of of disc (N/m)
M W (θ) (t) (N/m)
precession (r/s)
(r/s)
\Kg (N)

Result :

Thus, the above characteristics curves are drawn in graph and the comparison between active and reactive and

gyroscopic couples are obtained.

Questions

1. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ship? Why?

We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of precession should always

be perpendicular to the axis of spin. In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession is always parallel to

the axis of spin for all positions. Hence there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the

body of the ship[ during rolling.

2. What is the principle of inertia governors? In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the

inertia forces caused by an angular acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their

positions.

3. Define power of a governor? The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a

given percentage change of speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the

distance through which the sleeve moves. Power=Mean Effort Lift of sleeve

4. What is meant by isochronous condition in governors? A governor with zero range of speed

is known as an isochronous governor. Actually the isochronisms is the stake of Infinite

sensitivity.

5. Give the applications of gyroscopic principle. It is used:(i) In instrument or toy known as

gyroscope.(ii) In ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves, and(iii)

In aero planes, Monorail cars, gyrocompasses, etc.

6. What so you mean by governor effort? The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given

percentage change of speed for lift of the sleeve is known as the governor effect.

7. What is controlling force diagram? When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as

ordinate and radius of rotation of the balls as abscissa, the graph so obtained is called

controlling force diagram.

 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define gyroscopic couple and explain its
significance in mechanical systems. How does
CO3 Understand Low
gyroscopic couple influence the motion of
rotating bodies?
2. Describe the experimental setup used to verify
the existence and effects of gyroscopic couple.
CO3 Understand Medium
Outline the procedure involved in conducting
this experiment.
3. Discuss the importance of experimental
verification of gyroscopic couple in engineering
applications. How does understanding CO3 Create High
gyroscopic effects contribute to the design and
performance of rotating machinery?
4. Explain the theoretical principles underlying the
generation of gyroscopic couple in rotating
bodies. Discuss the relationship between angular CO3 Evaluate Medium
velocity, mass distribution, and gyroscopic
couple.
 DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INTERIA USING
TURN TABLE APPARATUS

EX NO:07

AIM:

To determine angular velocity ,angular acceleration moment of inertia ,centrifugal force of turntable.

Experimental setup:

*rotary disc: 390mm dial×12 thick with central bush ,weight hanger

*motor: variable spur 0-800rpm,0-30VDC,compact 2.5amps mount vertically top plate and shaft is extended

on top

*control panel: it is combined panel and section at hours DC motor, inside meter /control comprises

following

*variac: 0-2A, 0-230v,heavy duty

*RPM meter: digital 0-9999rpm, led display

*fuse: 2A and main switch

*rectifier: bridge rectifier

*sliding weight: it is mount on 2set,2 brackets one side

*weights: 3numbers for each side

*dial weights: 1NO

OBSERVATION:

(DISC) axial load W: 0.1kg

FORMULA:

Initial velocity v1= D1N/60

D1=2r1

Final velocity v2= πD2N/60

D2= 2r2
Angular acceleration = (r2 v2-r1v1)/t m./sq.sec

Centrifugal force f= [ m(v2)²]/v2

Moment of inertia I= m×(v2)² kgm²

V2= final velocity v1= initial velocity M=mass of disc with weight added

PROCEDURE:

1. Weight were added on each side of table.

2. Switched on the motor to turn the table.

3. The voltage 24 volts was set on the voltage regulation

4. Time taken for the sliding of weight is measured by stopwatch.

5. Speed of disc is measured by tachometer.

6. Step 3,4,5, were repeated for adding move masses on each side.

TABULATION:

Weight Weight Speed of Time Moment Angular C.F=

added of a the taken of Accerlation MV2²
on each disc disc(rpm) In R1 V1 R2 V2 inertia R2v2- /V2
side(m) (m+2m) changing m/s m/s (kgm²) r1v1/t (N)
In kg position(t) (Rad/s)
sec

RESULT:

Thus the angular velocity ,angular acceleration mass moment of inertia centrifugal force of the

turn table are observed and calculated.

Questions

1. Define linear momentum

Linear momentum= mv
m- mass of the body
v- velocity of the body
2. Define angular momentum
Angular momentum= Iw
I- Moment of Inertia
w- Angular velocity of the body
3. What is mass moment of Inertia
Second moment about an axis due to mass is termed as Mass moment of Inertia
4. Significant of mass moment of inertia
Mass moment of inertia of a body will resist rotational effects
5. What is area moment of inertia
Second moment about an axis due to area is termed as area moment of inertia
6. Significant of area moment of inertia
Area moment of inertia of a plane will resist bending effects
7. What is general plane motion
The motion which has both the effect of translation as well as rotation
8. What are the types of motion
Rectilinear motion, curve linear motion, pure rotation, General plane motion
9. Give examples for general plane motion
The motion of connecting rod in a reciprocation mechanism, The motion of rope over a
cylindrical pulley
10. Define Inertia force
It’s a property of matter by virtue of which a body resist any change in velocity.
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define the concept of mass moment of inertia
and its importance in engineering. How does
CO3 Understand Low
mass moment of inertia relate to the rotational
motion of objects?
2. Describe the turntable apparatus used for
determining mass moment of inertia in
engineering experiments. Explain the CO3 Understand Medium
components of the apparatus and how it
functions.
3. Discuss the significance of accurately
determining mass moment of inertia in
engineering applications. How does it influence CO3 Create High
the design and performance of rotating
machinery and systems?
4. Explain the theoretical principles behind the
turntable method for measuring mass moment of
inertia. How does the rotation of the turntable CO3 Evaluate Medium
provide information about the inertia of the test
object?
 DETERMINATION OF RADIUS OF GYRATION USING
BIFILAR SUSPENSION

EX.NO:08

AIM:
To determine the radius of gyration and the moment of inertia of a given rectangular plate.

APPARATUS USED:

1. Main frame
2. Bifilar plane
3. Weight
4. Stop watch
FORMULA:

Time period T=t/n Natural

Frequency fn =1/T

Radius of gyration K=T/2π in mm

a- distance of string from Centre of Gravity

T-Time period

L-Length of spring
N-No of oscillation
t- time taken for N oscillations

Fexp=1/T (HZ)

Fth= 1/2π( K2th

Kth=L/2

a=13.5cm a=13.5*10-2m
PROCEDURE:

1. Select the bifilar plane.

2. With the help of chuck tighter the spring at the top.

3.Adjust the length of spring to desired valve.

4. Give a small horizontal displacement about vertical axis.

5. Start the stop watch and note down the time required for N-oscillation.

6. Repeat the experiment by adding weight and also by changing the length of the spring.

7.Do the model calculation.

S.N Length of Time taken Mean Time Fexp= Experimental Theoritical Fth
O spring for 10 time(t) period 1/T Kexp(COG) radius of (Hz)
oscillation (m) gyration
(m) (s) (sec) (T=t/n) Kth(m)

RESULT:
Thus radius of gyration and moment of inertia are calculated by using Bifilar suspension.
Questions
1. Define logarithmic decrement.
Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The
amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean
position.
2. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in the foundation.
So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission of forces to the foundation,
vibration isolation is important.
3. What are the functions of Governor?
The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits whenever there
is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and hence the fuel supply to carter the load
variation on engines.
4.How governors are classified?
1. Centrifugal governors.(a) Pendulum type: Example: Watt governor(b) Gravity controlled type:
Example: Porter and proell governors) Spring controlled type: Example: Harnell and Hartung
governors
5.Differentiate between governor and flywheel?
governor is provided on prime movers such as engines and turbines It is provided on engine and fabricating
machines rolling mills, punching machines, shear machines, presses etc. flywheel works intermittently,
i.e., only when there is change in load. It works continuously from cycle to cycle.
6. What is meant by sensitiveness of governors?
The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between the maximum and
minimum speeds. A governor is said to be sensitive, when it really to a small change of speed.
7. What is gyroscopic torque?
Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque is applied on the rotating body.
State different method of finding natural frequency of a system.1. Equilibrium method,2. Energy
method,3. Rayleigh method.
8 What is meant by free vibration and forced vibration? Free (or) natural vibration: When no external
force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement, then the body is to said to be Free (or) natural
vibration Forced Vibration: When the body vibrates under the influences of external forces, then the body
is said to be under Forced vibration.
9. Define resonance.
When the frequency of external forces is equal frequency of a vibrating body, the amplitude of
vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define the concept of radius of gyration and its
significance in engineering. How does radius of
CO3 Understand Low
gyration relate to the distribution of mass in an
object?
2. Describe the bifilar suspension apparatus used
for determining radius of gyration in engineering
CO3 Understand Medium
experiments. Explain the components of the
apparatus and how it functions.
3. Discuss the importance of accurately
determining radius of gyration in engineering
applications. How does it influence the design CO3 Create High
and performance of rotating systems and
structures?
4. Explain the theoretical principles behind the
bifilar suspension method for measuring radius
of gyration. How does the oscillation of the CO3 Evaluate Medium
suspended object provide information about its
inertia properties?
 TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF FREE BEAM SETUP

EXP NO:11

AIM:
To study transverse vibration of a beam subjected to uniform load and concentrated load. The setupis as
follows.

Main Frame;

Turnion: 2 brackets of turnion bearing with slots to insert at approx 1metre apartWeighs;

100 gms * 5nos

Specification:

Length of beam = 1300mm

Width of beam =25mm

Weight of beam =1.6 kg

Procedure:

1. fit beam into both the slots of turnion bearing and tighten them rigidly

2. add weights, either concentrated at center or uniformly

3. Give a swing to beam

$. Note down the time required for 5 oscillation.

5. repeat experiments for different weights

6. Change the position of weights

7. repeat the experiments

8.Find out the deflection for different weights

FORMULA:

1. Theoritical frequency Fth= 0.4985/

W-Weight applied
 L= length of beam

E= 200x10^9N/m^2

I= bh^3/12

b- breadth of beam H-

thickness of beam

w- weight of beam = bhl x p x g = 1.6kg c-

density of beam material = 8000kg/m^3

b,h- breadth & thickness beam g= 9.81 m/s^2

Time period T = Time taken/no.of. oscillation

Experimental frequency Fexp =1/T

OBSERVATION

length of beam = 109cm

breadth of beam =2.5cm

thickness of beam =0.5cm

TABULATION :

sl.no. weight Time mean Time Experimental Deflection Theoritical frequency

added taken for time period frequency Fth=
gm n=5 (t) T=t/n Fexp =1/T Measured 0.4985/
oscillation actual

Result

Thus the transverse vibration of the beam subjected to uniform and concentrated load is studied
Questions
1. What are the causes and effect of vibration?
The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self excitation, wind and earth
quakes. The existence of vibration elements in any mechanical system produces unwanted noise, high stress,
poor reliability and premature failure of one or more of the parts.
2. Define frequency, cycle, period. Frequency:
It is the number of cycles described in one second Cycle: It is defined as the motion completed during one time
period Period: It is the time interval after which the motion the motion is repeat itself.
2. Define free vibration.
Free vibrations: if the periodic motion continues after the causes of original disturbance is removed, then the
body is said to be under free vibrations.
3. What are the different types of vibrations?
1. Free vibrations,2. Forced vibrations,
3. Damped vibrations.
4. State different method of finding natural frequency of a system.
1. Equilibrium method,2. Energy method,3. Rayleigh method.
5. What is meant by free vibration and forced vibration?
Free (or) natural vibration: When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement,
then the body is to said to be Free (or) natural vibration Forced Vibration: When the body vibrates under the
influences of external forces, then the body is said to be under Forced vibration.
6. Define resonance.
When the frequency of external forces is equal frequency of a vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes
excessively large. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
7. What is meant by degrees of freedom in a vibrating system?
The number of independent coordinate required to completely define the motion of a system is known as
degree of freedom of the system.
8. What is the natural frequency of simple spring mass
system? Natural Frequency, fn=1/2π

S=Stiffness of the spring M= Mass of the body suspended from the spring, δ
= Static deflection of the spring due to the weight.
9. Give examples for the desirable effects of vibration
Alarms, toys
10. What type of dampers are provided in two
wheelers? Viscous damping
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping

1. Define the concept of transverse vibration and

its significance in mechanical engineering. How
CO3 Understand Low
does transverse vibration influence the dynamic
behavior of structures?
2. Describe the experimental setup for studying the
transverse vibration of a free beam. Explain the
CO3 Understand Medium
components of the setup and how it facilitates
the analysis of beam vibrations.
3. Discuss the importance of studying transverse
vibration in engineering applications. How does
knowledge of beam vibration characteristics CO3 Create High
contribute to the design and analysis of
structures?
4. Explain the theoretical principles underlying the
transverse vibration of a free beam. Discuss the
CO3 Evaluate Medium
governing equations and boundary conditions
that govern the motion of the beam.
 DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN TWO
ROTOR SYSTEM
EXP NO:09.b.

AIM:
To determine period and frequency of turned vibration of two rotor system and compare it withtheoretical
value.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

Shaft, measuring tape, stopwatch, chuck key, weight

FORMULA:

Time period T= t/n (sec)

n- no of oscillation

Natural frequency fn: 1/T (HZ) Theoretical

frequency :Fth= 1/2π√GJ/IaLaG- modulus

of rigidity (24×10⁹ n/m²)

J- polar moment of inertia πd⁴/32 mm⁴

Ia- ma d²/8

Ib- mb d²/8

L= la+lb

L= Ia/Ib× La+Lb

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the disc A and B to the shaft and fix it shaft in bearing.

2. Deflect the disc A+B in opposite direction

3. Notedown the time acquired for N=5 osscilation

4. Fit the cross to the disc

5. Repeat the procedure

 TABULATION:

Weight Time for Time Experimental Moment Moment Distance Distance Theoretical
of disc oscillation perio natural of of inertia of node of node frequency
(kg) (sec) d frequency inertia of disc B disc A of
T=t/n Fn(HZ) Disc A (Ib) La(m) disc(ῳ)
(Ia) La(m)

RESULT:

Thus the period and frequency of torsional vibration of two rotor system is determined

Viva Questions

1. What is node in a multi rotor system

Node is section at which the shaft will not undergo any twist

2. Define torsional equivalent shaft

A shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be replaced by an equivalent uniform

dia such that they have same total angle of twist when equal opposing torques are applied.

3. What are the conditions to be satisfied for an equivalent system that of geared system in

torsional vibrations

1. the kinetic energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the kinetic energy of the

original system.

2. the strain energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the strain energy of the original

system.
4. What is the relation between damped and undamped vibration

Undamped frequency=(1-E2)damped frequency

E- Damping factor

5. Define free vibration.

Free vibrations: if the periodic motion continues after the causes of original disturbance is

removed, then the body is said to be under free vibrations.

6. What is meant by free vibration and forced vibration? Free (or) natural vibration: When no

external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement, then the body is to said to be

Free (or) natural vibration Forced Vibration: When the body vibrates under the influences of

external forces, then the body is said to be under Forced vibration.

7. Define resonance.

When the frequency of external forces is equal frequency of a vibrating body, the amplitude of

vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as resonance.

8. What type of motion is exhibited by a vibrating system when it is critically damped? A periodic

motion is exhibited

9. What is the limit beyond which damping is detrimental and why?

When the damping factor £=1.the aperiodic motion is resulted .That is ,a periodic motion means

the system cannot vibrate due to over damping. Once the system is disturbed, it will take infinite time

to come back to equilibrium.

10. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibrations.

In transverse vibration, the particles of the shaft approximately perpendicular to the the axisof

the shaft. Due to transverse vibration, tensile and compressive stresses are induced

Due to torsional vibration, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define torsional vibration and its significance in
mechanical engineering. How does torsional CO3 Understand Low
vibration differ from other types of vibration?
2. Describe the theoretical principles governing
torsional vibration in mechanical systems.
Explain the factors that influence the natural CO3 Understand Medium
frequency of torsional vibration in a two-rotor
system.
3. Discuss the importance of accurately
determining the natural frequency of torsional
vibration in engineering applications. How does
CO3 Create High
knowledge of torsional vibration behavior
contribute to the design and analysis of rotating
machinery?
4. Explain the experimental setup for determining
the natural frequency of torsional vibration in a
two-rotor system. Discuss the instrumentation CO3 Evaluate Medium
and measurement techniques used in
experimental studies.
 DETERMINATION OF WHIRILING OF SHAFT
EX.NO:10

AIM:

To study the winding of shaft and to determine the critical speed of the shaft

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Meter scale

Whirling of the shaft set ups

DESCRIPTION:
The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of shaft from the axis of rotation

becomes infinite is known as critical speed. Normally the shaft will always displacement from axis of

rotation although the amount of displacement may be very small as a radius of shaft rotates.

FORMULA USED:

Critical speed of the shaft (radian)

where,

g = 9.81 m/s² (acceleration due to gravity)

δ = 5wl^4/384EI (deflection)

Young‟s modulus, E (for stainless steel) = 1.8 x 1011 N/ m2

E = 200*10^9 N/m^2(Steel)(young’s modulus) I

= π/64 (D^4) ------- Intertia ,ρ = 8000 kg /m^3

Mass=ρ*area*L, Area=π/4 *D2 *L

W=Mass*9.81/length

Fn= √5×g/384δ

V = π/4×d²l
 Theoretical whirling speed, Nctheo = {0.4985 / [sqrt (δs / 1.27)]} x60

NC=60×Fn

OBSERVATION:

Young‟s modulus, E (for stainless steel) = 1.8 x 1011 N/ m2

Length of the shaft, L = 1 m

Shaft 1 (stainless steel) Shaft 2 (stainless steel)

m1 = 0.075 kg, m2 = 0.085 kg, m3 = 0.150 kg

d1 = 0.003 m

d2 = 0.004 m

d3 = 0.008 m

GRAPH:

Deflection vs critical speed

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the given rod specimen rod and fix it in the chuck.

2. Using various speed measure the deflection of the rod in mm.

3. Tabulate the reading for different speed and note down the deflection.

4. Calculate the critical speed by using given formula.

TABULATION:

Diameter of Distance Deflection Speed Critical speed Theoretical

the shaft between δ observed Critical speed
(cm) chuck & free
end
(cm)

RESULT:

Thus the critical speed of the shaft has been obtained.

Viva Questions

1 .What is the limit beyond which damping is detrimental and why?

When the damping factor £=1.the aperiodic motion is resulted, a periodic motion means the system

cannot vibrate due to over damping. Once the system is disturbed, it will take infinite time to come back to

equilibrium.

2. What is meant by critical damping? The system is said to be critically damped when the damping

factor £=1.If then system is critically damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium

position within no time.

3. What type of motion is exhibited by a vibrating system when it is critically damped? A periodic motion is

exhibited

4. Define critical or whirling speed. The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft.

In other words ,the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis

of the rotation becomes infinite ,is known as critical speed.

5. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of a shaft? The critical speed essential depends

on; The eccentricity of the C.G.of the rotating masses from the axis of rotation of the shaft.

Diameter of the disc

Span (Length) of the shaft,

Type of supports connections at its ends.

6. What are the causes of critical speed? The Critical Speed occurs due to the one or more following reasons:1.

Eccentricity mounting like gear, flywheel, pulleys, etc2. Bending of the shaft due to own weight3.

Non-uniform distribution of the rotor material, etc

7. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibrations.

In transverse vibration, the particles of the shaft approximately perpendicular to the the axis of theshaft.

Due to transverse vibration, tensile and compressive stresses are induced

Due to torsional vibration, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
8. What are the causes and effect of vibration? The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic

nature of the system, self excitation, wind and earthquakes. The existence of vibration elements in any

mechanical system produces unwanted noise, high stress, poor reliability and premature failure of one or more of

the parts.

9. Define frequency, cycle, period. Frequency: It is the number of cycles described in one second

Cycle: It is defined as the motion completed during one time period

Period: It is the time interval after which the motion the motion is repeat itself.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define whirling of shaft and its significance in
mechanical engineering. How does whirling CO3 Understand Low
differ from other types of shaft vibration?
2. Describe the theoretical principles governing
whirling of shafts in rotating machinery. Explain
CO3 Understand Medium
the factors that influence the onset and
characteristics of shaft whirling.
3. Discuss the importance of accurately
determining whirling of shafts in engineering
applications. How does knowledge of shaft CO3 Create High
whirling behavior contribute to the design and
analysis of rotating machinery?
4. Explain the experimental setup for determining
the occurrence of whirling of a shaft. Discuss
CO3 Evaluate Medium
the instrumentation and measurement techniques
used in experimental studies.
 DETERMINE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION IN
SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM

EX.NO.:9.a.

Aim

To determine the natural frequency of torsional vibration in single rotor system .

Appratus required

1. Single rotor set up

2. Steel rule

3. Stop watch

4. Chuck key.

Procedure:

1. Length of the shaft is adjusted by loosening the chuck using chuck key and the length of the

shat is measured.

2. The rotor is deflected in angular direction

3. The time taken for 5 oscillations are noted

4. Three trials are made and the reading are noted.

5. For different lengths of shaft by adjusting length of shaft, the readings are noted

6. The above procedure is repeated for various shaft material.

Formula:

1. Natural frequency of the shaft Fn=1/2π√GJ/Il

G-Modulus of rigidity= 2x109

Polar moment of inertia J=πd4/32

Torsional stiffness =GJ/2

T theo =2π√ I/Kt

 Length Of
Sr. Shaft No. of oscillation Time K Tth Texp Fnth Fnexp
No.

10mm

Steel 20mm
30mm
10mm

Copper 20mm
30mm

Result:

The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in single rotorsystemis ------------------------------- Hz

Viva Questions

1. What is node in a multi rotor system

Node is section at which the shaft will not undergo any twist

2. Define torsional equivalent shaft

A shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be replaced by an equivalent uniform

dia such that they have same total angle of twist when equal opposing torques are applied.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
1. Define whirling of shaft and its significance in
mechanical engineering. How does whirling differ CO3 Understand Low
from other types of shaft vibration?
2. Describe the theoretical principles governing whirling
of shafts in rotating machinery. Explain the factors
CO3 Understand Medium
that influence the onset and characteristics of shaft
whirling.
3. Discuss the importance of accurately determining
whirling of shafts in engineering applications. How
CO3 Create High
does knowledge of shaft whirling behavior contribute
to the design and analysis of rotating machinery?
 DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY, EFFORT ETC., FOR WATTS GOVERNOR

EX.NO:12.a

DIAGRAMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF WATT GOVERNOR:

TABULATION:

Height of Radius of
Sleeve the Speed rotation Centrifugal Sensitivity (s) Effort Power (P)
S.No Displacement Governor (N) (r) force ‘F’ (e) ‘N’ ‘Nmm’
(X) ‘mm’ (h) ‘mm’ ‘rpm’ ‘mm’
Graph:

Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement

Centrifugal Force Vs Radius of

Rotation
Viva questions.

1. What is a Watts governor, and what is its primary function?

The Watts governor is a type of centrifugal governor used to regulate the speed of steam engines. Its
primary function is to automatically adjust the throttle valve to maintain a relatively constant speed of
the engine, regardless of load changes.
2. How does the Watts governor achieve its speed regulation function?
The Watts governor operates on the principle of centrifugal force. As the speed of the engine
increases, the centrifugal force acting on the governor balls or weights causes them to move outward,
which in turn actuates a mechanism to adjust the throttle valve, reducing steam flow and thereby
controlling the engine speed.
3. What is range sensitivity in the context of a Watts governor?
Range sensitivity refers to the ability of the governor to respond to changes in speed within a certain
range. It is a measure of how effectively the governor can control the engine speed under varying
load conditions.
4. How is range sensitivity determined experimentally for a Watts governor?
Range sensitivity can be determined experimentally by measuring the change in speed of the engine
for a given change in load while keeping other parameters constant. It is typically expressed as the
ratio of change in speed to change in load.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
Design an experimental procedure to determine the
range sensitivity of a Watts governor. Outline the steps
1 involved in setting up the experiment, including the CO3 Create High
selection of appropriate instrumentation, measurement
techniques, and data analysis methods
Discuss the factors that may affect the range
sensitivity of the governor and how they can be
controlled or accounted for in the experimental setup.
Present your experimental results and analyze the
2 performance of the Watts governor in terms of its CO3 Create High
range sensitivity. Discuss any limitations or challenges
encountered during the experiment and propose
recommendations for improving the accuracy and
reliability of the results.
 DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY, EFFORT ETC., FOR PORTER GOVERNOR

EX.NO:12.b.

DIAGRAMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF PORTER GOVERNOR

Sleeve Height of Speed Radius (r) Power (P)

Displacement the (N)
S.No Governor ‘mm’ Centrifugal Sensitivity (s) Effort ‘Nmm’
(X) ‘mm’ ‘rpm’ force ‘N’
(h) ‘mm’ (e) ‘N’
Graph:
Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement Centrifugal

Force Vs Radius of Rotation

Questions

1. What are the functions of Governor?

The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits whenever
there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and hence the fuel supply to
carter the load variation on engines.

2. How governors are classified?

1. Centrifugal governors.(a) Pendulum type: Example: Watt governor(b) Gravity controlled
type: Example: Porter and proell governors) Spring controlled type: Example: Harnell and
Hartung governors

3. Differentiate between governor and flywheel?

governor is provided on prime movers such as engines and turbines It is provided on engine and
fabricating machines rolling mills, punching machines, shear machines, presses etc. flywheel
works intermittently, i.e., only when there is change in load. It works continuously from cycle to
cycle.

4. What is meant by sensitiveness of governors?

The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between the
maximum and minimum speeds. A governor is said to be sensitive, when it really to a small
change of speed.

5. What is gyroscopic torque?

Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque is applied on the rotating
body.
6. What is the effect of friction on the governor
The effect of friction on the governor is to increase the range of speed, governor effort and
power of governor

7. What is stability of governor? Governor is stable if there is only one radius of rotation for all
equilibrium speeds of balls within the working range

8. What is controlling force in a governor?

Centripetal
force acting on the flyballs is known as controlling force of a governors

9. What is meant by hunting of governor.

The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of engine speed above and below the mean speedis
termed as hunting.

10. What is meant by isochrnous governors

A governor with zero range of speed is known as isochronous governor. It is the stage of
infinite sensitivity.
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
Design an experimental procedure to determine the
range sensitivity of a Porter governor. Outline the
1 steps involved in setting up the experiment, including CO3 Create High
the selection of appropriate instrumentation,
measurement techniques, and data analysis methods
Discuss the factors that may affect the range
sensitivity of the governor and how they can be
controlled or accounted for in the experimental setup.
Present your experimental results and analyze the
2 performance of the Porter governor in terms of its CO3 Create High
range sensitivity. Discuss any limitations or challenges
encountered during the experiment and propose
recommendations for improving the accuracy and
reliability of the results.
 FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM
EX. NO.:01

AIM:

To determine the natural frequency of spring mass system.

Appratus required:

1. Spring mass setup

2. Masses

3. Stop watch

4. Scale

Experimental setup:

Spring mass system is a setup used to determine the experimental frequency. The body

whose frequency is to be determined is suspended by two springs. When the body is moved through

a small distance along a vertical axis through the centre of gravity, it will accelerate in a vertical

plane, then by taking the following readings with the single mass system we can determine the

frequency of a body.

Formula

1. Time period Tp=n/t

n- no of oscillations

t- time taken

2. Natural frequency Fn= 1/ Tp

3. Theoritical frequency Fn=1/2π√ k/m

k-Stiffness of spring= load /deflection N/m

m- mass suspended
Procedure

1. Take the reading for free vibration by manual jerk

2. Note down the time period

3. Now switch on the motor

4. Regulate the required speed

5. Take the reading for forced vibration.

Tabulation

Length of the Deflection Experimental Theoretical

Mass Timefor10 Time
Sl Spring L (mm) Stiffness
added periodfor natural natural
(mm) oscillation
no M k (N/m) one tp frequency, frequency
T(sec)
(kg) Initial Final Initial Final (sec) f n(exp), Hz fn(the), Hz

Graph:
Load vs Deflection
Load vs Theoretical natural frequency

Load vs Experimental natural frequency

Result:

Thus the Natural frequency of the spring mass system is found out.
 Questions

1. Determine the natural frequency of mass of 10kgsuspended at the bottom of two springs (of

stiffness: 5N/mm and 8N/mm) in parallel.

Natural Frequency ,fn=1/2π√ k/m

fn=1/2π√ 13/10 =.74 Hz

2. What is the effect of inertia on the shaft in longitudinal and transverse vibrations? In longitudinal vibrations,

he inertia effect of the shaft is equal to the that of a mass one third of the mass of the shaft

concentrated at its free end.11. State the expression for the frequency of simple pendulum. Natural

Frequency, fn =1/2π√ k/m

Where L = Length of the string.

3.Give the expression for natural frequency of water, which oscillates in a „U‟tube

manometer?

Natural Frequency, fn =1/2π√ g/L

Where L = Column length of the liquid.

4. What are the different types of damping?

Viscous damping,

Coulomb or dry friction damping

Solid or structural damping

Slip or interfacial damping

5. What is meant by Dynamic magnifier

It is the ratio of maximum displacement of forced vibration to the deflection due to the static

force.

6. What is the equivalent stiffness when two springs are in series and are in parallel In

series Seq= 1/s1+1/ s2

In parallel Seq= s1+ s2

7. How the mass moment of inertia is related with natural frequency of the system

fn=1/2π√ s/m

I= mk2

m- Mass of the body

s- stiffness of spring

k- radius of gyration

8. What is amplitude of vibration

Maximum displacement of vibrating body from the mean position.

9. Define Natural frequency

Frequency of free vibration of the system

10. What is longitudinal vibrations

When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft then the vibrations are

known as longitudinal vibrations.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
Design an experimental setup to investigate the free
vibration of a spring-mass system. Outline the
1 necessary components and instrumentation required CO3 Create High
for the experiment, including the spring, mass,
displacement sensors, and data acquisition system.
Investigate the effect of parameters such as mass,
2 stiffness, and damping on the dynamic response of the CO3 Create High
spring-mass system..
 HARTNELL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
EX.NO:02

AIM:

To determine the radius of rotation, Centrifugal force, Sensitivity, effort, power and draw the

characteristics Curves of Hartnell governor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Proell,Porter and Hartnell Governor

Digital Electronic Control Unit

Tachometer

FORMULA:

Where,

Governor Height (h) = ho – X/2 (mm)

Radius of Rotation (r) = √l 2-h (mm)

Centrifugal Force (f)= mω2r (N)

Sensitivity (s) = 2(N2-N1)/(N2+N1)

Percentage Increase in Speed (c) = (N2-N1)/ N1×100

Governor Effort (e) = [c(m+M)g] (N)

Governor Power (p) = ex (N-mm)

N2, N1 are maximum and minimum speed respectively

x= Sleeve displacement, m=mass of the ball in kg, r=radius of rotation

DESCRIPTION:

The drive unit consists of a DC electronic motor connected through belt and pulley arrangement.

Motor and test set up mounted on a M.S fabricated fram.The governor spindle is drivenby motor through

V-belt and is supported in a ball bearing.

 The optional governor mechanism can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is controlled by the

electronic control unit. A rpm indicate with sensor is to determine the speed. A graduated scale is fixed to

the sleeved and guided in vertical direction.

The centre sleeve of the porter, proell and Hartnell governors incorporates a weight sleeve towhich

weights may be added.

Result:

Thus the sensitivity of the governor is found out.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

CO
S.No Questions BT level Complexity
Mapping
Design an experimental investigation to analyze the
1 free vibration behavior of a Hartnell governor CO3 Create High
apparatus.
Describe the procedure for conducting the experiment,
2 including the initial conditions and data collection CO3 Create High
process
How does the free vibration behavior of a Hartnell
3 governor apparatus differ from its operation under CO2 Understand Medium
steady-state conditions?
INNOVATIVE
PROJECT
 ROTATING SOLAR TREE BASED ON SUN TRACKINGMECHANISM
EX.NO:

I. INTRODUCTION

Sun is a primary source of renewable energy. Other resources are polluting the environment at the time of
electricity production. Solar radiation is classified into two energy’s. One is thermal energy and another one is
electrical energy. These energies are used majorly used in satellites, water pumps and home uses.

The solar thermal energy station was started in the year 1912 at Egypt. After the years all other country’s
started adopting this concept of applying solar energy for various purposes like water heaters, heating, cooling,
ventilation, cooking, water treatment, electricity production and etc. In much country’s electricity production is
performed by using solar energy. Some country’s like USA, Europe, India and China use solar panels and photo
voltaiccells to produce the MeV energy to solve electricity problems.

A Solar Tree is a decorative means of producing solar energy and also electricity. It uses multiple no of
solar panels which forms the shape of a tree. The panels are arranged in a tree fashion in a tall tower./pole. In
recent days, solar trees are used in the world’s largest cities. These trees can be placed anywhere in the city and it
would be more beneficial for society.

As these trees top are attached with solar cells and at the bottom it will be connectedto the batteries, and
it saves the energy by storing it for later use. Flower shaped solar panel vehicles are been used in some countries
as it provides charging stations for mobile phones and laptops in parks, and other places. Solar panels and solar
tree technologies are placed in the large deserts or 100 acres of the land.

In this system solar panels used to rotate according to the angels of the sun and it is rotated with the help
of servo motor as it is located at the top of the tree. As the sun rises at morning 6’0 clock and falls by evening
6’0 clock, between that time interval solar panels placed at top of trees will keeps on adjusting its directions
facing the sun’s angles. In this project Wemos D1ESP8266 board is used with servo motors to track the sun’s
positions based on time.

II. OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this proposal is to fulfil increasing energy demand of the Society in current &
future generations. This Rotating Solar Tree can resolve the shortage of power starving areas. Five times extra
land can be saved by using this system. The energy saved due to Solar Tree can be diverted to needy areas. Solar
power can help in green advertisements thus save more than 8-10 GW conventional power per year in India.
III. METHODOLOGY

A. SYSTEM DESIGN

Solar trees system design was shown in Fig 1.

Fig 2. System Design of Rotating Solar tree

Linear Actuator are used in Rotating Solar Tree, which provides the titling action to North side panels in the
morning time (i.e. at 8 Am) at 23 degree and it will be keeps on changing according to the adjusting. As the solar
tree will be rotating with the help of Linear Actuator which will be used to driveRack&pinion at each and
every30 – 60minutes, by this more energy can be saved and optimized from the sun. At evening 6 PM actuator
will be closed again and the solar panels return to the original position.

The strokes of actuators are operated using PLC. Batteries will be fully charged with the help of solar energy
generated at the daytime, and later it can be used for backup at the night time the power is utilized for the LED
Advertisement Display & for lighting purpose.

B. Sun Angle Calculation

Earth rotates the sun in east to west direction and it observes solar energy around 24 hours a day. But
rotation of earth will receives 12 hours sun’s energy in any part of world.

Consider in India sun rises in 6 AM and fall in 6 PM, totally 12 hours per day so let us consider at the 180 degree
circle sun will not change the location

So 12 hours = 180 degree

 Convert into minutes 12 *60 = 720min 1 min =12/720
=0.25 degree
Sun rotates .25 degree/min
So apply this rate into servo motor to rotate 0.25 degree per minutes. It starts rotation at 6 AM and it will
end by 6 PM, after 6 PM it will turn into right waiting for sun. This rotating solar tree is fully based on time
LDR’s are used in these trees for producing some results. This tree will be turned off till 6 AM after 6 AM it will
be turned on.

IV. WORK PLAN

The work plan has been divided into different phases:
Phase 1 : Problem statement & Requirement Identification
The problem identified in this phase is to fulfill increasing energy demands of society and need to be
useful for people those who live in deserts and forest areas as they do not get proper electricity due to natural
disaster, problems arises in providing electricity .So system must be designed in such a way to withstand all such
conditions, it should be of renewable energy sources so it can be used over again and also it produces reduced
amount of air pollution. So solar energy is used to create clean, renewable power from the sun and benefits the
environment.

Requirement for this solar tree panels to observe solar energy from sun and servo motors to keep track of
sun’s angels and batteries for storing energy for later use. Only less amount of space is used by this system and it
is developed using low cost.

Phase 2: Design
The project is implemented and designed using WemosD1ESP82066 board, Servo motors and using the
hardware components as proceeded.

Phase 3: Rotating solar tree model for project submission

The final rotating solar tree model which is demonstrated and tested in real-time andcomparative analysis
report will be submitted for the approval of the project.

V. BUDGET

The cost estimation of the project is given below:

1. Wemos D1ESP8266 - Rs. 1400

2. Solar panel (4 no’s) - Rs. 3000
3. Servo motor - Rs. 1000
4. Battery - Rs. 2000
5. Base rods - Rs. 1000
6. Wires - Rs.500
7. LDR - Rs.50
The total cost of the budget is Rs. 8,950

VI. RESULT

Thus this proposal encompasses Wemos D1ESP8266 board along with the servo motors, which will
rotate accordingly to angle’s of the sun and based on time it measures the amount of electricity produced
per day. This solar trees top will be fully attached with solar panels and at the bottom it is connected with
batteries. With the help of these batteries obtained energy’s are been stored. Also the batteries will be fully
charged with the help of solar energy generated at the day time and later it can be used for backup. It can be
applied in street lightening system, industrial power supply etc. Putting solar power LED light systems
ontress would cut down on carbon emission as the solar energy creates clean, renewable power from the sun
and benefits the environment. The solar trees are easy to install and maintain. These trees do not occupy
more spaces, as it saves the five times extra land space. It can be placed in building gardens and anywhere of
city. We are receiving the solar energy for 9 months in the year. It is the best and alternate energy for all
other energy sources. In 2050 solar energy is used in 90% of the world. Moving solar trees satisfies the
human needs in any situations.