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introduction to physics

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kidsstudio45
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary of Lecture 1 – INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

1. Physical science is a science. Science works as per the logical strategy. The logical
strategy acknowledges just explanation, rationale, and exploratory proof to differentiate
between what is
deductively right and what isn't. Researchers don't just accept - they test and
continue to test until fulfilled. Since some "enormous researcher" says something is correct,
that
thing doesn't turn into a reality of science. Except if a revelation is over and overlaid out in
various research centers at various times by various individuals, or a similar hypothetical
outcome
is inferred by clear utilization of laid out rules, we don't acknowledge it as a logical revelation.
The genuine strength of science lies in the way that it constantly continues to challenge itself.

2. It is imagined that the laws of material science don't change from one spot to another. This
is the reason
tests completed in various nations by various researchers - of any religion or
race - have consistently prompted similar outcomes on the off chance that the examinations
have been done genuinely and
accurately. We likewise imagine that the laws of material science today are equivalent to what
they were in the
past. Proof, contained in the light that left far-off stars billions of years prior, unequivocally
demonstrates that the regulations working around them were the same as those today. The
spectra of various components then, at that point, and presently are difficult to differentiate,
despite the fact that
physicists have looked cautiously.

3. This course will cover the accompanying general classes:


a) Traditional Mechanics, which manages the movement of bodies under the activity of
powers. This is often called Newtonian mechanics also.
b) Electromagnetism, whose goal is to concentrate on how charges act under the
impact of electric and attractive fields also comprehends how charges can
make these fields.
c) Warm Physical science, in which one examines the idea of intensity and the progressions
that the
expansion of intensity achieves in issue.
d) Quantum Mechanics, which fundamentally manages the physical science of little items such
as particles, cores, quarks, and so on. Nonetheless, Quantum Mechanics will be dealt with as it
were
momentarily for the absence of time.

4. Every physical quantity can be expressed in terms of three fundamental dimensions:


Mass (M), Length (L), Time (T). Some examples:
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Speed LT-1

Acceleration LT-2

Force MLT-2

Energy ML2 T-2

Pressure ML -1T-2

You cannot add quantities that have different dimensions. So force can be
added
to force, but force can never be added to energy, etc. A formula is definitely
wrong if the dimensions on the left and right sides of the equal sign are
different.

5. Remember that any function f(x) takes as input a dimensionless number x


and outputs a
quantity f (which may, or may not have a dimension). Take, for example, the
function

𝑓(𝜃) = sin 𝜃. You know the expansion:

sin 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝜃3 𝜃5
− 3! + 5!
If 𝜃 had a dimension
then you would be adding up quantities of different dimensions, and that is
not allowed.

6. Do not confuse units and dimensions. We can use different units to


measure the same
physical quantity. So, for example, you can measure the mass in units of
kilograms,

pounds, or even in sair and chalk! In this course, we shall always use the MKS
or Meter-Kilogram-Second system. When you want to convert from one
system to another, be

methodical as in the example below:


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𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚
1 = 15280 × 𝑥 = 0.447
ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑖 3 ⋅ 28 𝑓𝑡 3600 𝑠 𝑠

When you write it out in this manner, note that various quantities cancel out
cleanly in the numerator and denominator. So you never make a mistake!

7. A good scientist first thinks of the larger picture and then of the finer
details. So,
estimating orders of magnitude is extremely important. Students often make
the mistake
of trying to get the decimal points right instead of the first digit – which
obviously
matters the most! So if you are asked to calculate the height of some building
using some
data and you come up with 0.301219 meters or 4.01219×106

meters, then the answer is


plain nonsense even though you may have miraculously got the last six digits
right.
Physics is commonsense first, so use your intelligence before submitting any
answer.

8. Always check your equations to see if they have the same dimensions on
the left side as
on the right. So, for example, from this principle, we can see the equation
𝑉 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑡 is clearly wrong, whereas 𝑉 2 = 𝑢2 + 13𝑎2 𝑡 2 could possibly
be a correct
relation. (Here v and u are velocities, a is acceleration, and t is time.) Note
here that I use
the word possibly because the dimensions on both sides match up in this case.

9. Whenever you derive an equation that is a little complicated, see if you can
find a special
limit where it becomes simple and transparent. So, sometimes it is helpful to
imagine that
some quantity in it is very large or very small. Where possible,
make a “mental graph” so that you can picture an equation. So, for example, a
formula for the distribution of molecular speeds in
gas could look like 𝑓(𝑣) = 𝑣ⅇ − (𝑣 = 𝑣0 )2 ∕ 𝑎2 Even without
knowing the value of you can immediately see that
a) 𝑓(v) goes to zero for large values of v, and v=0.
b) The maximum value of 𝑓(v) occurs at 𝑉0 and the
function decreases on both sides of this value.

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