PAES 101- Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – GeneraL

ALL MOVING PARTS SHALL BE CONSIDERED

DANGEROUS
Guard a) shield or cover – one side is proteected
- prevent contact with the moving parts by a ; b) casing; one side is not protected
person and/or clothing c) enclosure; fence/ all sides
- withstand a perpendicular static load of 1,200
N. fixed, have no sharp edges, be weather-resistant
and retain their strength under extremes of
temperature,
Enclosure
- Protective device
- a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the
safety, distance necessary so that the
dangerous part cannot be reached
inadvertently.
Safety distance Upward reach
- based on measurements from the - 2,500 mm for persons standing upright.
location where a person can occupy to Reach below barriers
operate, maintain or inspect the - No safety distance is specified
dangerous part. Reach over barriers
- Higher or equal than 1,000 mm above the
location,
- sideward or downward reach 1000 mm
PAES 102- Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation
left-hand/ right-hand side
- side when an observer is facing in the
normal forward direction (MOBILE)
- side which is on the when an observer is
facing the machine (STATIONARY)
PAES 102 - Method of Sampling
acceptance test
- purpose of acceptance of the lot
routine test
- vary during production
type test
- prove conformity
- check the general qualities and design
lot
- all components or equipment under
study
PAES 104 - Location and Method of Operation of Operator’s Controls – Control for Agricultural
Tractors and Machinery
agricultural tractor
- designed to pull, push, carry and/or
operate trailers or provide power
pedestrian-operated machine
 - operated by a pedestrian
- designed to carry out agricultural
operation, and which may also be
operated from a seat on an attachment
or trailer
right-hand and left-hand
- designations related to the operator
when sitting on the operator’s station
self-propelled machine
- having one or more integral power units
which propel and operate the machine,
designed to carry out agricultural
operations while on the move
PAES 105
agricultural machines
- used for agricultural operations
symbol drawing, printing or other means.
- visually perceptible figure used to
transmit information independent of
language
illuminated displays a) red : failure or serious malfunction; requires
immediate attention;
b) yellow or amber : outside normal operating
limits;
c) green : normal operating condition.
specific functions a) blue : headlight main- / high- beam display;
b) red : hazard warning display; and
c) green : turn signal display.
red, amber and green to indicate the urgency
PAES 106 - Soil Tillage and Equipment – Terminology
Basic tillage goals 1. TILLAGE ACTION
- of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of
soil manipulation. (soil cutting, shattering and/or
inversion)
2. TILLAGE OBJECTIVE
- desired soil condition produced by one or more
tillage operations
3. TILLAGE REQUIREMENT
- soil physical conditions based on utilitarian
and/or economic considerations
kind of tillage 1. BROADCAST TILLAGE( overall tillage)
- contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or
strips
2. DEEP TILLAGE
- primary tillage operation which manipulates soil
to a greater depth than 300 mm
3. EARTHMOVING
 - tillage action and transport operations utilized
to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
4. ORIENTED TILLAGE
- Operation which are oriented in specific paths
or directions.
5. ROTARY TILLAGE
- operation employing power-driven rotary
action to cut, break up, and mix soil
6. SOIL CULTIVATION
- to promote growth of crop plants by creating a
soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration,
and moisture conservation or to pest control
7. tillage depth tool depth vertical distance from
the initial soil surface to a specified point of
penetration of the tool
land forming
- operation which move soil to create desired soil
configurations
land grading
- operation which move soil to establish a
desired soil elevation and slope
land planning
- operation that cuts and moves small
layers of soil to provide smooth, refined
surface condition
TILLAGE Primary Tillage
- mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired - which constitutes the initial major soil-
purpose working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant
materials, and rearrange aggregates
Secondary Tillage
- designed to control weed growth and to
create specific soil surface configurations
before seeding
tillage depth
- tool depth vertical distance from the
initial soil surface to a specified point of
penetration of the tool
TILLAGE SYSTEMS 1. conservation tillage
- system that maintains a minimum of 30%
residue cover on the soil surface after
planting
- maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat
small grain residue equivalent on the soil
surface during the critical erosion period
2. conventional tillage
- system traditionally performed in preparing a
 seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area
3. minimum tillage
- system wherein least soil manipulation is
performed
4. mulch tillage
plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil
surface
5. optimum tillage
- maximized net return for a given crop under
given conditions
6. reduced tillage
- special planting procedures in order to reduce
or eliminate secondary tillage operations
7. reservoir tillage
- large number of depressions or small reservoirs
are formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water
8. ridge tillage
- ridges are formed during cultivation or after
harvest and maintained from year to year in the
same location
- Seeding is done on the ridge top.
9. strip tillage
- only isolated bands of soil is tilled

Specific tillage operation anchoring

- tillage to partially bury and thereby
prevent movement of materials such as
plant residues or artificial mulches
bedding (ridging) (Listing)
- forms a ridge and furrow soil
configuration
bulldozing
- pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply
inclined blade
chisel plowing
- narrow curved shank is used
combined tillage operations
- simultaneously utilizing two or more
different types of tillage tools or
implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter,
or plow-planter combinations)
- to simplify, control, or reduce the
number of trips over a field
harrowing
- operation which pulverizes, smoothens,
and makes the soil ready for planting
- used before seeding
 incorporating (mixing)
- operation which mix or disperse foreign
materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or
plant residues into the soil
middlebreaking (hilling-up)
- lister is used in a manner that forms a
furrow midway between two previous
rows of plants
off barring
- cuts and throws the soil away from the
base of plants
moldboard plowing
- cut the soil with partial or complete soil
inversion
residue processing
- cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle
residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation
subsoiling
- deep tillage, below 350 mm for the
purpose of loosening soil for root growth
and/or water movement
vertical mulching
- vertical band of mulching material is
injected into the slit immediately behind
a tillage tool shank
Tillage equipment
general-purpose tillage implement plow-harrow
- implement performing functions - combined principles of the regular disc
simultaneously that of initial cutting, plow and harrow
breaking and pulverizing the soil - It has a frame, wheel arrangement and
depth adjustment
rotary tiller
- for broadcast or strip tillage and is also
used as chemical incorporator and as row
crop cultivator
- It consists of power-driven shaft, curved
knives
spiral plow (rotary plow)
- consists of two horizontal power driven
spiral flanged shafts which rotate
vertically
- two shafts are placed end-to-end and
oriented to throw the soil outward.
primary tillage implement chisel plow
- implement used for cutting, displacing - implement which shatters the soil
and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil without complete burial or mixing of
 strength and to bury or mix plant surface materials
materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the - multiple rows of staggered curved shanks
tillage layer are mounted either rigidly, with
springcushions, spike, or shovel tools are
attached to each shank.
disc plow
- with individually mounted concave disc
blades which cut, partially or completely
invert a layer of soil to bury surface
material, and pulverize the soil
- Blades are attached to the frame in a
tilted position relative to the frame and
to the direction of travel for proper
penetration and soil displacement.
moldboard plow
- cuts, partially or completely inverts a
layer of soil to bury surface materials,
and pulverizes the soil
- consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and
curved surface.
a) right-hand plow - turns the
furrow slice to the right of the
plow
b) left-hand plow - turns the furrow
slice to the left of the plow
c) two-way plow - eliminates back
and dead furrows and is used for
surface irrigation
subsoiler
- for intermittent tillage at depths
sufficient to shatter compacted
subsurface layers
secondary tillage implement comb-tooth harrow
- used for tilling the soil to a shallower - used for breaking clods after initial
depth than primary tillage implements, plowing, for subsequent operations prior
provide additional pulverization, mix to transplanting and for puddling and
pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling
level and firm the soil, close air pockets, - - It consists of a row of teeth that works
and eradicate weeds like a rake.
disc harrow
- used to pulverize the soil to attain a
better soil tilth for the seed germination
and growth
- - consists of two or four gangs of concave
steel disc.
a) single-action disc harrow -
consists of two gangs of discs,
placed end-to-end at an angle,
 which throw the soil in opposite
directions
b) double-action disc harrow
(tandem disc harrow) - set of two
gangs follows behind the front
gangs and is arranged in such a
way that the discs on the front
gangs throw the soil in one
direction (usually outward)
c) offset disc harrow - two gangs
wherein one gang is located
behind the other at an angle and
the harrow is operated in an
offset position in relation to the
tractor.
field cultivator
- for seedbed preparation, weed
eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary
tillage
- It is equipped with spring steel shanks or
teeth (generally spaced 150-230 mm in a
staggered pattern)
packer
- for crushing soil clods and compacting
the soil
roller-harrow
- used for seedbed preparation which
crushes soil clods and smooths and firms
the soil surface
- consists of an in-line gang of ridged
rollers, followed by one or more rows of
staggered spring cultivator teeth,
followed by a second in-line gang of
ridged rollers.
rotary hoe
- for dislodging small weeds and grasses
and for breaking soil crust and is used for
fast, shallow cultivation before or soon
after crop plants emerge
row crop cultivator
- frame and cultivating tools are designed
to adequately pass through standing crop
rows without crop damage
- gangs of shanks are often independently
suspended on parallel linkages with
depthcontrolling wheels to provide
floatation with the soil surface.
 spike-tooth harrow
- consisting of long spikes attached rigidly
to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil
-
spring-tooth harrow (depth of 50 to 150 mm)
- consisting of long, flat and curved teeth
made of spring steel
- teeth are fastened to cross bars with the
other end pointed to give good soil
penetration.
Cultivating Tillage Implement continuous-tool bar cultivator
- performing shallow post-plant tillage to - consisting of tool bars that extend across
aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or the top of the rows, which allow lateral
by mechanical eradication of undesired adjustments of the tools for different row
vegetation spacing
separated gang cultivator
- consisting of tool bars that drop down
between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants
Nomenclature for tillage tools and implements
bed shaper
- soil-handling implement which forms
uniform ridges of soil to predetermined
shapes
blade
- soil-working tool, consisting of an edge
and a surface, which is primarily designed
to cut through the soil
- rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia
blades
coulter
- circular, flat tool used to cut plant
material and soil
draft
- force to propel an implement in the
direction of travel which is equal and
opposite to drawbar pull
effective operating
- operating width excluding overlap
edge clearance angle
- included between the line of travel and a
line drawn through the back or nonsoil-
working surface of the tool at its
immediate edge
ground clearance
- minimum vertical distance between the
 soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element
hitch
- connect the implement to a power
source
implement width
- horizontal distance perpendicular to the
direction of travel between the
outermost edges of the implement
injector
- used to insert materials into the soil
Jointer
- miniature plow attachment whose
purpose is to turn over a small furrow
slice directly ahead of the main
moldboard plow bottom, to aid in
covering trash
lateral tool spacing
- horizontal distance between
corresponding reference points on
adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane perpendicular to the
direction of travel
longitudinal tool spacing
- horizontal distance between
corresponding reference points of two
tools when projected upon a vertical
plane parallel to the direction of travel
-
lister-planter
- combined tillage implement which is
composed of a lister and a planting
attachment to permit a single listing-
seeding operation with the planter
normally being operated in the furrow
line of travel
- tillage implement travels
mechanical tillage
- single or groups of soil-working tools
together with power transmission
structure, control, and protection
systems present as an integral part of the
machine
Moldboard plow clearances
horizontal clearance
- measured between specified points on
adjacent plow bottoms
vertical clearance
- measured from cutting edge of share to
nearest potentially obstructing member
such as main truss (backbone), frame,
beam, release mechanism, etc
operating overlap
- perpendicular to the direction of travel
that an implement reworks soil
previously tilled
operating width
- horizontal distance perpendicular to the
direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended
function
protected zone
- zone purposely protected by virtue of
tool design, tool spacing or evasive tool
movement
scouring (shedding)
- soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over
the surface of the tillage tool without
significant adhesion
shank
- used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
or a standard
side force(side draft)
- horizontal component of pull,
perpendicular to the line of motion
soil-additive applicator
- used to apply, or to apply and
incorporate soil additives by means of
tillage
soil-additive incorporator
- used to mechanically incorporate or mix
material into the soil
soil opener
- used to slice through soil and create an
opening for the insertion of material such
as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
- disc, knife, and runner
soil roller
- rotating implement which pulverizes,
firms or smooths soil by crushing or
compacting
soil-sliding path
- path along which one element of soil
slides across a tillage tool
soil-ascending angle
- sliding path and the horizontal at any
point along the sliding path
soil-sliding angle
- angle at any point on the surface of a tool
between the soil sliding path and a
horizontal contour line constructed
through the surface of the tool
soil-tool geometry
- configuration of the soil-tool boundary
wherein the overall shape is usually
oriented with the direction of travel of
the tool and the soil surface
soil-working surface
- portions of tillage tools which are
designed to be in contact with the soil
specific draft (unit draft)
- draft force of an implement per unit area
of tilled cross-section
standard (beam)
- upright support which connects the
shank to tillage implement frame
teeth
- projections on tillage tools which serve to
penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
tillage tool complex tillage tools
- individual soil-working element - rotate or move so that they present a
varying boundary and contact area to the
soil
- clod breakers, notched discs, rotary hoes
dynamic tillage tools
- powered so that some of their
movements are in direction other than
along the line of travel
multi-powered tillage tools
- powered by more than one form of
power, such as draft and rotating power,
or draft and electrical power
simple tillage tools
- present a reasonable constant boundary
area to the soil
tool clearance
- minimum distance in a specified
direction between a point on the tool and
the nearest potentially obstructing
implement element
tool-operating width
 - maximum horizontal distance
perpendicular to the line of motion over
which a tool performs its intended
function
orientation, tool lift angle (rake angle)
- position of the tool in a framework of - Angle in a vertical plane parallel to the
cartesian coordinates which is usually direction of travel, between a tool axis
oriented with the soil surface and the and the soil surface
direction of travel side angle
- -Orientation is specified in side, tilt, and - angle in the soil surface plane, between a
lift angles as a minimum. tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
tilt angle
- angle in a vertical plane perpendicular to
the direction of travel, between a tool
axis and the soil surface
tool overlap
- perpendicular to the direction of travel
in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool
tool-skip area
- area of soil surface left undisturbed
during passage of a tool
tool width
- maximum horizontal projection of a tool
in the soil perpendicular to the line of
motion
vertical tool spacing
- vertical distance between corresponding
points on adjacent tools when projected
upon a vertical plane parallel to the
direction of trave
wings
- projections attached to the sides of
tillage tools to increase the volume of soil
which can be disturbed, or to control the
nature and distance of soil movement.
Soil reaction nomenclature
soil abrasion
- scratching, cutting, or abrading of
materials caused by the action of soil
soil adhesion
- sticking of soil to objects such as tillage
tools or wheels
soil cutting
- separation of a soil mass by a slicing
action
soil failure
- alteration or destruction of a soil
structural condition by mechanical forces
such as in shearing, compression, or
tearing
soil heaving
- lifting or swelling of soil resulting from
natural forces such as freezing
soil reaction
- soil response to the application of
mechanical forces
soil shatter (pulverization)
- general fragmentation of a soil mass
resulting from the action of tillage forces
soil sliding
- sliding of soil across a surface
throw
- movement of soil in any direction as a
result of kinetic energy imparted to the
soil by the tillage tool
Soil nomenclature
additive, soil (foreign materials),
- ther than seeds, which are added to
and/or incorporated in soil for directly
influencing the soil condition or
environment
adhered soil bodies
- masses of soil (may be stationary or in a
relatively slow motion) which adheres on
soilworking surfaces and act as a part of
the tool
compacted layer
- hard pan
- plow pan
- plow soil
- dense layer of soil immediately below
tillage depth created by mechanical
pressure and/or soil-shearing forces
concretions
- soil structural units which are irreversibly
cemented together
covering depth
- thickness of soil with which materials are
covered by an implement
foreign materials
- all materials added to or mixed into soil,
including residues, soil additives, and
 foreign bodies that have not originated in
the soil's development
mechanical impedance
- resistance to the movement of plant
parts or tillage tools through soil that is
caused by the mechanical strength of the
soil
mechanical stability (mechanical strength)
- degree of resistance of soil to
deformation
shear blocks (clods)
- blocks of soil which are sheared loose
from the main soil mass by tillage tool
action
shear surface
- failure surfaces occurring where the soil
has sheared
primary shear
- surfaces initial and distinct surfaces
appearing during failure which are
caused mainly by shear
secondary shear surfaces
- shear surfaces which result from the
twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil
after or during the initial displacement
- often perpendicular to the primary shear
surfaces
soil aggregates (soil peds)
- agglomerations of primary soil particles
which are produced by natural processes
tillability
- degree of ease with which a soil may be
manipulated for a specific purpose
Soil and surface characteristics
back furrow
- raised ridge left at the center of the strip
of land, when plowing is started from
center to side
- formed when a furrow slice is lapped
over another slice.
dead furrow
- open trench (about twice the width of
one plow bottom) left in between the
adjacent strips of land after finishing of
plowing
- It is formed when two adjacent furrow
slices are thrown opposite each other.
furrow
- trench left when the plow bottom cuts
and turns the furrow slice
furrow crown
- peak of the turned furrow slice
furrow depth (ditch depth pit depth trench
depth)
- depth of depression below a specified
(initial or subsequent) soil surface
furrow slice
- soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted
and thrown to one side of the plow
bottom
furrow wall
- undisturbed or unbroken side of the
furrow
head land
- unplowed soil at the end of the furrow
strip
ridge height( bed height hill height windrow
height)
- height of soil above a specified (initial or
subsequent) soil surface
root bed
- soil profile modified by tillage or
amendments for use by plant roots
root zone
- part of the soil profile exploited by the
roots of plants
seedbed
- soil zone which affects germination and
emergence of seeds
soil density
- weight of a unit volume of soil expressed
on either a wet basis (including soil and
water) or on a dry basis (soil only, most
common)
PAES 107 - Hitch for Walking-type Agricultural Tractor - Specifications
hitch assembly 1. One-Hole Hitch
- structure made for attaching and/or 2. Three-Hole Hitch
supporting the implement
size of primemover
- rated power rating of the primemover as
specified by the manufacturer
PAES 108 -