MEC655

RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGY

1.0 Energy and Development

 Chapter 1: Topics Outcomes

1. Comprehend fundamental issues in energy applications.

2. Relate Sustainable development and energy consumption
patterns.
3. Evaluate the energy consumption and their impacts on the
global warming phenomena.
4. Propose possible solutions for global and local carbon
footprint reductions.
 1.0 Energy and Development

1.1 Energy Glossary, Terminology and Units.

1.2 Sustainability, Energy and Clean Technologies.
1.3 Non-renewable Energy Resources.
1.4 Global and National Trend of Energy Demand and
Availability. Energy Crisis.
1.5 Environmental impacts of conventional energy
usage.
1.6 Green House Gases. CO2 mitigation and Global
Warming Issues. National and International Efforts
to Abate Global Climate Changes
 1.1 Energy Glossary, Terminology and Units

• Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.

Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or
mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other
forms.
• According to the law of conservation of energy, the total
energy of a system remains constant, though energy may
transform into another form.
• The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) or newton-meter (N m).
• Other units in the category of Energy Scales include : Barrel
Oil Equivalent (bboe), British Thermal Unit (BTU), Calorie (cal),
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh), Tonne Coal Equivalent (tce).
 Power
• Power is the rate of energy conversion(“generated” or
consumed), The SI unit of Power is the joule (J/s) or watt (W),
kg m2 s-3 and VA
• Other common unit : Horsepower (550ft-Lbf/s), BHP,
Kilo-volt-amperes (kVA). BTU/hour, RT (refigeration ton)
• Scales of magnitude :
GW - Large power station
MW – Gas turbines, Large Wind turbines, Solar farm
kW – Micro hydro, Large electrical appliances
W – solar PV array, Small electric appliances, electronic
devices
mW – micro application.
Kapar Energy Venture – (Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Power Station)
2.42 GW (2420 MW) Coal-Fired Power Station – Largest single thermal power
station in Malaysia
A medium hydro power plant ~ 500 MW

A large single gas turbine ~300 MW

 A large wind turbine ~ 5 MW

A micro-hydro generator ~100 kW

A small isolated wind turbine
@ 3 m diameter ~3 kW

A large Solar PV panel ~500 W

How many solar PV panels are needed to match the
power generated by a coal power plant?

500 W 2.42 GW (2,420,000,000 W)

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) is the first higher learning institution
in the world to develop a 60MWp (50 MWac ) large scale solar (LSS)
photovoltaic plant, 180,00 panels (330 W) installed on a 300 acres site
in Gambang, Pahang in 2018.
 Common Units of energy
Tonne Oil Equivalent (TOE). This unit is commonly used in the INT unit system.
Tonne Oil Equivalent (toe) has a dimension of ML2T-2 where M is mass, L is
length, and T is time. It can be converted to the corresponding standard SI
unit J by multiplying its value by a factor of 41870000000.

British thermal unit (BTU) - A unit of heat energy approximately equal to the
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by
1°F.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - A unit of electric energy consumption equal to that

consumed in using a power of one kilowatt (1,000 watts) for a duration of
one hour. Example: Illuminating ten 100-watt bulbs for one hour consumes 1
kWh. 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 million Joules = 3,413 BTU.

Calorie - 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J, 1 BTU = 251.9958 cal

(The “Calories” commonly use in food energy ratings are normally in kilocalories
kcal)
 Power
Power = Rate of energy (generated/converted/consumed)
SI Units (J s-1, Watt, W),
Machinery power
Horsepower (HP) - Electrical/mechanical horsepower,(not boiler horsepower.) A
shaft energy output rate of 550 foot-pounds per second, usually specified for
electric motors as the maximum output. One electrical HP is equal to 0.7457
kW or 2,545 Btu/hour. The actual kW required will be higher due to motor
inefficiency.
Brake horsepower (bhp) - Horsepower required at the blower, compressor, fan, or
pump shaft to perform actual work.
Brake horsepower (bhp) of an engine is the power measured at the crankshaft
just outside the engine, before the losses of power caused by the gearbox
efficiency and drive train efficiency.
BTU/hour - is a unit of power, measuring energy per unit time, equal to
1 BTU being output in an hour. BTU/hour measure is still commonly used to
describe the power output of many industrial applications including steam
generators (like furnaces), and air conditioning (chillers).
 Cooling capacity (power)

Air cooled chiller and water-cooled chillers

• Cooling capacity is the measure of a cooling system's ability to remove heat

• Ton of Refrigeration (TR): Ton of Refrigeration (abbreviated as TR or RT) is an
important historical unit of refrigeration capacity.
It is the cooling effect generated by uniform melting of 1 ton of ice from and
at 0°C in 24 hrs.
• 1 TR air conditioner has a refrigeration cooling capacity of 3516.85 W at the
prescribed temperatures. ( 3.5 kW or 12,000 BTU/h )
 Electric Power and Energy (Consumption)

Electric Power = Current x Voltage (P = I V)

1 Watt is the power from a current of 1 Ampere flowing through 1

Volt.
The power output from a small generator is usually measured in
kilo Volt-Ampere (kVA) or kilo Watt (kW)

1 kilowatt-hour is the energy of one kilowatt power flowing for

one hour. (Energy = Power x time).

1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 1000 W x 3600 s

= 3.6 x 106 J ( 3.6 Mega Joules)
(commonly known as 1 “unit” of electricity in utility bills)
How much energy consumption, kWh ⟼(RM?)

40 W x 2

2HP ~ 1.5 kW
???? W
How much energy consumption, kWh ⟼(RM?)
How many light bulbs which are turn on for 24 hours (unnecessarily) in the
UiTM Engineering Complex?

How may times your switch off the lights If you were the last person leaving
the classrooms?
ELECTRIC POWER (GENERATION)
Power = Voltage x Current

kW: ACTUAL POWER

kW is the amount of power that is converted into a useful output. kW is
therefore known as actual power or working power
kVA: APPARENT POWER
kVA is a measure of apparent power: it tells you the total amount of power in
use in a system. In a 100% efficient system kW = kVA. However electrical systems
are never 100% efficient and therefore not all of the systems apparent power is
being used for useful work output.

The formula for converting kVA into kW is:

Apparent power (kVA) x power factor (pf) = actual power (kW)
e.g. 100 kVA x 0.8 = 80 kW
Energy “Density”
The amount of energy per unit of volume (or mass) of a
substance. S. I. joule per cubic metre (J m-3)
• More common : (solid and liquid) kJ/kg, (liquid) kJ/Liter.
(Gases ) KJ/m3
• Calorific Value/ Heating value (HHV, LHV): KJ/kg (solid and
liquid), KJ/m3 (gas)
1.2 Sustainability: Sustainable Energy
Technologies

• Sustainable development means inculcating the process of

maintaining human needs while preserving the environment
for future generations. It also means we must use the
available resources efficiently so that they will be available
for many years to come.

• Brundtland Comission defined sustainable development as

meeting “the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (United
Nations, 1987).
• Sustainable development of the world economy needs a
sustainable energy supply. This means that energy has to be
available at affordable and stable prices, with low
environmental impact and giving everyone everywhere a fair
opportunity for development.

• Sustainable Energy Practices - energy produced both from

renewable resources AND by use of clean and efficient
technologies
The 17 SDGs 2030 agenda was agreed upon by the UN countries in
September 2015 and came into effect as of the 1st of January 2016
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).

In September 2015, heads of state and government at the UN Summit in New

York adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development comprising the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ground-breaking aspect of 2030
Agenda is that it explicitly links economic, social and environmental development
goals for the first time and combines poverty alleviation and sustainability. With
its 17 goals, 169 targets and more than 200 indicators that cover five dimensions
namely People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership, it aims to create
development that balance the social, economic and environment pillars.

Sustainable Development Goals

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development
 Sustainable Energy Technologies

• Sustainable Energy Technologies refers to products, equipment

or systems which satisfy the following criteria:
• It minimizes the degradation of the environment;
• It has low green house gas (GHG) emission.
• It is safe for use and promotes healthy and improved
environment for all forms of life
• It conserves the use of energy and natural resources
• It promotes the use of renewable resources

• Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.
 Sustainable Energy Technologies

• Sustainable energy sources are most often regarded as

including all renewable energy sources, It usually also includes
technologies that improve energy efficiency.

• Renewable Energy resoures and Energy Efficiency paractices

are the twin pillars of sustainable energy technologies

• Conventional nuclear fission power is sometimes referred to

as a sustainable/clean energy system (but not renewble) but
this is controversial politically due to concerns about peak
uranium, radioactive waste disposal and the risks of disaster
due to accident or natural disaster
 Malaysian Energy & Green Technology Ministries Evolution

1. Ministry of Energy, Water and

Communications – (Kementerian Tenaga, Air Mac 2004 –April 2009
dan Komunikasi Malaysia) (KTAK)

2. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and

Water - Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau April 2009 – June 2018
dan Air Malaysia (KeTTHA).

3. Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology,

Environment & Climate Change (MESTECC) June 2018 – Feb 2020)

5. MESTECC restructured into three ministries

(March 2020) : Mac 2020 – Nov 2022
KASA - (MGTC), KeTSA - (SEDA, ST), MOSTI
Nov 2022 – December 2023
6. Ministry Of Natural Resources, Environment
And Climate Change (NRECC).

7. KPTDGA Rebranded as Ministry of Energy February 2024 –

Transition and Water Transformation, PETRA
NATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY
POLICY (NGTP)

The National Green Technology Policy

(NGTP) Identified Green Technology as
a Key Driver to accelerate the National
Economy and promote Sustainable
Development.
 Green Technology is the development and
application of products, equipment and
systems used to conserve the natural
environment and resources, which
minimize and reduces the negative impact
of human activities.
Four Pillars Of Malaysian Green Technology
Policy (KETTHA) 2009
Energy - Seek to attain energy
independence and promote efficient
utilization;
Environment - Conserve and minimize the
impact on the environment;
Economy - Enhance the national economic
development through the use of
technology; and
Social - Improve the quality of life for all.
 National Objectives Strategies
http://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/national-objectives-strategies

To achieve the national objectives, the Government is pursuing the following strategies: -
Secure supply
Diversification of fuel type and sources, technology, maximize use of indigenous energy resources,
adequate reserve capacity to cater for contingencies [adequate reserve margin for generation, upgrading
transmission and distribution networks and distributed generation (islanding)
Sufficient supply
Forecast demand, right energy pricing and formulate plans to meet demand.
Efficient supply
Promote competition in the electricity supply industry.
Cost-effective supply
Promote competition and provide indicative supply plan to meet demand based on least cost approach
using power computer software such as WASP;
Sustainable supply
Promote the development of renewable and co-generation as much as possible.
Quality supply (low harmonics, no surges and spikes, minimal variation in voltage)
Match quality with customer demand with variable tariffs;
Efficient utilization of energy
Bench marking, auditing, financial and fiscal incentives, technology development, promotion of ESCOs,
Labelling, Ratings, correct pricing, energy managers; and
Minimizing Negative Environmental Impacts
Monitor the impacts, improve efficiency of utilization and conversion and promote renewable.
The objectives of the National Policy on
Climate Change are:

• Mainstreaming climate change through

wise management of resources and
enhanced environmental conservation
resulting in strengthened economic
competitiveness and improved quality of
life;
• Integration of responses into national
policies, plans and programmes to
strengthen the resilience of development
from arising and potential impacts of
climate change; and
• Strengthening of institutional and
implementation capacity to better harness
opportunities to reduce negative impacts of
climate change.
The 17 goals of the SDGs have been aligned to the national development
plans. The national development priorities are implemented in line with
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The adoption of the whole-
of-nation approach is essential for SDGs implementation.
The Green Technology Master Plan outlines the
strategic plans for green technology development
to create a low-carbon and resource efficient
economy. This document sets out the immediate
course for the country to embark on a green
growth journey. It lays the foundation for the
cultivation of mindset and behavioural change, to
inculcate green lifestyle among the rakyat. This
Master Plan is essential to facilitate the
Transformasi Nasional 2050, or TN50 which is an
initiative to position Malaysia amongst the top
countries in the world in economic development,
citizen well-being and innovation by the year
2050.
GTMP 2017-2030 Targets for the Energy sector
• Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change Corporation (MGTC) is an
agency of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Climate
Change (NRECC) mandated to drive the country in the scope of Green
Growth, Climate Change Mitigation and Green Lifestyle.
• Three national policies, particularly the National Green Technology Policy
(NGTP), the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and the Green
Technology Master Plan (GTMP), regulated MGTC’s role as a catalyst for
green economic growth.
 1.3 Non-renewable Energy Resources
• Any material that can be “burned” to release thermal energy
is called a fuel.
• Fuel consist primarily of hydrogen (H)and carbon (C) - Called
hydrocarbon fuels denoted by the general formula CnHm.
• Fuel exist in all phases : solid (e.g.coal, biomass) liquid
(gasoline,diesel,LPG) and gas (natural gas - Alkane group)
• Examples of hydrocarbon fuels are
Methane - CH4 (Gas at s.t.p)
Octane - C8H18 (liquid at s.t.p)
Coal - Mixture of C, H, N, S, O and non-combustibles (Solid)
Wood – Organic materials C H O
 1.3 Non Renewable Energy Resources
• Fuel are generally classified mainly as fossil and non fossil
- Fossil Fuel : Coal, Petroluem Oil, Natural Gas including LPG
- Non-Fossil : Biomass, Ethanol, Gas (from non petroleum sources
– e.g biogas)
• Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as
anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. - formed
from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by
exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions
of years.
• The fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, petroleum gas (PG) and
natural gas (NG) which contain high percentages of carbon.
• Global Fossil Fuel reserve is fast diminishing – much faster
consumption rate than they could be replenished.
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take
millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted
much faster than new ones are being made.
• The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental
concerns. (e.g: Global Warming due to increase in
atmospheric CO2 concentration)
• A global movement toward the utilization of renewable
energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy
needs
Coal

Main Element CHNO-S

 Petroleum

Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from

crude oil by distillation
Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from crude oil by
distillation.
Gaseous Fuel

• Gaseous forms at s.t.p.

• The members of the series (in terms of number of carbon
atoms) are named as follows:
- methane, CH4 - one carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms
- ethane, C2H6
- propane, C3H8
- butane, C4H10

• Hydrogen gas (H2) is widely used in clean energy technology

such as Fuel Cells.
 Natural Gas

• Raw natural gas typically consists primarily (95 %) of methane

(CH4), lightest hydrocarbon molecule.

• It also contains varying amounts of heavier gaseous

hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), normal
butane (n-C4H10), isobutane (i-C4H10), pentanes and even higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons.
• When processed and purified into finished by-products, all of
these are collectively referred to as LNG/ NGL (Natural Gas
Liquids)
 KJM 442

Energy Density : Higher and Lower Heting Value of Fuel

Fuels HHV (kJ/kg) LHV (kJ/kg)

Coal (lignite) 16,000 14,800
Coal (bituminous) 25,000 23,000
Coal (anthracite) 33,000 30,000
Diesel 44,800 43,000
Petrol 48,000 45,500
Gasoline 47,000 44,400
Wood
HHV (kJ/m3) LHV (kJ/m3)
Natural gas 42,500 38,100
Methane 40,000 38,100
Propane 48,900 45,800
1.4 Energy Supply, Demand & Avaibilty

• Energy supply is the delivery of fuels or transformed fuels to

point of consumption. It potentially encompasses the extraction,
transmission, generation, distribution and storage of fuels.
• Energy demand is the term used to describe the consumption
of energy by human activity. It drives the whole energy system,
influencing the total amount of energy used; the location of, and
types of fuel used in the energy supply system; and the
characteristics of the end use technologies that consume energy.
• Total final energy consumption, also referred to as gross final
energy consumption, is the aggregate of all of the end use
energy that is used for providing various energy services.

https://www.creds.ac.uk/
 Primary and Secondary Energy

Primary energy comes

Secondary energy are the
from resources that are
resources which are formed
found in nature (renewable
by the conversion of
and non renewable)
primary resources

https://www.watt-watchers.com/
 • Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports –
exports – (international marine bunkers & international aviation bunkers)
• Primary energy consumption refers to the direct use at the source, or
supply to users without transformation, of crude energy, that is, energy
that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.
• Total primary energy demand is equivalent to power generation plus
other energy sector (excluding electricity and heat) plus total final
consumption (excluding electricity and heat)

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia
The world is still heavily
dependent on fossil fuels. As
of 2019, the world’s
primary energy sources
consisted of petroleum (34%),
coal (27%), and natural gas
(24%), amounting to an 85%
share for fossil fuel in the
primary energy supply in the
world.
Global Primary Energy Consumption Trend
• The global consumption of fossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – from 1800 onwards. As
shown, coal was the first and only fossil source until the 1860s when crude oil
consumption began. Natural gas production began a couple of decades later, in the
1880-90s.
• The 20th century saw a large diversification of fossil energy consumption, with coal
declining from 96 % of total production in 1900 to less than 30 % in 2000. Today, crude
oil is the largest energy source, accounting for around 39 % of fossil energy, followed
by coal and natural gas at 33 and 28 %, respectively. https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels
Global Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation
Energy intensity

• Energy intensity is defined as the amount of energy used to

produce a given level of output or activity. Energy intensity is a
measure that is often used to assess the energy efficiency of a
particular economy.
• The numerical value is traditionally calculated by taking the ratio
of energy use (or energy supply) to gross domestic product
(GDP). Using less energy to produce a product or provide a
service results in reduced energy intensity.
 Current Trend

UN projections suggest that the world’s population could grow to around

8.5 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050
 Current Trend
Fossil fuels remain the dominant sources of energy
worldwide, accounting for 77% of the demand increase in
2007-2030.
• Oil demand is expected rise… rising from around 88 million
barrels per day in 2010 to 105 mb/d in 2030, an increase of
around 24%.
• In 2007-2030, demand for coal grows by 53% and demand for
natural gas by 42%.

Source : WEO, IEA

• Energy demand is set to grow at around 0.7% on average per
year to 2050 because economic growth in developing
economies and a rising global population together outstrip the
projected 50% reduction in energy intensity (energy used per
unit of GDP) by 2050.

• Even though solar and wind are expected to grow faster than
every other source of power, fossil fuels will dominate primary
energy demand with a 74% share in 2050 (down from the
current level of 82%). That is because the substantial reliability
and cost advantages from investments in fossil fuel extraction
and fossil fuel energy production over the past half century will
need about 20 years or more to be fully depreciated.

Source : WEO, IEA

 Fossil Fuel Reserves
• Coal is the most abundant and geographically dispersed fossil
fuel. The United States, Russia and China combined account for
61% of proven reserves Australia, the world’s largest coal
exporter, has 9% of the world’s proven reserves, while the
second-largest exporter, Indonesia, has less than 1%.
• Around half of the world’s proven reserves are bituminous coal
and anthracite, the grade of coal with the highest energy
content.
• The rapid increase in demand in recent years has seen the
global reserves-to-production ratio fall sharply, from 188 years
in 2002 to 144 years in 2005

(WEC, 2008).
 Petroleum

The current rate of global oil consumption, approximately 85

million barrels per day, represents 45 years of proven reserves
Oil Price trend
In the news since 2015….It will not last long!!!
 World Energy Council linking the three elements of Energy Sustainability:
Energy Security, Energy Equity and Environmental Sustainability

Energy Security measures a nation’s capacity to meet current and future energy
demand reliably, withstand and bounce back swiftly from system shocks with
minimal disruption to supplies. The dimension covers the effectiveness of
management of domestic and external energy sources, as well as the reliability
and resilience of energy infrastructure.

Energy Equity assesses a country’s ability to provide universal access to reliable,

affordable, and abundant energy for domestic and commercial use. The
dimension captures basic access to electricity and clean cooking fuels and
technologies, access to prosperity-enabling levels of energy consumption, and
affordability of electricity, gas, and fuel.

Environmental Sustainability of energy systems represents the transition of a

country’s energy system towards mitigating and avoiding potential
environmental harm and climate change impacts. The dimension focuses on
productivity and efficiency of generation, transmission and distribution,
decarbonisation, and air quality.
https://www.worldenergy.org/
Energy Trilemma Index

What is energy trilemma index?

Ability of countries to provide sustainable energy through three dimensions: Energy
security, Energy equity (accessibility and affordability), Environmental sustainability
 Energy Security & Energy Transition

• Energy security is the association between national security and the

availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Energy security can
be defined as ‘the sufficient and uninterrupted supply of energy at an
affordable price’.
• The energy transition is a pathway toward transformation of the global
energy sector from fossil-based to zero-carbon by the second half of this
century. At its heart is the need to reduce energy-related CO2 emissions to
limit climate change.
• Decarbonisation of the energy sector requires urgent action on a global scale,
and while a global energy transition is underway, further action is needed to
reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change.
• The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) projects that renewable
energy must expand from 15% of total primary energy supply in 2015 to more
than 65% by 2050 in order to meet the committed goal of keeping global
warming below 2 oC
• Renewable energy and energy efficiency measures can potentially achieve
90% of the required carbon reductions. (IRENA)
 Malaysian Energy Scenario
Malaysian Energy Consumption 2019

Energy consumption
• Petroleum and other liquids and natural gas are the primary energy sources
consumed in Malaysia, with estimated shares of 37% and 36%, respectively, in
2019. Coal meets about 21% of the country’s energy consumption. Renewable
energy accounts for 6% of total consumption
 Malaysian Energy Scenario
• The shares of coal rise sharply in the past few years
• In 1997, coal only contributed a meagre 7.4% as a source of electricity
because natural gas dominated at 63.4%.
• In 2012 Malaysia burns 56,000 tonnes of coal each day* (or nearly 1.7
million tonnes a month, all of them imported from Australia (60%),
Indonesia (30%), China (5%) and South Africa (5%). *The STAR Tuesday August 14, 2012

• Malaysia consumes 33 millions tons of Coal per year as of the year 2016.
Malaysia ranks 24th in the world for Coal consumption, accounting for
about 2.9% of the world's total consumption.

• As much as 38% of global electricity generation continues to rely on coal,

while Malaysia's reliance is even higher: Coal made up 50.6% of the fuels
burned to generate electricity in 2017, and even higher by 2020.

* The completion of 2 x 1000 MW Jana Manjung Coal Plants 2016, and

Jimmah Coal power Plant 2019.
 Malaysian Energy Scenario

The shares of coal rise sharply in the past few years

https://www.eia.gov/beta/international
The shares of coal rise sharply in the past few years
Malaysia contains proven oil reserves of 3.0 billion barrels, down from a
peak of 4.3 billion barrels in 1996. in 2016 was an estimated 744,000
barrels per day (b/d), a 15% increase from a recent low in 2013, but down
from the country's peak production of 842,000 b/d in 2003

https://www.eia.gov/
Malaysia's oil production no longer fulfils its needs.
• Malaysia is the world’s tenth largest holder of natural gas reserves in 2010
and the second largest exporter of liquefied natural gas after Qatar in 2009
• Malaysia contains 75 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves.
Natural gas production has been rising steadily in recent years, reaching 1.9
Tcf in 2003. Natural gas consumption in 2003 was estimated at 1.0 Tcf, with
liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports of around 0.9 Tcf (mostly to Japan,
South Korea, and Taiwan).
National Energy Policy 2022-2040
(DTN) 19 September 2022.

The DTN sets the vision of energy

sustainability towards achieving shared
prosperity, reflecting the role of energy
as a significant contributor to enable
other key sectors of the economy to
thrive on the country's economic
development.

DTN sets out three objectives:

1. Enhancing macroeconomic
resilience and energy security
2. Achieving social equitability and
affordability
3. Ensuring environmental
sustainability