ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF BUILDING

INSTRUCTOR :- ALEMANTE ABEJE

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Alemante A.
 Chapter 1:-Illumination
 In a general sense, illumination
refers to the act of providing light
or making something visible. This
can apply to natural light, artificial
lighting.
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 Terms used in Illumination
 Luminous Flux: It is the total quantity of light energy radiated/
produced from a luminous body in the form of light waves. It is
measured in lumens. It is represented by symbol φ.

 Luminous Intensity (I): It is the amount of luminous flux emitted by

a source per unit solid angle. It is measured in candela or lumens
per Steradians. i.e. I = φ / ω, . Solid angle was given by the
ratio of the area of the surface to the square of the
distance between the area and the point. I.e. A / r2
In geometry, a solid angle is a measure of the amount of the field of view
from some particular point that a given object covers. That is, it is a
measure of how large the object appears to an observer looking from
that point.
 Illuminance (intensity of illumination) (E) - it is the luminous flux
received by a surface per unit area of the surface. Its unit depends
upon the units in which area is measured. It is measured in lumens
per square meter or lux or meter candle. Mathematically, E = φ/A
 ctd
 Luminous efficiency (k): a measure of unit lumens per watt (lm/W).
It can be thought of as the ‘efficiency’ of the light source.

 Coefficient of utilization: This is a factor showing the ratio of the

lumens reaching on the working plane to the total lumens generated
by the source. It depends on the dimension of the room to be
illuminated, the reflectance of the walls, ceilings, and floors, the
lamp output of reflectors and diffusers used and the position of the
lamp.

 Maintenance Factor: The light obtained from a light source

may be affected by variables due to dire (obstacles, terrible),
ageing of the lamp, e.t.c. The maintenance factor (MF) takes in to
account such effects.

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 CNTD

o Maintenance Factor :- In order to allow for the

collection of dirt on a lamp and also ageing, both of
which cause loss of light, a maintenance factor is used.

o As an example, consider a new 80 W fluorescent lamp

with a lumen output of 5700 lm. After about 3 or 4
months this output would have fallen and settled at
around 5200 lm.

o Hence the light output has decreased to

o 5200/5700 = 0.91
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11/3/2024 Alemante A. 6
 Illumination Laws
 Inverse square law
 Cosine law
Inverse square law:
 The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional
to the distance between source & surface.

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 ctd

 E ~ 1/d2, where d is the perpendicular distance from the light

source.

 Thus, the illumination of a surface varies inversely as the

square of the distance from the light source.
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 Cosine Law
Cosine law states that, reflected energy from a small
surface area in a particular direction is proportional to
the cosine of the angle between that direction and the
surface normal.
 Ey = IcosӨ/h2 =I/ h2
 cosӨ = h/d, d = h/cosӨ
I
Ex  2
cos 
d
I
Ex  cos 
 h 
2

cos 
 
I
Ex  2 cos 3 
h

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 cont

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 Example 1

A standard incandescent lamp having a

luminous intensity of 100 cd in all directions
gives an illuminance of 40 lux at the surface of
a bench vertically below the lamp. What
distance is the lamp above the bench?

Answer = 1.58m

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 Example 2

A 250W sodium-vapor street lamp emits a light

of 22,500 cd and is situated 8m above the road.
Calculate the illuminance.
a) Directly below the lamp
b) At a horizontal distance along the road of 6m.

Answer
A. 351.56 lux
B. 180 lux

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 Example 3
 A corridor is lighted by 4 lamps spaced 10m apart and
suspended at a height 5m above the floor .If Each lamp Gives
200 cd in all directions find the illumination:-
At the point on the floor mid way b/n second and third Lamps.

E = 6.16 lm/m2
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 Light source and application

Generally, electric lamps can be classified in to:

1. Incandescent lamps.
2. Discharge lamps.
3. Led Lamps.

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 1. Incandescent lamps

 When an electric current passes through metallic wire,

heat is produced and the temperature of the wire
increases.
 At low temperature the wire radiates heat energy.
 As the temperature of the wire increases due to heating,
it radiates heat as well as light energy.

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 1. Incandescent lamps

 The incandescent lamp consists :-

 Glass globe completely evacuated or gas filled:-

allows the electrical contacts to run through the
envelope without gas/air leaks
Filament, which is heated to white heat by the
passage of electric current. The filament of modern
lamps is normally made of tungsten since this
material has a very high melting point (3400C) and
can be manufactured in the form of a suitably thin
wire.
The bulbs of smaller lamps are evacuated to prevent
oxidization of the filament. But, in many lamps, an
inert gas such as argon is introduced. This
enables the filament to operate at a higher
temperature without undue deterioration due to the
evaporation, which tends to take place in a vacuum.
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 Incandescent lamps
 The main advantages
 The filament has a more compact formation.
 Heat losses due to conviction currents in the gas are
reduced.

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 CNTD

 The light output of incandescent lamps is about 10 to 15 lm/W.

Thus,
 a 25W incandescent lamp produces about 250 to 375 lm
 a 40W incandescent lamp produces about 400 to 600 lm
 a 60W incandescent lamp produces about 600 to 900 lm

 The average lifetime of incandescent lamps is about 2000

hours when operating at rated voltage.
 Incandescent lamps suffer from two disadvantages;
 Low efficiency and
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 Colored light.
 2. Discharge Lamps.
֍This type of lighting relies on the ionization of a gas to
produce light.
֍As high voltages are present in such lighting circuits,
Ionization is takes place using different starting
techniques
֍Typical discharge lamps include:-
֍ decorative neon signs,
֍ fluorescent lighting (Low-pressure mercury-
vapour lamp)
֍High pressure mercury-vapour lamp
֍sodium-vapour lamps used for street lighting..
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive
charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical
changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion.
 Fluorescent lamp (Low pressure mercury vapour lamps):-

⸙ Certain materials, such as calcium phosphate,

emit visible light whenever they absorb ultra-
violet light. This phenomenon is known as
fluorescence

⸙ Low- pressure mercury vapour lamp consists of:-

⸙ a glass tube, the interior of which is coated in
fluorescent phosphor.
⸙ The tube is filled with mercury vapour at low
pressure and a little argon to assist starting.
⸙ At each end of the tube is situated an oxide-coated
filament.
⸙ Discharge takes place when a high voltage is
applied across the ends of the tube.
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 Fluorescent lamp

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 How Fluorescent lamp works?
֍When the supply is switched on, the circuit is completed
the choke, first lamp element, starter switch, second lamp
element and the neutral.

֍The elements, which are coated in oxide, become warm

and the oxide coating emits some electrons and the gas
ionizes at the ends of the tube (this helps the main
ionization process).

֍The starter contacts (usually of the bimetallic type)

separate, owing to the current passing through them, and
the choke is open circuited.
֍Breaking an inductive circuit causes high voltages to
appear across the breaking contacts, and energy is
released in the form of an arc.
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 How Fluorescent lamp works?

֍In this case, however, there is an easier way for the energy
to dissipate – via the gas, and the high voltage appears
across the ends of the tube

֍When the gas if fully ionized, the choke limits the

current to a predetermined value
֍The light emitted, which is mostly ultraviolet, is
made visible by the fluorescent powder coating.

֍The PF correction capacitor is part of the control

circuitry common to all fluorescent lighting
installations.
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 CNTD

⸙ The light output of a fluorescent lamp is 70 lm/w and

has an average life of about 7500 hrs.

⸙ The application includes :-

⸙ lighting of shops,
⸙ Homes, factories, streets,
⸙ ships, transport (buses and trains), e.t.c.

⸙ Using these tubes is quite possible to achieve

high lighting intensity without excessive
temperature rise and, the danger of glare is minimized.

⸙ The efficiency of fluorescent lamp is about 40 lumens

per watt, which is about three times the efficiency of an
equivalent tungsten filament lamp.
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 3. LED Lamp
How does a LED light bulb work?
 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light
source that emits light when current flows through it.
 The working of LED is very simple when led is in
forward biasing conditions the electrons existing in N
side of diode cross the PN junction and enter in the P
region combine with the holes existing in that region
and emit light.
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 An LED lamp
 LED lamps are significantly more energy-efficient than
equivalent incandescent lamps and can be significantly
more efficient than most fluorescent lamps.
 The most efficient commercially available LED lamps have
efficiencies of 200 lumens per watt (Lm/W).

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 Lighting schemes
 A lighting scheme is a structured plan for the use of
light within a space to achieve specific objectives,
whether they are functional, aesthetic, or both.
 A well-designed lighting scheme can transform a space,
making it more functional, inviting, and visually
appealing. It’s all about balancing light quality,
placement, and type to suit the specific needs of the
environment.
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 Design of lighting schemes

The lighting scheme should be such that it should

provide:-

i. Adequate illumination

ii. Light distribution all over the working plane as

uniform as possible

iii. Light of suitable color.

iv. Avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible

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 CNTD

 Uniformity of Illumination: - It has been found

that visual performance is best if the range of
brightness within the field of vision is not greater
than 3:1, which can be achieved by employing
general lighting in addition to localized lighting.
Otherwise due to the frequent accommodation
of pupil or iris of the eye, fatigue is
caused and it creates psychological felling of
loneliness, gloom and unfriendliness.

 Color of light: - The appearance of the body color

entirely depends upon the color of the incident
light. In general the composition of the light
should be such that the color appears natural.
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 CNTD

Shadows: - In lighting installation, formation of long and hard

shadows causes fatigue. However a certain amount of shadow
is desired as it helps to give shapes to solid objects
and make them easily recognized. But there is one exception to
these i.e. in drawing offices, where we are to see flat surfaces.
Hard and long shadow can be avoided by:

 Raising a large number of luminaries mounted at a height not less

than 2.5m.
 By using wide surface of light - using globes or indirect lighting
system.

 Glare: - Glare is generally produced by very bright

sources of light, which emit light directly or at very
low angle towards the viewer. This causes the person
to neglect the other surrounding objects, as they appear
darker and is a major cause of road accidents.. This also
tends to damage retina of the eye.
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 conditions that should be considered in illuminations
 Utilization Factor (ηβ) - the whole light
radiated by the lamps doesn’t reach the
working plane. The ratio of lumens reaching the
working plane to the total light given out by
the lamp or lamps, when the installation is
new, is known as utilization factor or
coefficient of utilization. The value of
utilization factor depends upon :-
 The mounting height of lamps
 Area to be illuminated
 Type of lighting scheme
 Color of the surrounding, etc.
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 conditions that should be considered in illuminations

 Spacing Luminaries: - correct spacing is of

great importance to provide uniform
illumination over the whole area. The ratio
of the horizontal spacing between rows to the
height of the luminaries above the working plane,
called space to height ratio, depends quite on:-

 luminous output
 type of lighting scheme and on the extent of
Candle power distribution curve of the luminaries.

 Mounting height is largely governed by the type of

the building and type of lighting scheme employed
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 CNTD

Color of Surrounding Walls:-

 the illumination in a room depends upon the light reflected
from walls and ceilings. White walls and ceilings reflect more
light as compared to colored ones.
Maintenance Factor
 the illumination produced considerably decreases due to
ageing of the lamps and accumulation of dusts on the lamps,
reflectors, ceiling and walls.

 Its value is more if there is much as the ageing problem

increases, etc. The value is mostly ranges between 0.8 and 1.
 The other term used is depreciation factor, which is merely
the inverse of the maintenance factor. Its value is more than
unity.
 Correction factor = (Utilization factor x Maintenance Factor)

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 Methods of lighting calculation

 In order to estimate the number and the type of light fittings

required , it is necessary to know what level of luminance is
required, the area to be illuminated, the maintenance factor
and the coefficient of utilization, and the efficiency of the
lamps to be used.
 A number of methods have been employed for lighting
calculations among which may be mentioned:

 1. Watts per square meter method.

 2. Lumen or Light flux method.

 Watts per Square Meter method: - applicable for rough

calculations. It consists in making an allowance of watts per
square meter of area to be illuminated accordingly to the
illumination desired on the assumption of the average
figure of an overall efficiency of the system. According to
NEC (National Elections Commission) 220- standard
illumination is about 3 watt per ft2. 36
 Example 4

⸙ A house has an external dimension of 30ft by

50ft. If an 80w fluorescent lamps, and 220V
supply is used, determine the number of
lamps required.

 ⇒56 lamps - each 80w.

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 CNTD
⸙ Lumen or Light flux method: - it is the most advisable method to be
used. Lumens' reaching the working plane is calculated

 Required Level of Illumination in the room =

(Total flu X output of the lamps in the room ∗ Correction Factor)
Total area of the room

⸙ No. Lamp ∗ Flu X output per lamp ∗ Correction Factor )

Total area of the room

N   CF Where, E – Required Illumination level

E
A N – no of lamp

A - Working surface area in m2

E A
N φ - Luminous flux of one lamp in lm
  CF

CF - Correction factor; (Utilization

factor x Maintenance Factor)

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 Example 5

The Illumination in a drawing office of 30m *10 m

have a value of 250 lux and is to be provided by a
no of 300 w filament lamps . If the Cofficient of
Utilization is 0.4 and Maintenance Factor is 0.9
Determine The No of Lamps Required if The
Efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/w
Answer = 50 Lamps

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 Example 6

Design a suitable lightning Scheme for a factory 120m *

40m with a height 7m . Illumination required is 60 lux
.state the number, location of 40 w Fluorescent tubes
giving 45 lm/w . (DF = 1.2 and UF = 0.5).

Answer= 384 tubes

Select Double Tube Fluorescent t = 192 (24*8)

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 Example 7

A drawing Hall is provided with lighting Installation

The hall is 30m *20m *8 (Height ).The Mounting
Height is 5 m and the required level of Illumination
is 144 lm/m2.Using filament lamps
,Estimate size and no of single lamp luminaries and
draw their spacing Light Assume :-
Uf = 0.6
Mf = 0.75
S/h = 1
lm /w for 300 w lamp is 13
lm/w for 500 w lamp is 16
Answer= 500 W ,24 Lamp is selected.

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 Thanks!!!

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