Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course EE 16 – DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND SUBSTATION DESIGN

Sem/AY First Semester/2024-2025
Module No. 8
Lesson Title Substation High Voltage Equipment
Week
13-14
Duration
Date November 11 – 24, 2024
Description of This topic deals with the introduction to the electrical high voltage power equipment found in
the Lesson the electrical substation.

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning • Familiarize with the different electrical high voltage power equipment found in the
Outcomes electrical substation.
• Understand the function of different electrical equipment
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives  Introduce the different electrical high voltage power equipment found in the electrical
substation.
 Describe the function of different electrical equipment.

Student Learning Strategies

Online A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

Activities You will be directed to attend in a two-hour class discussion on Definition of terms,
(Synchronous/ symbols used and types of circuit elements, circuit variables and circuit parameters.
Asynchronous) To have access to the online discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on Tuesday 08:30 AM – 10:30 PM | 11:00 am TO

01:00 PM and Friday at 07:30 AM-10:30 PM | 10:30 AM-01:30 PM
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule of
activities for this module)
Some useful links for YouTube lectures:

B. Learning Guide Questions:

Can a student identify different electrical high voltage power equipment found in the
electrical substation?

Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Offline Lecture Guide

Activities
(e-Learning/ Electrical substations are the interface between parts of the distribution grid and
Self-Paced) transmission systems. It transforms voltage from high to low, or vice versa, or perform any of
several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric
power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Substations can be manned or unmanned, relying on
SCADA for remote supervision and control in case of the latter.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As
central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

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In a substation we can found a switchyard with different electrical high voltage power
equipment installed in it such as but not limited to power transformers, busbars, auxiliaries,
and switchgear etc.

Switchyard
The connection of the generating units to the distribution system can take one of the
following patterns:

a. With the common bus system, the generators are all connected to the same bus with the
distribution feeders. If this bus operates at a voltage of 4.16 kV, this arrangement is suitable
up to approximately 10,000 kVA. If the bus operates at a voltage of 13.8 kV, this arrangement
is the best for stations up to about 25,000 or 32,000 kVA. For larger stations, the fault duty on
the common bus reaches a level that requires more expensive feeder breakers and the bus
should be split.
b. The bus and switchgear will be in the form of factory fabricated metal clad switchgear. For
plants with multiple generators and outgoing circuits, the bus will be split for reliability using
a bus tie breaker to permit separation of approximately one-half of the generators and lines
on each side of the split.
c. A limiting factor of the common type bus system is the interrupting capacity of the
switchgear. The switchgear breakers will be capable of interrupting the maximum possible
fault current that will flow through them to a fault.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

d. If the plant is 20,000 kVA or larger and the area covered by the distribution system requires
distribution feeders in excess of 2 miles, it may be advantageous to connect the generators to
a higher voltage bus and feed several distribution substations from that bus with step-down
substation transformers at each distribution substation
e. The configuration of the high voltage bus will be selected for reliability and economy. The
bus configuration are as follows:

1. Single bus configuration consists of one main bus that is energized at all times and
to which all circuits are connected. This arrangement is the simplest but provides
the least amount of system reliability

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2. Sectionalized Bus is basically two or more single bus schemes, each tied together
with bus sectionalizing breakers. The most common configuration is the double bus
single breaker configuration.

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3. Main and Transfer Bus consists of two independent buses, one of which, the main
bus, is normally energized. Under normal operating conditions, all incoming and
outgoing circuits are fed from the main bus through their associated circuit
breakers and switches.

https://testguy.net/uploads/main-and-transfer-bus-substation.jpg

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

4. Ring bus configuration is an extension of the sectionalized bus arrangement and is

accomplished by interconnecting the two open ends of the buses through another
sectionalizing breaker.

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5. Breaker-and-a-half configuration consists of two main buses, each normally

energized. Electrically connected between the buses are three circuit breakers and,
between each two breakers

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6. The double bus - double breaker configuration consists of two main buses, each
normally energized. Electrically connected between the buses are two circuit
breakers and, between the breakers, one circuit.

https://testguy.net/uploads/double-bus-double-breaker-substation.jpg

High Voltage Electrical Equipment

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Major electrical equipment such as transformers, switchgear and circuit breakers are all
part of the power plant design. Together with these major components are the protection
and instrumentation.

Transformer.
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency. As there are no rotating or moving parts, a transformer is
classified as a static device. Transformer operates on an AC supply. Transformers operate
based on the principle of mutual induction. Power transformers are generally used in
transmission network for stepping up or down the voltage level. It operates mainly during
high or peak loads and has maximum efficiency at or near full load. Distribution transformer
steps down the voltage for distribution purpose to domestic or commercial users. It has good
voltage regulation and operates 24 hrs a day with maximum efficiency at 50% of full load.
Instrument transformers include C.T and P.T which are used to reduce high voltages and
current to lesser values which can be measured by conventional instruments.

Types of Transformers
Transformers can be categorized in different ways, depending upon their purpose, use,
construction etc. Note that sometimes these classifications overlap – e.g. a transformer can be
both a three phase transformer and a step up transformer at the same time.

Step Up Transformer and Step Down Transformer

Step up transformers converts the low voltage (LV) and high current from the primary side of
the transformer to the high voltage (HV) and low current value on the secondary side of the
transformer. Step down transformers converts the high voltage (HV) and low current from
the primary side of the transformer to the low voltage (LV) and high current value on the
secondary side of the transformer.

Three Phase Transformer and Single Phase Transformer

A three phase transformer is generally used in three phase power system as it is more cost
effective than single phase transformers. But when size matters, it is preferable to use a bank
of three single phase transformer vs a three phase transformer, as it is easier to transport
than one single three phase transformer unit.

Two Winding Transformer and Autotransformer

A two winding transformer is generally used where the ratio between the high voltage and
low voltage side is greater than 2. it is more cost effective to an autotransformer in situations
where the ratio between the high voltage and low voltage sides is less than 2.
Outdoor Transformer and Indoor Transformers
As the name suggest: outdoor transformers are designed for installing outdoors. Whereas
indoor transformers are designed for installing at indoors.

Oil Cooled and Dry Type Transformer

This classification pertains to the transformer cooling system used within the transformer. In
oil cooled transformers, the cooling medium is transformer oil. Whereas in the dry type
transformer, air cooling is used instead.

Types of Core
There are two main types of transformer windings – core type, and shell-type. There are also
berry type transformers.
 A core type transformer has two vertical legs or limbs with two horizontal sections
named yoke. The core is rectangular in shape with a common magnetic circuit.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Cylindrical coils (HV and LV) are placed on both the limbs.

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 A shell type transformer has a central limb and two outer limbs. Both HV, LV coils are
placed on the central limb. The double magnetic circuit is present.

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 In a berry type transformer, the core looks like the spokes of a wheel. Tightly fitted
metal sheet tanks are used for housing this type of transformer, with transformer oil
filled inside.

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ezimgfmt=rs:352x173/rscb37/ng:webp/ngcb37

Circuit Breaker
An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually and
automatically for controlling and protecting an electrical power system. As the modern power
system deals with huge currents, special attention should be given during designing of
a circuit breaker to ensure it is able to safely interrupt the arc produced during the closing of
a circuit breaker.

Types of Circuit Breaker

According to the different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

According to their arc quenching medium:

1. Oil circuit breaker.

2. Air circuit breaker.

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3. Gas (SF6) circuit breaker.

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4. Vacuum circuit breaker.

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According to their services:

1. Outdoor circuit breaker.
2. Indoor breaker.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

According to the operating mechanism:

1. Spring operated circuit breaker.
2. Pneumatic circuit breaker.
3. Hydraulic circuit breaker.
According to the voltage level:
1. High voltage circuit breaker.
2. Medium voltage circuit breaker.
3. Low voltage circuit breaker.

According to tank used

1. Dead Tank
2. Live Tank

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Switchgear, Protective Relays and Emergency Power System

Switchgear is a general term used to refer to a range of switches, circuit breakers, fuses, etc.,
which are used in an electric power system to control, regulate and switch the circuit on and
off. By controlling the circuit, switchgear protects and isolates electrical equipment from
the power supply, enabling testing, maintenance and fault clearing work to be undertaken.
Switchgear has two types of components:
 Power-conducting components: These conduct or interrupt the power flow; such as
switches, circuit breakers, fuses, isolators, relays, lightning arrestors, and so on.
 Control systems: These monitor, control and protect the power-
conducting components; such as control panels, current transformers,
potential transformers, associated circuitry, and so on.

Although the circuit breaker is the main component, it is the combination of equipment within
the switchgear enclosure that allows high voltage currents to be interrupted.
Switchgear is directly linked to the supply system and, based on the voltage level, can
be classified as either:
 Low voltage switchgear (LV).
 Medium voltage switchgear (MV).
 High voltage switchgear (HV).

Protective relay.
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical circuit and closes
its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit breaker trip coil circuit
hence make the circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical
circuit from rest of the healthy circuit. Selection of relays and coordination of their settings so
that the correct circuit breaker trips when it is supposed to, and does not trip when it is not

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

supposed to is a subject too broad to be covered herein. For the purpose of this document the
listings below will set forth those protective relay types which will be considered. For the
relay, using IEC or IEEE standards are widely used in today’s engineering.

Emergency Power System

Those portions of the station service load that must be operable for a safe shutdown of the
unit, or that are required for protection of the unit during shutdown, will be fed from a
separate 480-volt unit emergency power bus. A suitable emergency diesel engine driven
generator will be installed and arranged to start automatically and carry these loads if the
normal source of power to this bus is lost. The loads fed from this bus might include such
things as emergency lighting, communication system, battery charger, boiler control system,
burner control system, control boards, annunciator, recorders and instrumentation. Design of
these systems will provide for them to return to operation after a brief power outage.

Battery and charger.

a. General requirements. The dc system, consisting of a station battery, chargers and dc
distribution panels, provides a continuous and reliable source of dc control voltage for system
protection during normal operation and for emergency shutdown of the power plant. Battery
will be nominal 125 volts, mounted on wooden racks or metal racks with PVC covers on the
metal supporting surfaces. Lead calcium cells having pasted plates or other suitable cells will
be considered for use.
b. Duty cycle. Required capacity will be calculated on an 8-hour duty cycle basis taking into
account all normal and emergency loads. The duty cycle will meet the requirements of the
steam generator burner control system, emergency cooling systems, control bench board,
relays and instrument panels, emergency lighting system, and all close/trip functions of the
medium voltage and 480-volt circuit breaker systems.
c. Battery chargers.
(1) Two chargers capable of maintaining a 2.17 the proper float and equalizing voltage on the
battery will be provided. Each charger will be capable of restoring the station battery to full
charge in 12 hours after emergency service discharge. Also, each unit will be capable of
meeting 50 percent of the total dc demand including charging current taken by the discharged
battery during normal conditions
(2) Appurtenances. The following instruments and devices will be supplied for each charger:
(a) Relay to recognize loss of ac supply.
(b) Ac voltage with selector switch.
(c) Dc ground detection system with test device.
(d) Relay to recognize loss of dc output.
(e) Relay to alarm on high dc voltage.
(f) Relay to alarm on low dc voltage.
(g) Dc voltmeter.
(h) Dc ammeter with shunt.

d. Battery room. Only the battery will be located in a ventilated battery room. The chargers
maybe wall or floor mounted, together with the main dc distribution panel, immediately
outside the battery room.
e. DC distribution panel. The distribution panel will utilize molded case circuit breakers or
fuses selected to coordinate with dc breakers furnished in control panels and switchgear. The
breakers will be equipped with thermal magnetic trip devices, and for 20 kA dc interrupting
rating.

V. GENERAL FACILITIES DESIGN

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Instrumentations and Control System.

Input adjustments will be designed to be delegated to automatic control systems except
during start up, shutdown, and abnormal operating conditions when the operator displaces or
overrides automatic control functions. The following instruments will be mounted on the
control board in the operating room to provide the operator with information needed for
operations:
a. Generator.
1. Ammeter with phase selector switch
2. Voltmeter with phase selector switch
3. Wattmeter
4. Varmeter
5. Power factor meter Frequency meter
6. Temperature meter with selector switch for stator temperature detectors
7. D.C. volmeter for excitation voltage
8. D.C. ammeter for field current

b. Stepup transformer.
1. Voltmeter on high voltage side with selector switch
2. Ammeter with selector switch
3. Wattmeter
4. Varmeter
5. Power factor meter

c. Auxiliary transformer.
1. Switch
2. Voltmeter on low voltage side with selector
3. Ammeter with selector switch
4. Wattmeter
5. Varmeter
6. Power factor meter

d. Common.
2. Voltmeter with selector switch for each bus
3. Synchroscope

e. Integrating meters. The following integrating meters will be provided but need not be
mounted on the control board:
1. Generator output watt-hour meter
2. Auxiliary transformer watt-hour meter for each auxiliary transformer

Electrical Control System

For the integration of the electrical systems the control system has to be designed to fulfill
some important requirements:

Monitoring
Monitoring of the electrical system has to be possible at workplaces of the control room,
workplaces dedicated to control of the electrical system and workplaces for maintenance.
Graphic displays have to be available presenting the status of the overall or parts of the
electrical system.
To be able to take immediate action in case of disturbances, it is also important to be aware of
all alarms and have a quick overview in which part / area alarms are active.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Manual or remote operation

The manual (remote) operations of electrical devices have to be supported by consistent
means; e.g., faceplates in the or locally at the device cubicle using push-buttons or control
panels.

Automatic operation
From a power plant control system point-of-view, automatic operation means that electrical
devices are part of automatic control sequences executed in an automation controller .
This requirement applies only for those devices that interact with process control.

Recording
For purposes of disturbance analysis, documentation, reporting and optimization, the plant
control system has to be capable of recording electrical system status signals, alarms, event
and measured values.

Performance Task

Draw your own substation single line diagram. With complete details such as but not limited to equipment
name, type or characteristics, voltage/current rating among others.

Learning Resources

References
Morse, F. T. (n.d.). Power Plant Engineering. Van Nostrand.
Ng, P. K. (2014). Power Plant Engineering, 4 ed. McGraw-Hil Educationl.

Disclaimer:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which states,
“The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching including
multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an
infringement of copyright. The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination of this
module without joint consent of the authors is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the
full extent of the law, including appropriate administrative sanctions, civil, and criminal”.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Substation High Voltage Equipment