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ETT ett
AIM irror and to find
To find the value of v for different values of u in case of @ concave m
Re ae ster uprights with
fixed, two outer v
An optical bench with three uprights (zero ed be ixetviek), a knitting needle and a
concave mirror, a mirror holder, two optical needles
THEORY
From mirror formula, 2-144
a
We hav a
as frase
where, /= focal length of concave mirror.
distance of object needle from pole of the mirror.
» = distance of image needle from pole of the mirror.
Note. According to sign-convention u and v have negative values. Hence f comes negative,
RAY DIAGRAM
_Object Needle
Image _
Needle
(thick)
Fig. Focal length of a concave mirror.
PROCEDURE
To determine rough focal length
1. Mount the concave mirror in mirror holder.
2. Go out in the open and face the mirror towards distant tree or building.
3. Obtain the image of the tree or the building on a white painted wall (screen) and move
and backward to get a sharp image on the wall,
4. Measure the distance between the mirror and the wall (screen). This will be equal to the
of the mirror.
(Note. Similar procedure is adopted for determining rough focal length of a convex lens.]
To set the mirror
5. Place fixed upright near zero end of the optical bench and : 4
near the other end. the two other uprights (wit 7
Clamp the holder with mirror in the fixed upright kee
aren oe Pright keeping mirror face towards other end of the bench and
Oe r~—~r~—~——=(._—«i«)
Fig, Focal length of convex lens.
ROCEDURE
To determine rough focal length
1. Mount the concave mirror in mirror holder.
2. Go out in the open and face the mirror towards distant tree or building.
3. Obtain the image of the tree or the building on a white painted wall (screen) and move the mirror forward
and backward to get a sharp image on the wall.
Measure the distance between the mirror and the wall (screen). This will be equal to the rough focal length
of the mirror.
To set the lens
5. Clamp the holder with lens in a fixed upright and keep the upright at 50 em mark.
6. Adjust the lens such that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the optical bench.
7. Keep the upright fixed in this position throughout. To set the object needle
8. Take the thin optical needle as object needle (O), Mount it in outer
end.
laterally moveable upright near zerg
{in full ems) nearly 1.5 times the obtained rough
9. Move the object needle uy
focal length of the len:
10, Adjust height of the object needle to make its tip lie on h
lens.
11. Note the position of the index mark on the base of the object needle upright
ht and clamp it ata dista
rizontal line through the optical centre of the
To set the image needle
12, With left eve closed, see with the right open eye from the other end of the optical beneh. An inverted and
tnlarged image of the object needle will be seen, Tip of the image must lie in the middle of the lens.
13. Mount the thick optical needle (image needle) in the fourth upright near the other end of the optical
bench.
14. Adjust the height of the image needle so that its tip is seen in |
right open eye.
15. Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated. Th
parallax.
16. Remove the parallax tip to tip.
17. Note the position of the index mark on base of the image needle upright,
18. Record the position of the index marks on the base of upright of the lens,
needle in the table against observation 2.
{ine with the tip of the image when seen with,
.¢ image tip and the image needle tip have
the object needle and the image
‘To determine index correction
19, Find the index correction for distance between optical centre of lens and tip of the object needle and also
for distance between optical centre of lens and tip of the image needle as described,
‘To get more observations
20, Move object needle upright towards mirror in ste
ment.
21. Move object needle upright away from mirror (from
observations 4, 5 and 6. Repeat the experiment.
22. Record all the observations as given ahead.
(Note. Same as in Experiment 1).
1ps of Lem to get observation 2 and 1. Repeat the exper
position of observation 2) in steps of 1 cm to get
RVATIONS
Rough focal length of the given convex lens
‘Actual length of the knitting needle Fa
Observed distance between the object needle and the lens
when knitting needle is placed between them y= eee em
Observed distance between the image needle and the
lens when knitting needle is placed between them 2
Index correction for the object distance u, x-y
Index correction for the image distance, v, X25 see CM Table for u,v; | and
Position of ‘Observed | Corrected | |
eo Glatance dntonee |
No.of | Object | Lens | Image | OA=u | OC=0 || |
Obs. | needle needle | i
a ° ¢ | |
(cm) (em) (em) (cm) fem) (em) « uy
cm | tom | com | tom | te
a | | | a | oo | sp | ae | aby |“
|
ft
CALCULATIONS
(i) w-v Graph. Select a suitable but the same
scale to represent u along X’-axis and v along
Yaaxis, According to sign conventions, in this case,
yisnegative and v is positive. Plot the various points
for different sets of values of u and v from
abservation table second quadrant. The graph comes
out to be a rectangular hyperbola as shown in
graph between w and v.
Draw a line OA making an angle of 45° with
either axis (ie., bisecting ZYOX’) and meeting the
curve at point A. Draw AB and AC perpendicular
on X’- and Y-axes, respectively.
The values of u and v will be same for
point A. So the coordinates of point A must be (2f,
2f), because for a convex lens, when u = 2f, v = 2f.
Hence, AB=AC=2f or OC =OB=2f
OB oo
and
ie
‘Mean value of f:
ns of focal length by graphical methods.
GRAPH BETWEEN u AND v
Scale
Xvaxig i 1m =... om of
Y-axis : 1 om =.....em of v |
Fig. Graph between w and v. It is a reetanguk
jar hyperbola, 1 at eet
(ii) and — Graph. Select a suitable but GRAPH BETWEEN [AND y-
Scale: a¥
- , m= m-1 of 1
the same scale to represent — along X’-axis and Xt-anxis : 1 oF om of 4 6
w
1 Yeaxis: tem =n. om-t of
ip along Y-axis. By sign conventions ~ is negative
it
and ~ is positive. Plot the various points for
it 1
different sets of values of -- and | from the
observation table. The graph comes out to be a
loa
straight line as shown in graph between ~ and —
‘The straight line cuts the two axes OX’ and
OY at an angle of 45° at points P and Q,
respectively and making equal intercepts on the
axes. Measure the distance OP and OQ.
1
1
‘Then focal length, f= Gp = OQ . ee
Graph between + and +. It isa straight tine
Explanation
Same as for concave mirror.
(iii) Another u-v Graph. Select a suitable but the same scale to represent u along X’-axis and v along
Y-axis. Mark the points at distances u,, 1,3... ¢te. along the OX’-axis and the corresponding points at distances
ete. along OY-axis for different sets of observations from the table.
D4. Vp» B,
1 Pay Uae
. ete. These lines will intersect at point K as
Draw straight lines joining u, with o,; u, with v,; uy with vg;
shown in the following graph
Draw KL and KM perpendiculars on X’- and Y-axes, respectively.
HT
GRAPH BETWEEN uAND v
Scale :
X-axis : tom = a: em of u
Yraxis : tm =......emofv vs
x’ Ue Ug U2 — Uy x
eh tem |
Fig. Graph between u and v tion
pxplanat
Same as for concave mirror.
nay complicate the graph "e sets of (0) from the observation table, All he six sts of observations
RESULT
The focal length ofthe given convex lens as determined from;
1. focal length, f= —%
u-v
2, (u-v) graph =... em
1
3 (3 -3) graph =......em
uo
and 4. (uv) graph
PRECAUTIONS
1. Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as the centre of the lens
2, Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye ata distance atleast 30 cm amay from the
needle.
3. The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only real, inverted image of itis formed.
4, Index correetion for u and v should be applied,
SOURCES OF ERROR
1
2.
The uprights may not be the vertical.
Parallax removal may not be perfect. EXPERIMENT 5 |
ee
igermine angle of minimum deviation fo
ree ane angle of deviation. fora
ARATUS
Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, pri
ot pro‘ractor per, prism, drawing pins, pencil, half-metre scale, office pins. graph paper
xiven prism by plotting a graph between angle of |
@
HEORY
‘The refractive index (7) of the material of the prism is given by,
sin ( 4 + Pa )
jere,D, is angle of minimum deviation and A angle of the prism.
n
DIAGRAM
Fig. Refraction through prism at different angles
*ROCEDURE,
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on thi
Draw a straight line XX’ parallel
Mark points Q,, Q, @,, «on the straight line
Draw normals N,Q,» N,Qy, Nj@y =: 07 points Ar Qe a.
Draw straight lines R,@,, R,Qy RyQy ~ making angles of
paper) respectively with the normals,
e of the prism for all the observations.
Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it as the edge
7. Put it prism with its refracting face ‘AB in the line XX’ and point Q, in the middle of AB.
board with the help of drawing pins er tape,
e drawing
in the middle of the paper.
1 to the length of the paper nearly
XX’ at suitable distances of about
as shown in diagram.
5°, 40°, ... 60° (write value of the angles on the
em, ‘8. Mark the boundary of the prism.
9. Fix two or more office pin P, and P, vertically on the line R,Q,. The
10mm or more.
10. ‘Look the images of point P, and P, through face AC.
11. (Close your left eye and bring open right eye in line with the two images.
12. Fix two office pins P, and P, vertically, andl 10 em apart such that the open right eye sees pins P, and P,
and images of P, and P, in one straight line.
18. Remove pins P, and P, and encircle their pricks on the paper.
14. Repeat steps 7 to 13 with points Q,,.Q,,... fori = 40°, ... 60°
To measure D in different cases
15. Draw straight lines through points P, and P, (pin pricks) to obtain emergent rays §,7,,8,T,,,T,,
16. Produce T'S,,'T.S,, TS, inward in the boundary ofthe prism to meet produced incident rays RQ, R,
RQ, ... at points F,, F,, Fy,
17. Measure angles K,F,S,, K,F,S,,
18. Write values of these angles on the paper.
‘To measure A
19. Measure angle BAC in the boundary of the prism. This gives angle A.
20. Record your observations
distance between the pins should be
KFS, ~~ These give angle of deviation D,, D,, D, .
OBSERVATIONS
Angle of prism ‘A’
of (Obs. .
1 36°
2 40" |
2, | 45° |
4, 50°
6 56° |
6 60°
CALCULATIONS
Plot agraph between angle of
‘Y-axis, From this graph, find the val
graph.
Let the value of angle of minimum deviation, D,, =
(422)
sin
‘Then, n= oN
2
leviation 2D by taking Zi along X-axis and
Fig. Graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
(®) i-D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence (i) increases, the angle of deviation (D) first decreases,
attains a minimum value (D,,) and then starts increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.
(ii) Angle of minimum deviation, D,,
lit) Refractive index of the material of the prism, n =
PRECAUTIONS
1. The angle of incidence should lie between 35° — 60°.
2. The pins should be fixed vertical.
3. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10 mm.
4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent rays.
5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Pin pricks may be thiek.
2, Measurement of angles may be wrong.
