MATHS (BASIC ) more than twice her present age.

What is her
A Quadratic Equation present age?
Solution :
Any equation of the form p(x) = 0, where p(x) is a To answer this, let her present age (in years) be x.
polynomial of degree 2, is a quadratic equation. Then the product of her ages two years ago and
But when we write the terms of p(x) in descending four years from now is
order of their degrees, then we get the standard (x – 2)(x + 4).
form of the equation. That is, ax2 + bx + c = 0,a≠ 0 Therefore, (x – 2)(x + 4) = 2x + 1
is called the standard form of a quadratic equation. => x2 + 2x – 8 = 2x + 1
=> x2 – 9 = 0
So, Sunita’s present age satisfies the quadratic
1. A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax 2 + bx
equation x2 – 9 = 0.
+ c = 0, =>x2 = 9. (Taking square roots, we get)
where a, b, c are real numbers x = 3 or x = – 3.
and a ≠ 0. Since the age is a positive number, x = 3.
If an equation do not have this form it is not a quadratic So, Sunita’s present age is 3 years.
equation. 5. Quadratic formula: The roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx
2. A real number α is said to be a root of the quadratic + c = 0 are given by
equation −b 2 ± √(b 2−4 ac)
ax2 + bx + c = 0, 2a
if Provided b2 – 4ac ≥ 0. Where b2 – 4ac is called the
aα2 + bα + c = 0. discriminant
The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c and the 6. A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same. (i) two distinct real roots, if b2 – 4ac > 0,
3. If we can factorise ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0, into a product of two (ii) two equal roots (i.e., coincident roots), if b2 – 4ac = 0, and
linear factors, then the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx (iii) no real roots, if b2 – 4ac < 0.
+ c = 0 can be found by equating each factor to zero.
Example 1 : Find the roots of the equation History
2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0, by factorisation. Many people believe that Babylonians were the
Solution : Let us first split the middle term first to solve quadratic equations.For instance,
– 5x as –2x –3x they knew how to find two positive numbers with a
[because (–2x) × (–3x) = 6x2 = (2x2) × 3]. given positive sum and a given positive product,
So, and this problem is equivalent to solving a
2x2 – 5x + 3 quadratic equation of the form x2 – px + q = 0.
=2x2 – 2x – 3x + 3
=2x (x – 1) –3(x – 1) Greek mathematician Euclid developed a
= (2x – 3)(x – 1) geometrical approach for finding out lengths
Now, 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 can be rewritten as which, in our present day terminology, are
(2x – 3)(x – 1) = 0. solutions of quadratic equations.
So, the values of x for which 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0 are
the same for which Solving of quadratic equations, in general form, is
(2x – 3)(x – 1) = 0, often credited to ancient Indian mathematicians. In
i.e., either fact, Brahmagupta (C.E.598–665) gave an explicit
2x – 3 = 0 or x – 1 = 0. formula to solve a quadratic equation of the form
Now, ax2 + bx = c.
2x – 3 = 0 givesx 
and x – 1 = 0 gives x = 1. Later, Sridharacharya (C.E. 1025) derived a
So, formula, now known as the quadratic formula, (as
x and x = 1 are the solutions of the equation. quoted by Bhaskara II) for solving a quadratic
In other words, 1 and 3/2 are the roots of the equation by the method of completing the square.
equation
2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0. An Arab mathematician Al-Khwarizmi (about C.E.
800) also studied quadratic equations of different
types.
4. A quadratic equation can also be solved by the method of
completing the square. Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, in his book ‘Liber
Example 2:The product of Sunita’s age (in years) two embadorum’ published in Europe in C.E. 1145 gave
complete solutions of different quadratic
years ago and her age four years from now is one
equations.
Activity 5) Find the nature of the roots of the following
[ ake a PPT on the History of Quardratic quadratic equations. If the real roots exist,
equation ] find them:
(i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
(ii) 3x2 – 4 3 x + 4 = 0
Questions
(iii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
1. Check whether the following are quadratic
equations :
(i) (x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3) 6) Find the values of k for each of the following
(ii) x2 – 2x = (–2) (3 – x) quadratic equations, so that they have two
(iii) (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 1)(x + 3) equal roots.
(iv) (x – 3)(2x +1) = x(x + 5) (i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
(v) (2x – 1)(x – 3) = (x + 5)(x – 1) (ii) kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0
(vi) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2
7) The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman’s ages,
(vii) (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1)
(in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from now
(viii) x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3 is1/3.Find his present age.

2. Represent the following situations in the form of 8) In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in
quadratic equations : Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2
(i) The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m 2. The marks more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in
length of the plot (in metres) is one more than English, the product of their marks would have
twice its breadth. We need to find the length and been 210. Find her marks in the two subjects.
breadth of the plot.
9) The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 30
integers is 306. We need to find the integers. metres more than the shorter side, find the sides
of the field.
(iii) Rohan’s mother is 26 years older than him. The
product of their ages (in years) 3 years from now 10) The difference of squares of two numbers is
will be 360. We would like to find Rohan’s present 180. The square of the smaller number is 8 times
age. the larger number. Find the two numbers.

(iv) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a 11) A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If
uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less, the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have
then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the
same distance. We speed of the train.
need to find the speed of the train.
12) An express train takes 1 hour less than a
3 Find the roots of the following quadratic passenger train to travel 132 km between Mysore
equations by factorisation: and Bangalore (without taking into consideration
(i) x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 the time they stop at
(ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0 intermediate stations). If the average speed of the
(iii) 2x2 7 x 5 2 0 express train is 11km/h more than that of the
(iv) 2x2– x +18= 0 passenger train, find the average speed of the two
(v) 100 x2 – 20x + 1 = 0 trains.

13) Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m 2. If

4) Find the roots of the following quadratic the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the
equations, if they exist, by the method of sides of the two squares.
completing the square:
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 14) Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and
(ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0 product is 182.
(iii) 4x2 4 3x 3 0
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0 15) The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than
its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm, find the other
5) Find the roots of the quadratic equations by two sides.
applying the quadratic formula.
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
(ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
(iii) 2x27 x 5 2 0
(iv) 2x2 – x +18= 0
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0