‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در دماهای باال‬.

4. Heat Engines
• Aerospace

Approximate temperature distribution that the Space Shuttle Orbiter 1

 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در دماهای باال‬.1

4. Heat Engines
• Aerospace
SPACE SHUTTLE SURFACE PROTECTION MATERIALDESIGN CHALLENGES:
• Ultralightweight
• Attach to aluminum
• Withstand temperatures up to 1500°C
• Prevent heat from reaching underlying adhesive and aluminum
• Be 100% reliable for 100 missions
• Have high emissivity surface
• Not absorb water
2
 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در دماهای باال‬.1

4. Heat Engines
• Aerospace

Fused silica
573°C 870°C 1470°C ↕ fast cooling
1723°C
𝜶 − 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒛 ↔ 𝜷 − 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒛 → 𝜷 − 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒚𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒆 → 𝜷 − 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 ↔ 𝑺𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒕
Slow cooling

3
 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در خوردگی و سایش‬.2

1. Seals and Valves

Usually a ceramic material is selected that has high hardness and can be polished to tight tolerances of
flatness and very smooth surface finish with low friction.
Aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, transformation-toughened zirconia, and silicon nitride have all been
successfully designed into a variety of face seal configurations.
Applications
• Single lever faucet seal and valve

• Car and truck water pump face seal

• Air conditioner compressor seal
• Gas turbine engine main rotor bearing seal
Alumina cylinder-in-cylinder
valves for control of oxygen flow
• Slurry pump seal
SiC and Alumina seals in a respirator
• Experimental auto engine valves
4
 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در خوردگی و سایش‬.2

2. Pumps
Ceramic valves and seals are extensively used in pumps, but so also are ceramic bearings, plungers,
rotors, and liners.
A pump with ceramic parts will often last at least 10 times longer than pumps lined with other materials.

SiC pump parts

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 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در خوردگی و سایش‬.2

3. Bearings
Modern industry and transportation essentially run on bearings.

Silicon nitride ceramic bearing balls

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 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در خوردگی و سایش‬.2

3. Bearings
What other characteristics of silicon nitride besides the improved fracture toughness provide
an engineering benefit?

Because of its high hardness and fine-grained microstructure, hot-pressed silicon nitride can be surface
finished to roundness and smoothness of about one-half millionth of an inch. This not only decreases friction,
but also results in extremely low vibration operation at unprecedented speeds. Because of its low specific
gravity (60% lighter than steel), silicon nitride bearings consume 15–20% less energy and can be run at up
to 80% higher speed than an equivalent metal bearing.

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 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در ابزار برش و خردایش‬.3

CUTTING AND GRINDING

Most fabrication processes are not able to produce a
part to the final shape, dimensions, and surface
characteristics required by an application. A sequence
of cutting and grinding is generally necessary, and
sometimes this sequence can cost as much as the other
fabrication steps combined. The industry is continuously
striving to minimize the amount of cutting and grinding
and to accomplish it more quickly and efficiently.
Because they are the hardest materials available,
ceramics have played an enormous role in increasing
the rate of cutting and grinding.

8
 ‫‪ .3‬کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در ابزار برش و خردایش‬

‫‪CUTTING AND GRINDING‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫ کاربردهای الکتریکی سرامیک های مهندسی‬.4

ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS

• Electrical insulators
• Hybrid packages
• Ferroelectric ceramics
The reason for the high polarization of the BaTiO3 is linked to the atoms
• Piezoelectric ceramics present and to the crystal structure. Each titanium ion (Ti4+) is positioned
between Ba and O atoms in the structure in a space that is a little too
• Semiconductors
large for the Ti4+ ion. When an electric field is applied, the positively
• Ionic conductors charged titanium ion can very easily move a tiny distance in the direction
of the negative electrode. Because the Ti4+ has such a high charge (four
• Electronic conductors
times the charge of an electron), this tiny movement results in very large
• Superconductors polarization. This is an example of the importance of understanding
crystal structure and the factors that determine how individual atoms and
• Capacitors ions fit into each structure.
• Varistors
• Thermistors
• Igniters
• Resistors
• Electro-optic ceramics 10
‫‪ .4‬کاربردهای الکتریکی سرامیک های مهندسی‬

‫ساختار پروسکایت ‪: BaTiO3‬‬

‫• آنیون ها رئوس حفره هشت وجهی مرکزی (مراکز وجوه مکعب) را اشغال کرده‬
‫اند‪.‬‬
‫• دو نوع کاتیون کوچک و بزرگ وجود دارد‪ ،‬کاتیون کوچکتر با ظرفیت بیشتر (‪)B‬‬
‫مرکز سلول واحد و کاتیون بزرگتر (‪ )A‬گوشه های مکعب را اشغال می کند‪.‬‬
‫• عدد همسایگی کاتیون ‪ ،12=A‬عدد همسایگی کاتیون ‪ ،6=B‬عدد همسایگی‬
‫آنیون=‪6‬‬
‫• مثال‪BiFeO3 ،SrTiO3 ،BaTiO3 ،PbTiO3 :‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪rB+R‬‬ ‫𝑎‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪rA+R‬‬ ‫𝑎‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ .4‬کاربردهای الکتریکی سرامیک های مهندسی‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ کاربردهای مغناطیسی سرامیک های مهندسی‬.5

The general term for a ceramic magnet is a ferrite. Most

ceramic magnets are categorized as hard ferrites; once they
are magnetized, they retain the magnetization and are
excellent permanent magnets. Some of the applications for
hard ferrites include speakers; and household magnets.
Other ceramic magnets are categorized as soft ferrites;
they can be easily magnetized and demagnetized by
changing the direction of an applied magnetic field. Soft
ferrites are important in television, radio, touch-tone
telephones, and communications.

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 ‫ کاربردهای نوری سرامیک های مهندسی‬.6
Applications based on transparency:
• Window glass
• Container glass
• Optical glass fibers: One-quarter pound of optical glass fiber can perform the same function as 2.5 t of
copper wire
• Lenses
Applications based on phosphorescence and fluorescence:
• Fluorescent light
• Television and oscilloscopes
• Electroluminescent lamps
• Lasers
14
 ‫‪ .6‬کاربردهای نوری سرامیک های مهندسی‬
‫)‪Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation(LASER‬‬
‫با استفاده از لیزرها می توانیم مستقیما نور پالریزه تولید کنیم‪.‬‬
‫در لیزر می توانیم امواج الکترومغناطیسی (نور) هم فاز تولید کنیم‪.‬‬
‫محیط لیزر‪ :‬ماده نیمه هادی یا گاز یا تک کریستال دوپ شده مثل ‪Ruby laser‬‬

‫یک طرف کریستال را به صورت کامال انعکاسی و سمت دیگر را به صورت نیمه انعکاسی پوشش می دهند‪.‬‬
‫انتشار فوتون های هم فاز‬
‫‪15‬‬
 ‫ کاربردهای پزشکی سرامیک های مهندسی‬.7
Some ceramic compositions are very similar to bone and are accepted by the body. Hydroxyapatite-based
compositions actually stimulate bone and tissue growth. Other ceramics such as alumina and zirconia
appear to be relatively inert and have a minimal effect on our body defenses.
Replacement and Repair
• Dental Ceramics
• Hip Implants
• Spine Repair
• Heart Valve Implants, etc.

Ceramics for Medical Diagnosis

• CT Scanner
• Endoscopy Scanning electron microscope image of radioactive glass beads
compared in size to a human hair
• Ultrasound Imaging

Ceramics in Medical Treatment and Therapy

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 ‫ کاربردهای سرامیک های مهندسی در انرژی و محیط زیست‬.7

Energy efficiency and pollution control

• Fiberglass thermal insulation
• Emission cleanup technologies for coal-burning electricity generation systems
• Efficient Light Sources
• Automotive emission control (catalytic converter)
• ceramics for Power Generation
• Increased efficiency of heat engines
• Fuel cells
• Hybrid and combined cycle energy systems
• Automobile electronic control systems
• Lighter weight, stronger structural materials
• Oxygen sensors and other control sensors
• Improved recycling technology
17