0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 185 views211 pagesA - DISTINCTION in - PHYSICS
Physics in detail when doing presentations
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
+ Distinction
IN 5
Ipy UR V7ed Wve
For Grades 10, 11 & 12
%
3
First Edition (2017)
LIA Collection Of Past Examination Questions
5 With Solutions, associated facts and
Model Answers
NG’ ANDU MACMILLAN
KASAILA KASHANDACONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgements
Unit.
1. GENERAL PHYSICS_
Length and Time
Mass and Weight
Volume and density
Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Forces
Simple machines
Bnergy, Work and Power
2. THERMAL PHYSICS__ ane
Simple Kinetic Theory of Matter
Thermal Properties
- Transfer of Thermal Energy
NUTVA
3. PROPERTIES OF WAVES. se
> Wave Motion ~
- Properties of Sound
+ Light
7 Blectromagnetic Waves
4. ELECTRICITY OF MAGNETISM.
> Phenomenon of Magnetism
> Electricity
> Electric Circuits
Practical Electricity
> Electromagnetic Effects
Introductory Electronics
5. ATOMIC PHYSICS =
> Nuclear Atom
> radioactivityUNIT 1.0: GENERAL PHYSICS
Section A type questions (multiple choice)
1. The diagrams show a simple pendulum at the ends and centre of its swing
Which labelled arrow shows the distance moved by the pendulum during one period?
3
8
cas e D
Assaciated facts and Reasaning |
Period is time taken for one complete oscillation (go-come journey)
Correct answeris D
ple pendulum. {f the bob takes 1:'seconds to sw
ency of the pendulum?
(SPECIMEN. 2016, sec A Q4)
2. The diagram below shows a s
‘Ato C and back to the midpoint B, what is the fre
Wliiiiiilild Milli
ak. c
————
A. 05H: B. 10Hz
C.2.0Hz
[Assaciate! facts and Reasoning
> Frequency is defined ast
prosluced per second.
> The STunit for frequency is the Hertz (Hz)
One complete oscillation is movement from A, through B, to C and
back to A. In the above diagram the bob has moved three quarters @
of a complete oscillation. Hence proportionality gives:
he number of complete oscillations (swings)
—{ 1 }-——--- nitTime
15s
1.0s
Cross multiplication yields;
15x = 1.0% 0.75
xe = 02075 = 0.5H2
ts
Alternatively,
f-=%, where n=number of oscillations
7
and t=time taken.
075 |
c-a
= 0.5Hz
The correct answer is A.
5. The diameter and the length of a thin wire approximately 50cm in length, 1s measured as
precisely as possible. What are the best instruments to use? (hov. 2016, 3e¢ A Gt
Diameter
A. Micrometer screw gauge
B. Micrometer screw gauge
Cc Rule
D. Vernier calipers
Reasoning
The most accurate instruments are the micrometer screw gouge and the
vemier caliper but they can only measure lengths of smalll objects such
as diameters of ball bearings, coins, solids and hallow objecis and
lengths of smdll blocks, ete. however, they may not measure lengths of
| up to 50cm. such lengths can best be measured using a metre rule oF o
measuring tape. Thus in the above question, the best selectior: will be the
| micrometer screw gauge «ni the rule.
The correct answer is A.4, The diagram shows part of a vernier scale.
What is the correct reading?
4 30.5mm B33.5mm €38.0mm D42.5mm
Peasoning |
ces | Read the division on the main scale just before the zero |
|
mark of the Vernier scale and add it to @ division on a
so Vemuer scate coinciding (meeting exactly) with a division
+ from the main scale
Jeo | a
asf The correct answer is B
5 ram belons shows part of a ruler used to measure the length of a nail
the length of the nail?
Ge ——
pomp aay
x
tt
es
3. 2.7em C.3.2em D.3.7em
‘Reaso ving and associated facts.
To 9 21 the reading subtract the initial reading from
the jinal reading.
Initt al reading = 1,0em
Final reading = 3.7cm
Solution.
Actua! reading = final reading - initial reading
i 23.7-1.0
= 2.7em
1
|
|
|
|
|
Correct answer is B.6. ‘The diagram below shows a block
of sem!
What is the mae of he eae eoek of Wood of density 0 6yem
D. 500g
Reasoning and associated facts.
Use the relation, density = ==
| Data
| Density = 0.6g/em3
Volume = lbh = 10x 1.0% & |
| = 50cm3 |
|
Correct answer is A.
cr calliper. (specimen, 2026, see 401)
7. The diagram below shows part of
8 : 10
What is the reading on the vernier caliper?
A. 3.67em B. 4.72cm C. 5.16em D.5.73an
Associated facts and Reasoning
To obtain a reading from a vernier caliper, the followirg steps ate
followed.
> Take the reading on the main scale which is jus before the 2er?
mark on the vernier scale. This reading is normually in cent'me™7es
(cm), but it can be converted to mm by multiplying it by 10. ipune
question requires the answer to be in mm. otherwise, leave it”» Take the reading of the vernier scale which coincides with a a
on the main Scale, This reading is given correct to 1 decimal plete in:
mm. Convert it to cm by dividing by 10,
» Finally add up the two readings to get the actual reading,
SOLUTION
Main scale reading= — 4.70cm
. Vernier scale reading = +0.02em
Actual reading = 4.720m
The correct answer is B | /
8. Which of the following is the SI unit for time? (Wov. 2018, sec A G2)
A. Millisecond B. Second C. Minute D. Hour
Reasoning |
‘STunits are units which are accepted worldwide. SI unit means; |
In French = Systeme International d’Unites.
In English = International System of Units.
For time, the SI unit is the second.
The correct answer is B.
9. The diagram below shows the readings of a stop watch for a person running the length of
a football pitch (et. 2014, see OV)
How long did the person take to run the length of the foctball pitch?
A. 9.0s B. 9.98 C. 10.08 ~Dri1,0s
| feasoning
The time taken by the person to run the lerigth of the football pitch is the
difference between the measurement before and after running. |
!
SOLUTION i !
Time taken = Final reading ~ initial readin g
The correct answer is A,
- 1+}; ity of the
10. Ap empty can weighs 0.6kg, and when full of diesel it weighs 4.2kg. The capacity
: Men, 2016, sec A 07)
can is 1.2 x 10?m*. What is the density of the diesel? ee
2) 10°kg/m?
A. 10x 10%kg/m? B.1.5x10kgim? C. 2.2.x 10°kg/m? D, 3.0 x 10°ke/
| Assaciated facts and Reasoning : oe
| Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is calculated using
formula:-
where D = density, M = Mass of diesel and V= volume.
| M = 4.2kg - 0.6kg = 3.6kg
V= 1.2 107m? = 0.012m3
SOLUTION
300k g/m*
=3 x 107ka/m3_
The correct answer is D
jen plank was placed in a beaker, and below w
the beaker.
Beaker
600m?
00cm?
00cm?
200m?
10cm?
Before
After
What is the density of the wooden block?
A. O.1g/em* B.0.5¢
pm? C. L.Og/em}
D. $.0giemAessoning a aq
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is given by the formula;
Density = ==
volone
Data
In this case mass = 125g.
Since there are two volumes. Volume of block is found as;
Volume of plank = volume of water and plank - volume of water only
= 500cm? ~ 250cm’.
= 250cm>
SOLUTION
The correct answer is B.
12. To find the deasity of a liquid, a pupil noticed that 90g of the liquid occupied the same
volume as ! 14g of water of density 1000kg/m*, What was the density of the liquid?
A. 0.79g.cm* B. 1.272
m? ©. 2.04p/em? D. 4.90g/em?
a (oct. 2015, sec 4 04)
Density is deyined as mass per unit volume, Itis given by
the formul
Density = =.
Data
Mass = 90g.
Volume of liquid = volume of water.
Mass of water
Density of water
Therefore volume of liquid = 114cm3
Volume of water
SOLUTION
Density of liquid = (ieee read ~ TH” O-799/m*
The correct answer is A.
13. A body moving with a speed of 30m/s has kinetic energy of 1 800J. Whal is its mass?
A.
120kg B. 60kg C. ake, D. 2ke
(nov, 2016, sec A 5)
——_________—f 7 — —_a — : , |
je assess due to
Kinetic energy (K.E) is the energy that a body or a ae ai ona greater
its motion. The faster the speed (Velocity) of a . fe ame
the kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is calla a ee finn ceed
| KE = ™, where m= mass of the object/body.
I -,
Data from the question
V=30m/s
| K.E= 18007 cm
ae ubject of the formula.
| Since we are looking for mass, we make m the subj
| have;
The correct answer is ©
14, Which of the following properties of a body is affected by a change in gravitational field?
A. Mass B. temperature C.Volume —-D. Weight
(Wov. 2216, sec A Q6)
| Different planets (And other bodies in space) have different
| gravitational fields. The weight of any object depends on the
| gravitational field strength of the planet on which the body is. For
instance, the gravitational field strength on earth is 10N/kg while on
the moon it is 1.6N/kg. This means that a mass of 1kg on earth has a
weight of 10N. The same 1kg mass has a weight of 1.6N on the moon
Hence, weight depends on ti
fhe gravitational field strength of the planet.
The correct answer is D
15, The gravitational field strengu
his 1 6N/kg on the moon and 10) earth. If
astronaut leaves earth for th # moon and 10N/kg on earth. If an
2 moon, what effect would this have on his mass and weight?
MASS:
WEIGHT.
A. Less on earth Same on earth
a an
B. More on earth nd moon
Same on earth and moonC. Same on earth and moon ‘Less on earth
D. Same on earth and moon More on earth (oct, 2014, sec A Q3)
“Associnted facts and Reasoning
‘Mass does not change with position (it is not affected by gravitational field) so
mass remains the same. Weight is the quantity which gets affected by the
Strength of the gravitational field. Since earth has a greater gravitational field than
the moon, the weight of the astronaut on the moon will be less than that on earth.
The correct answer is B. C
16. Which one of the following is the correct weight of a S0kg bag of maize on both the
moon and the earth?
Moon Earth
A. 0.8N 50N
B. 8.0N SON
c. 80N SOON
D. 800N SOON (uty, 2016, see 4 @)
Reasoning
‘Weight depends on the gravitational field strength of the planet or any
body in space. Gravitational field strength on the moon is about
1.6N/kg whereas on earth it is about 10N/kg. To calculate weight we
use the formula:
W= mg.
Therefore we have;
Weight on the moon, Weight on earth
W=50* 1.6= 80N W= 50 10= 500N
The correct answer is C.
17. A container is filled with Sky of paint, The density of the pzint is 2g/cm3. Which volume
of container is needed?
A 10cm? B 400cm* € 2500cm? D 10 000cm?
inniaieaeeseree
| Associated facts and Reasoning
First change the mass from kilograms to grams;
ie. 5 x 1000 = 5000g.
We now use the relation;
‘Mass
Votume = er
S00 = 2500em3 Ans,
The correct answer is C
1248. A learner walks at a constant speed. He takes 100s to walk 160 paces. The length of each
Pace is 0.8m. How far does the pupil walk in 50 seconds?
A. 64m = B.80m_—C. 128m D. 256m —(specrrew. 2016, sec A 05)
— ee a
In 100s, the leamer walks a distance of 0.8m x 160 paces = 128m.
Let the distance he walks in 50s be d.
| By proportional, we have:
Distance
128m
cation results into:-
100d = 50s * 128m
= 64m
The correct answer is A
19. The diagram below shows 2 velocity ~ time graph of a huge crane hoisting a steel beam
from the ground.
What distance was covered during section C?
A. Im Bim C.4m D. Sm (oct. 2014, sec A @2)
The distance covered is equal to the area under the graph for
the part C. The shape of the region C is a trapezium. The
formula for finding the area of a trapezium is;
A=%) xh, where aand bare the two parallel sides of the
frapeztum and h is the vertical height (distance) between the
parallel a and b. |
{»]4,b=1andh=2 |
SOLUTION
y :
A=(%)x2-=5 square units
Therefore, the distance covered = 5m |
The correct answer is D,
20. The velocity — time graph for the mution of a trolley is shown below.
Mate
20
12
0 10 20 3¢/40 so 60 ts
What distance did the trolley tras rel when there was no resultant force acting on it?
A. 200m B. 320m C. 400m D. 520m,
(Oct. 2015, sec # Q2)
Associated facts and Reasoning
When there is no result’ ant force acting on an object, the velocity is constant,
meaning that accelerat ion is zero. Here velocity was constant between 29s
and 40s. The distance travelled during this period is equal to the area of the
rectangle under the gr aph. Area of rectangle is given by the formula;
A=1xb., 1= length and b = breadth.
Data jolo
1= 40-20 =2 Ounits.
b= 20 units
SOLUTION
A= 20x 20 = 400 square units.
Therefore d i stance travelled = 400m
The correct answer is C.
— { u }i bel
21. A number of forces are acting on a body as shown in the diagram below.
24N
13N _10N
20N
i i it force acting on the body?
hui Or ies lag re a a ee D.12N (oct. 2015, sec 4 95)
‘Reasoning
We combine horizontal forces to find a single resulting horizontal force.
We do the same for the vertical forces. We obtain the following.
Horizontal forces
13N ~ 10N = 8N, acting to the left
Vertical forces
24N - 20N = 4N, acting upwards.
Diagrammatically, we show these forces as below:
3N
Pythagoras theorem gives the value of the resultant force R as:
Re = 32442
R=9+16
R= 25
R=\25=5N
The correct answer is C.
22. Which of the following quantities change when a body is accelerating?
‘A. Mass of the body
B. Weight of the body
C. Velocity of the body
D. The force acting on the body
(Oct, 2035, sec a @3)
—— 2 eeReasoning
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.
The correct answer is C,
23, The diagram below shows how a Post Bus was moving, (ily, 2016, see A 02)
Velocity mvs
a 20 30 0 Fa
‘What was happening to the bus at time intervals of 5s — 10s, 10s — 30s and 30s — 50s?
5s 10s 10s —30s 30s —50s
A. Reducing in speed ‘Moving at constant speed Increased speed
B. Increased speed Stopped Started moving
C. Going down a slope Moving at constant speed Climbing a hill
D. Increased speed stopped Reduced speed
Reasoning
Under velocity (speed) / time graphs, a dropping line means decreasing
velocity or speed, horizontal line means constant velocity and rising line
|__shows increasing velocity.
Hence the correct answer is A.
24. The diagram below shows a graph of distance covered by a woman varies with time as
she takes a walk from her home to the market.
distance
0 Time/minWhat was happening in the region AB during the woman’s walk? She....-
A. Walked with a constant speed
B. Worked faster than before
C. Walker slower than before
D. stopped walking
Reasoning and associated facts.
The correct answer is D.
On a distance-time graph a horizontal line represents a stationary
object while a straight slanting (sloping) line like BC and OA represents
an object moving with constant velocity.
25. An object falls through a vacuum where there is no air resistance.
Which line in the table describes the acceleration and velocity of the object?
Since it is falling in a vacuum, there will be no resistance, due to
air, on the object. The force of gravity will however make the object
[fall with constant acceleration (acceleration due to gravity, g =
10m/s?). In the same event, velocity will be increasing uniformly.
‘Acceleration Velocity
A Constant Constant
B Constant Increasing
Cc Increasing Constant |
D Increasing Increasing |
(SPECIMEN, 2016, sec A Q2)
Reasoning ]
The correct answer is B.
26. The diagram below shows a speed time graph for a car.
Speed
: (mys) 254
20 8,
1s
104
“idd 8 10 12 14 16
Time (s)
At which points is the car moving with zero acceleration? It is at points
A. AandD B.BandC
C. Aand C
D. Band D
(ov. 2016, sec 4 0%)
_ ij
Zero acceleration exists when. velocity is not changing (is constant). In |
this question, the two points where velocity is constant are A and C. |
The correct answer is ©
27. A force of 20N pushes an object of mass 5.0kg along a rough horizontal surface where
the frictional force is 5.0N. What is the acceleration of the object?
A 1.0m/s? B 2.0 m/s? 3.0 m/s? D 4.0 m/s?
Reasoning
We use the formula:
Fret = ma, where we make a the subject of the formula.
We have;
F
a==
Nonetheless, we have (o find the resultant (net) force F, because it
is the one causing the acceleration.
ie. Fre: = Driving force - frictional force
| = 20N - 5.0N = 15N
The correct answer is C.
B.A fe 9p abody Which properties of the body may all be changed by the force?
A mass, shape and siz
B mass, shape and velo
C mass, size and veiocity
D shape, size and velocit
Reasoning and assacizted facts
A non-zero force acting on a body has the ability to cause;
The object change its position (accelerate).
2. Change to the body’s shape / size.
3. Change to the body’s direction.
4. Stop a moving object.
Correct answer is D.
29. When a nut and bolt are difficult to undo, it is easier to tum the nut by using a longer
*panner because the longer spanner gives ... (Nov. 2016, sec A O4)
A. Less friction
B. More friction
C. A larger turning effect
D. A smaller turning effect.The question deals with moments. Moment is the turning effect of a force.
It is the product of the force applied and the perpendicular distance from
the pivot to the point of application of the force. Moment is given by the
formula; M = Fd, where Fis the applied force and d is the perpendicular
distance. The greater the moment, the easier it is to undo the nut. Greater
moments are achieved by longer distances from the pivot.
| Reasoning .
|
Hence in this case, the correct answer.is C.
30. The diagram below shows an inclined plane used to lift a load of 2000N.
|
100m, Isom
200098
What is the velocity ratio of the inclined plane as a simple machine? :
A. 40.0 B.20.0 C.2.0 D.0.5 (oct. 2615, sec a 96)
Velocity ratio is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the
distance inoved by the load.
ie. VR - Setanemoved velSe, veracity ratio, just like mechanical
advantage, has no units.
Associated facts and Reasoning ]
|
|
|
|
SOLUTION
V.R = 128 = 2.0
50 |
The correct answer is C.
31. A machine with a velocity ratio of 6 requires 800J of work to raise a load of 60kg through a
vertical distance of Im.
Find the mechanical advantage of the machine. (2uty. 2016, sec A 06)
A. 0.45 B.0.75 C45 _D.75.0
Reasoning and assaciated facts.
First we collect all the data given in the question so as to identify the best formula to
use to solve the problem completely.
Data
V.R= 6
Mass, m, = 60kg
g@ 10N/kg
Height, h= Im
Work input = 800J. a |We know that we can find mechanical advantage (M.A) using
= 60 10~= 1 = 600
800
Therefore-eff:
x 100% = 75%
the formula;
Efficiency = “4 x 100%
We make M.A the subject of tie formula. We have;
= LAVR
Ma =
Now we need to find efficiency. We apply the formula;
— work output
EAE = rork put” :
In this question, Work output = gravitational potential energy.
ie RE=mgh
|
|
|
|
| Hence, MA=2**= 4.5
The correct answ ic.
32, The diagram below shows s wheel and avle. (oct. 2014, sec A 05)
If R is 60cm and ris 15cm, what is the velocity zatio of this machine?
A 0.25 B. 4.00 C.45.00 D, 900.00
| Associated facts and Reasoning
| In the wheel and axle, velocity ratio 's given by the formula;
V.R = #, where R ~ radi of larger wheel and r = radius
of smaller wheel.
Data
- R= 60cm
R= 15cmSOLUTION
| V.R=22%= 4.00 — [Note that velocity ratio has no units because the
I . units cancel out each other]
The correct answer is B.
33. The diagram below shows a frictionless pulley ued to lift an 8000N block of concrete.
What is the minimum effort required to raise the block?
concrete
Block —{__[-~80008
A. 1600N B. 2000N ©. 3600N D. 8000N
Reasoning and associated facts.
Four (4) ropes are supporting the lower block.
Therefore, the minimum effort is distributed equally in the four
ropes to lift the load.
| Mathematically, 4E = 8000N
000
| oe
i E = 2000N
The correct answer is B.
3M. The diagram below shows a model of « crane with a counter balance weighing 200N.
‘This counter balance can be moved further or closer to 0 to accommodate different loads
What
Ls‘Reasoning and associated facts.
The maximum load that the crane can lift should be equal to the product
of the counter balance (200N) and the maximum distance from the pivot.
In other words, the clockwise moment should be equal to the anti. ft
Mathematically, Fid; = Foda
rit aaa d = 2m, dz=Im and Fo=?
200 x 2 = Fp x1
F2=400N ans
The correct answer is B.
35, The common understanding of energy conversion is that it is.....
A. can be transformed from one form to another
B. remains the same in all forms
C. can be destroyed
D. can be created (July. 2016, sec A 07)
Reasoning
| The Principle of conservation of energy states that energy can
neither be created nor destroyed but can only change from
one form into another. From this fact:
The correct answer is A
36. Which of the following will not allow a 6kg rock fall 6 times faster than a kg rock of the
same size and shape?
A. Air resistance is greater for the 6kg rock
Air resistance is less for the 6kg rock
. The earth’s force of gravity 10 mass is the same for each.
The ratio of force of gravity to mass is the same for cach.
(oct. 2014, sec A C4)
2oOm>
Assaciated facts and Reasoning :
| “When a body falls in air, it experiences some resistance due to air.
The air resistance to a lighter body is a large when compared to its
weight and vice versa. Hence air resistance has more effect on
speed of falling lighter bodies than heavy ones _
The correct answer is B.
ee37. A toy car of mass 600g moves through 6m in 2 seconds. The average kinetic energy of the
car is.
A. 0.0273 B. 0.27) C.2.75 D. 66.675 (Oct 2015, sec A Q6)
Recall to change 600 grams to kilograms, the SI unit for mass. Then,
apply the formula;
KE =imv?
SOLUTION
K.E=3% 0.6% 2
7
The correct answer is C.
38. A 4kg brick is dropped from the top of a building whose height is 30m, The brick reaches
the ground with velocity of Quty. 2016, sec A Qs)
A. 1200m/s B. 43.6m/s C. 24.5m/s D. 34.6m/s
Reasoning and assaciated facts.
| At the height of 30m, before being dropped, the brick possess
potential energy. However, as it falls after being released its
potential energy is getting converted into kinetic energy. By the time
Just before it hits the grounealll the potential energy it initially had
is converted into kinetic energy. At this stage we can say; K.E = P.E.
| But P.E = mgh = 4 10x 30=1 2005
| Kinetic energy is calculated from, K.EB= Fmv? where v =
velocity and m = mass.
|
| SOLUTION
|
q|
We obtai
1200-2 x4 x v2
1200 = 22
ve ~ 12° = 600
| V = 1600 = 24.5m/s
The correct answer is ©.
——-{ 2 } =39, The higher an object is from the ground, the
A. more potential energy it has
B. higher its centre of mass is
C_ lower its centre of mass is.
. more unstable itis.
Reasoning
Ofthe possible answers given above, the 0
by height above the ground is gravitational
Gravitational potential energy increases
The correct answer is A.
40. The diagram below shows a block of mass 2kg,
down a frictionless slope
What is the kinetic energy of t
A. 20) B. 40s
Guly. 2016, sec A @8)
ne which will be affected
potential energy |
with increasing height.
sliding from rest through a distance 20m
(SPECIMEN. 2616, sec A 95)
block at the bottom of the slope? (Take g = 10m/s*)
C. 2007 D. 4003
| Associated facts and Reasoning
| Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Law states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed hut can only change
Srom one form into another. In this situation, two forms of energy,
namely gravitational potential energy (P.E) and kinetic energy are
involved. Potential energy is the energy that an object possess due to
its position while iin
due to its motion.
The arrangement shown above is called an inclined plane. At
the top of the inclined plane, the block possesses only potential
energy is the energy that an object possess
energy, before it starts moving. As it moves down the slope, its
potential energy changes into kinetic energy. By the time, just
before hits the bottom of the plane, all its potential energy is
converted in kinetic energy. Hence the P.£ at the t
UL = KE at the bo: tom of the plane.
‘op of the plane
|
|
|
|So we have:
mass of block,
where m =
.E (at the top) = mgh, = vertical
g = acceleration due to gravity and h
height.
Data
m= 2kg, g = 10m/s? and h= 10m.
SOLUTION
P.E=2* 10* 10=200J
.K.E = 2005
The correct answer is C.
PITFALL! b=10m and not 20m
41. A body moving with a speed of 30m/s has kinetic energy of | 800J. What is its mass?
(Nov. 2016, sec A 05)
B. D. 2kg
120kg
Reasoning
Kinetic energy (K.E) is the energy that a body or an object possess due to its
motion. The faster the speed (Velocity) of an object or body, the greater the kinetic
energy. Kinetic energy is calculated by the formula:
KE = "2, where m~ mass of the object/ body. V = velocity of the object.
Data from the question
V=30m/s
K.E = 1800
M
B. 60kg C.4kg,
Since we are looking for mass, we make m the subject of the formula. We have;
2
Ke-=
= 4kg
Correct answer is C.
a He.42. The diagram below shows a crane lifting a car from the ground onto a courier.
Ifthe crane uses a petrol engine to lift the car,
the car moves with constant speed?
A. Chemical to kinetic
B. Chemical to potential
C. Kinetic to potential
D. Potential to kinetic
what is the overall energy conversion as
(Oct. 2014, sec A Q5)
> The crane uses a chain to lift the car, as the chain is moved |
so does the car. Therefore, the overall energy is chemical from
petrol to kinetic energy.
r a
| Associated facts and Reasoning
|
|
PITFALL!: consider the energy conversion on the crane not the car.
Correct answer is A.
43. A parachutist of mass 60kg falls with constant velocity of Sm/s together with a parachute
of mass 20kg.
Taking gto be 10N/kg, What is the resultant force on the system?
A._ON B.400N _C.600N __ _D.800N .
| Reasoning and associated facts.
| Constant velocity is achieved when the driving force is equal to the
| frictional force.
| Therefore, resultant force is equal to zero.
The correct answer is A.
44. A dog running at constant speed of 3m/s increases its speed to 7m/s upon seeing a lion. If
mass of the dog is 20kg, the work it does in achieving the new speed is...
A. 40) B. 1601 C. 4005 D. 5803
|| Reasoning and assaciated facts.
| The work done is equal to the kinetic energy gained by the dog. |
| Gain in KE = KEar rm/e~ KEat amy
tg |
| ) Reasoning
The gradient of a velocity time graph
im uph is the same the
acceleration/ deceleration. “
Therefore, a= 2.8m/s2
6 A car has a total mass of 900kg and is travelling at 20m/s. At time t= 0s, the driver sees
an accident ahead, He applies the brakes at t= 0.6s to stop the car. Afier the brakes are
applied, the car comes to rest in a further 4 seconds.
a) Calculate the deceleration of the car as it brakes. 2)
b) Calculate the braking force of the car, 2)
¢) On the grid below, draw a speed — time graph for the car as it brakes. B)
(SPECIMEN. 2016, sec B Q2)
Reasaning, solutions and answers
Reasoning
We recall that deceleration is negative acceleration. The formula for
calculating acceleration is a = = were a = acceleration. v = final velocity,
u = initial velocity and t = time taken.
SOLUTIONS
a) Data
v = Om/s. u = 20m/s. t = 4.0 - 0.6 = 3.4 seconds and a =?
SOLUTION
-5.9m/s?
Therefore, Deceleration is = 5.9
m/s? Ans
(Note that when we use the term deceleration or retardation,
tie minus sign or negative, ts ignored).
b) We use the formula.
F=ma
Duta
m = 900kg. a = 5.9m/s? and P= ?SOLUTION
F=900x5.9
=5294.1N
the scales used are: :
oo 2em to 1 uni
2em to 4 units
Horizontal axis:
Vertical axis:
5. Time(s)
7. Attain weighing 2500kg stants {rom rest and attains a velocity of 20m/s after 2 seconds.
Irmoves at this velocity for 3 seconds and then slows down coming to a siop after a
further | second,
41) Sketch a velocity- time graph for the motion of the train on the grid given below
30 s
25
20
Velocity mie all
15 +
10
st fe a
Time (a) p}b) Calculate the breaking force of the train BI
Reasoning, solutions and answars
a
30
25
20
Velocity m/s
15
10
o 1 oe aa
Time (s)
b) The breakiny force ts found using the formula;
F = ma, where m= mass and a = acceleration.
We first find a. We use the formula,
Data
2 = -20m/s?
our solving for breaking force, we shall use the absolute
which is deceleration. Develeration = 20m/s?
value for ac ation
SOLUTION
F = 2500 » 20 = 50 OOON Ans.8. A cyclist accelerates uniformly from rest to a velocity of 10m/s in 3 seconds. He then
moves with a constant velocity of 10n/s for 6 seconds, before decelerating uniformly to
rest ina further S seconds.
, i 5 3)
i ihe cyclist motion. [
a) Draw a velocity time graph representing t le p
b) Calculate the distance travelled by the cyclist during the journey. 2]
n
Velocity (m/s)
—>
14 16
Time /s
(Nov. 2011, sec A Qt)
re above is a
Distance = area of figure formed under the graph. The figu
3 (@+b) x h, where a and b are the two
trapesium. For a trapesium, Area (A) =
parallel sides of the tre
‘apesium and h is the perpendicular height between “a”
and “b”.
SOLUT!
LUTION
aes A=3(6 +14) x10
b=14
= 10 x 10 = 100 square units.
h=10
« Distance travelled by the cyclist = 100m Ans.
{uy} :9A space research organization sent astronauts to Mars to examine rocks on its surface.
The organization produced a report containing information about conditions of Mars.
9) The gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is 3.7N/kg. Calculate the
weight on Mars of rock of mass 0.50kg 0)
b)_A rock dropped on Mars falls to the surface. State the acceleration of the falling rock.
(Assume that there is no air resistance on Mars)
0)
ulate the kinetic energy of a 0.SOkg rock as it strikes the surface at a speed of
3.2mvs 2]
(SPECIMEN. 2636, sec 8 03)
‘Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Remember the formula for calculating weight using mass and
gravitational fieid strength. It is: W = mg
Data
m = 0.50kg
g = 3.7N/kg
SOLUTION
body on any planet or on the moon is
1a! field strength. The only difference is the
are measured. This acceleration is known as
gravity
SOLUTION. ;
Since the gravitational field strength is 3.7N/kg, the acceleration of
a falling body on Mars is 3.7m/s? Ans
netic energy is given by the formula: K.E = 4mv?.
o
m = 0.50kg
v= 3.2m/s
SOLUTION
K.E =} * 0.50. x 3.2?
-1% 0.50% 10.24
2
- 2.56S Ans.10. The figure below shows diagrams that illustrate a measuring cylinder into which Sem
of liquid and then an irregular piece of solid are placed. The total mass of the cylinder
and its contents, at each stage is recorded below the diagrams.
70cm*
liquid
solid
809 1539 2129
a) State the meaning of the team ‘density of a substance’. O]
b) Calculaie
(The density of the liquid in the figure. (3)
(ii) The density of the solid above. [2]
tov. 2024, sec A @3)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Density of an object is its mass per unit volume/measurement
of how the particles are closely parked in a substance.
db)
Data
Mass of liquid = 153g - 80g = 7:
Volume of liquid ~ 50cm?
a
Density == = 1.46a/em: ANS
= mass of solid
(ii) Density of solid = Messe sait
Data
Mass of solid = 212g - 153g = 59g
Volume of solid = 70cm? ~ 50cm! = 20cms
SOLUTION
Density; = 2.95q/em2 ANS11. The diagram below represents a thick-walled bottle used to carry out an experiment
determine the density of air. The bottle was fitted with a rubber bung and tap
The following results were obtained:
Mass of bottle containing air = 410g
Mass of empty (evacuated) bottle = 409g
Mass of bottle filled with water = 1150g
a) What mass of water was needed to fill the bottle? 0]
b) What was the initial volume of the bottle? Take the density of water as 1g/ém?,[2]
¢) What mass of air filled the bottle? > oO)
d) What was the density of the air? 2
(Nov. 2018, sec A Qa)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
@) Mass of water = mass of bottle with water - mass of evacuated
botile.
1150g - 409g
41g 9 Ans
b) Volume of the density bottle is equal to the volumv of the water used
to fill it. From the formula
ass M
Density = ““* orp=%,
we have, vee
So we find the volume of the water.
Data
D= 1g/cm3
M= 741g
SOLUTION
v= = 7410m?
Volume of the density bottle = 741cm3 Ans
wf 37 }#__-—¢) We use the formula
Mass of air = mass of bottle containing air —
mass of empty bottle
= 410g — 409g
=I. Ans.
d) We apply the formula D = 3
Data
m=1g
) V=741cm3
SOLUTION
D=—=. = 0.0013g/em’ Ans
ma
12. The Figure below shows a bus.
4) State three modifications that should be made in the design of the bus to make it
more stuble. QB]
>) “An astronaut with a mass 75kg on earth travels to the moon whose gravitational field
strength is 1.6N/kg
(i) What is meant by mass? a
(i) What is the mass of the astronaut on the moon? u}
(iii) What is his weight on the moon? ty
(ov. 2909, sec A.04)
Reasoni 19, solutions and answers
Replace high wheels by low ones
Change the shape of the front to be streamlined
The carrier should be on the base of the bus.b)
ie Mass is the quantity (mass) of matter in substance.
The mass on the moon is the same as the mass on the earth
(mass does not change regardless of position)
Therefore, mass on the moon = 75kq Ans.
(iii) Use the formula w = mg, where m = mass of the astronaut
and g = gravitational strength on the moon
W=75* 1.6
4120N
13.
a)
b)
What is meant by the centre of mass of an object? 0]
Explain why a minibus is more likely to topple over when the roof rack 18
heavily loaded than when the roof rack is empty. 2)
A metre rule is suspended on a knife-edge placed at the 40cm mark. Itis
found that the metre rule balances when a mass of 45e is suspended from
the 15cm mark as shown in the figure below.
cm 40cm
100em
[459
If the centre of mass of the metre rule is at the $2.5em mark. Calculate the mass of the
metre rule : a
(oy. 2011, sec 42)
Peesoning, solutions and answers
«) The centre of mass of an object is the point at which the whole
weight appears to act from
b) When the roof rack is heavily loaded, the centre of mass
rises. This situation makes the bus unstable. Conditions for
stable equilibrium are:
> Low centre of mass
> Wide base
¢) We recall the principle of moments which principle of moments is,
Yelockwise moments = Yanticlockwise moments
Now we take moments about the pivot. We have:
45% 25=12.5*m
12,5m = 1125 [divide on both side by 12.5]
125m 18_ 90g Ans14.
a What i: force?
2 uniform metre rule pivoted at the 30cm mark. {tis
from the 20em mark.
b) The following figure shows a ut
balanced when a mass of 200g is hung
What is the mass M of the metre rule? ov. 2005, see A @2)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Moment of a force is the turning effect of a force about a point
(pivot).
b) Reasoning
Refer to the principle of moments in question 56 on page 100
above
SOLUTION
Lanticlockwise moments = Yclockwise moments.
20 x m= 200 x (30cm — 20cm)
20m = 2000
_— 2000
Fe one
m = 3900 Ans
15. The Figure below shows the path taken by a ball thrown vertically up into the air.
a
BO
*
AO |
a) °
(i) State at which position A, B, C or D the ball travels fastest 0)
(i) Explain you answer in (i) a
b). Wind is a renewable source of energy, The windmill is used for electrical generation
and pump water.
() What is meant by renewable source of energy? a
(ii) State one disadvantage of depending on wind energy ia
(ii) Give as example of a non-renewable source of energy. 0)
(Now. 2018, sec A Q5)
eae = { 40 F . aeReasoning and answers
@)
w@ The ball travels fastest just before it hits the ground. So the
ball travels fastest at position D.
(ii) Because it possesses the greatest kinetic energy just before it
hits the ground. Since mass remains the same, what
. increases as it falls is the velocity V.
(i) Renewable sources of energy are those that are constantly
and naturally replaced and are usually considered to be
environmentally friendly.
Examples of renewable sources of energy include solar,
wind, biomass, Geothermal and hydrogen.
(ii) Wind depends on the weather. There might be no much wind
at times.
Or
Wind energy may not be strong enough to perform up to the
expectations. For example, it may not generate enough
electricity or pump up enough water.
(iii) Examples of nonrenewable sources of energy include any one
of the following
> Diesel
> Coal
> Natural gas
16.
2) Defiae work and power. 2)
b) A pupil of u kg runs up a flight of 20 stairs each 25cm high in a time of 20
seconds. (Take g = 1ON/kg). 1
Calculate
) The pupil’s gain in potential energy.
(i) The useful power developed by the pupil in climbing the stairs. [2]
(ov, 2022, see A G4)
‘Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Work is the energy transfer that occurs when a force causes an object
tc: move a certain distance in the direction of the force
Work = force * distance moved in the direction of the force.
Flower is the rate at which work is done.
b)
(i) | Weuse the formula:
Potential energy = mass * acceleration due to gravity * height
(P.E = mgh)Data
m = S0kg
9 = 10N/kg
h= 20% 25 = 5m
SOLUTION
P.E = 50x 10 x 5 = 2500J
fi) Power = #2rk40ne, yt work done is equal to the energy used in
doing the same work,
Data
Work = P.E = 2 5005
t=@0s
SOLUTION
2500 _
Power = 25 = 125w Ans
17. A trolley is being pulled up a ramp from point O to Z using a force of 200N as shown in
the following figure.
40m
trolley
ramp
4.8°
Weight = 300N
Calculate:
a) Th work done against gravity when the trolley reaches Z.
b) The input energy into the system.
¢) The efficiency of the system
(Mav. 2014; sec AQ4)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Work done against gravity is equal to potential energy gained.
Therefore, to find work done, we use the formula:
Potential energy = mass * acceleration due to gravity x height.
(P.E = mgh)Pata
700
m= 3 = 30kg
g = 10N/Kg
h= 10m
SOLUTION
P.E= 30% 10x10
= 30005 ANS
b) The input energy is equal to work done by the effort
As such, to calculate input energy, we use the formula:
Work done = force x distance’, .
Data
Force = 200N
Distance = 40m
SOLUTION
Work done = 200 x 40
= 80005
Therefore, input energy = 8 00S Ans
©) To calculate efficiency, we make use of the formula:
Eff = outPul x 100%
Wark input
Ans
18. The folowing figure shows an object of mass 0.7kg resting on a horizontal surface.
If the object is pulled to the left by a force of 6.0N and to the right by a force of 2.5N and
assuming that no other forces act on the object.
6.0N 2.5N
~<—___]
a) (Calculate:
i) The resultant force. ul
(ii) The acceleration produced by the resultant force in (i). (2)
b) Explain why in actual practice the acceleration for the object may be lower than your
a)
answer in (a) (i). Set
—- -—{ a }—_____—_ —_Reasoning, solutions and answers
a)
(i) Resultant force = 6.0 N-2.5N ~ 3.5N Ans
(ii) | We use the formula:
F=ma ;
We make “a” the subject of the formula, we have:
F
qa
m
Data
F = resultant force = 3.5N
m= 0.7Kg
SOLUTION
a-8
= Sm/s? Ans.
b) Because some of the resultant force is used to overcome
friction between the object and the horizontal surface on
which it slides.
19. The
from
a uniform meter rule of mass 120g suspended at its mid - point
whieh is calibrated in newtons (N).
[] |_— sping ace
(cael 60.om
100m
A stone suspended at the 20cm mark, is balanced by a 100g mass suspended on the 60cm
mark. Assume Om/s*,
a) Calculate the mass of the stone QI
b’) Why does the mass of the metre rule play no part in the calculation in (ay? (1)
¢) What is the reading on the spring balance? (2)
(Nov. 2010, sec A Q3)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) We recall the principle of moments which is,
Lelockwise moments = y,anticlockwise moments
Now we take moments about the pivot, which in this case is at the
50cm mark (midpoint), where the metre rule is suspended.Note that the metre rule is in equilibrium (is balanced) therefore we have:
Lanticlockwise moments = Yclockwise moments.
ie. Fi di =Fyx dy
= Fid
> Ft
Data
Fi = mass of stone
d; = S0cm — 20cm = 30cm
Fo= 100g
d2= 60cm — 50cm = 10cm
SOLUTION
100 x
Faith =333¢ Ans.
b) It plays no part because the metre rule is suspended at the pivot.
‘Since we take moments at the pivot, d= 0
Moment due to metre rule mass (M)
Mx0=0
Also, the weight of the metre rule cancels out with the upward force
exerted by the spring balance (support).
¢) The reading on the spring balance is equal to the sum of the
downward force.
ie. Reading of spring balance = weight of stone + weight of 100g mass.
SOLUTION
Weight of stone = 25x 10 = 0.333
Weight of 100g mass = 2%, x10 = 1N
7000
Reading of spring balance = 0.333N + 1N = L.333N Ans
20. The diagram below shows a spanner being used to unscrew a nut from a bolt.
a) Explain why it is better to push the spanner at B rather than at A. (the arrows marked
A and B show the direction of the applied forces). 2)
ce ib) A force of 120N is applied at B. Calculate the moment of this force about the centre
of the bolt. a)
c) The nut and the bolt-are so rusty that the aut cannot be tumed. What effect may be
produced on the nut and the bolt by the application of the force? mM
(SPECIMEN. 2016, sec 8 Ot)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) We realise that the problem deals with moments. The greater the
moment, the easier it is to untie.
Ans: It is better to push the spanner at B rather than at A because
the moment developed about the centre of the bolt is greater than
when the force is applied at A.
4) Reasoning
Recall the formula for calculating moments:
Moment = force x perpendicular distance from the pivot.
In this case, the pivot is the centre of the bolt. We also need to
change the units of length (distance) from centimetres to metres.
Data
Force = 120N
Distance ~<" 00" = 38 = 0.16m = 0.16m
SOLUTION
Moment = 120 x 0.16
=19.2Nm = Ans
¢) Any of the following:
> The threads will get damaged.
> The bolt may break due to shearing forces.
> The corners of the nut will be damaged. (spanner will cruse)
21. The figure shows a door well secured on the door frame.by moment of a force? Include
2 . 1 its SL unit?
ae’ ‘mathent of force if a force of 10N is applied at point 1 to open ln
c) Explain why it is easier RQ
1 than at point 2 or 3, to pen a door or close the door if the handle is fixed at point
(ov. 2013, sec 4 4)
‘Reasoning, solutions and answers
perpendicular di :
the pivgt ‘stance from the point of application of the force to
m=Fd
Moment i: is
rs ee ee in newton metres (Nm). It is a vector quantity.
nt of a moment is ether clockwise or anticlockwise.
b) We use the formula m = Fd
Data
F=10N
d= 0,25 +0.5+0.75m
SOLUTION
m= 10x 0.75
= 275 Nm Ans
The moment developed when force is applied at 1 is greater than
that when force is applied at 2 or at 3. In short, a larger moment is
developed at I and not at 2 or as a result of the longer distance from
point | to the pivot.
¢
22. A girl whose mass is 45kg carries a box of mass 25kg up a flight of steps. There are 40
steps each 40cm high. She takes 16 seconds to climb up the steps. (Take g= 10nvs* )
a) What is her weight? mM
b) What is the weight of the box? w
©) Calculate the total gravitational potential energy of the girl and the box when she
reaches the top 2
(2
d) Calculate the total power
(nov. 2011, sec 4 03)
Reasaning, solutions and answers
a) To find weight, we use the formula W = mg, where m= mass and
g = gravitational field strength.
Data
m= 45kg
g = 10N/kg
{ 7} -SOLUTION
Weight of girl= 45 10=450N Ans
b) The same formula W = mg is used as above.
Data
m= 25kg
g~ 10N/kg
SOLUTION
Weight of box = 25 10=250N — Ans.
c) Gravitational Potential Energy (P-E) = mgh
Data
m= mass of girl + mass of box = 45 + 25 = 70kg
g = 10N/kg
h = 40cm * 40 steps = 1600cm [This figure should be changed to
metres, the SI unit of length. This is done by dividing by 100]
= 1600 _
h=apy = 16m
SOLUTION
P.E-70* 10x 16= 42005 Ans.
work done (Energy gained)
@) Power is calculated from the formula Power = aa
Data
W=P.E= 42005
t= 16s
SOLUTION
= 4200 —
p=). 262.5W Ans.
23. A girl who has a mass of SOky runs up some stairs in 7.0 seconds. The stairs are 8.0m
high. Take the gravitational field strength as 1ON/kg, what is
a) the girl’s weight? O)
b) the girl’s potential energy when she is at the top of the stairs? 2
¢) her power output? 2]
(ov. 2005, sec & @)
‘Reasoning, soltions and answers
a) We use the formula: W = mg
Data
m= 50Kg SOLUTION
g=10N/Kg W=50~ 10
=5
Ansb) We use the formula:
Potential energy = mass » acceleration due to gravity * height
PE =
Data iat
m= 50Kg
g = 10N/Kg
h= 8m
SOLUTION
P.E- 50% 10%8
000s Ans
o) We use the formula:
Work done(energy used)
~ Fane taken
Power
Data
Work done = 40003
Time taken = 7.0 seconds
SOLUTION
Power = 000
71L.4W Ans
24, A pump lifts 420kg of water every minute through a vertical height of 30m, Assume that
1ON/kg.
a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the water every minuic el
b) Explain why the energy needed to operate the pump for one minute is greater than
the value you calculated in (a). uy
¢) Calculate the usefal’power output of the pump. i
(sescinen, 2016, sec 8 Q5)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Potential energy is calculated using the formula:
P.E=mgh
Data
m = 420kg
g > 10N/kg
h= 30m
SOLUTION
P.E = 420 10 x 30
= 1260003 = Ans
b) Because some of the energy is used to overcome frictional forces in
moving part of the pump.
work done (or en
‘gy used)
¢) Useful powerData
Work done = potential energy ~ 126000
Time taken = 1 minute
= 126000
minute :
We change time to its Si unit, the second.
Power = 200%
wer = 60
=2100W = Ans
25. A pump lifts 500kg of water per minute from a borehole.
rom borehole
a) At which position A, B or C does the water have the greatest potential energy?[1]
b) Calculate the potential energy gained by the water if it moves a vertical distance of
20m during this time. (Take g = 10m/s*)
2)
¢) Calculate the useful power of the pump. (21
(oct. 2015 Sec A 2)
‘Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) At point C
b) We make use of the formula:
Potential energy = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height
(P.E = mgh)
Data
500Kg
g = 10m/s?
h= 20m
SOLUTION
PE=mxgxh
00 x 10 20
= 2000003 Ans
a) We use the formula: Power = Wri dene
Time taken
—{ so }—Data
Work done = 2000003
Time taken= 6,
SOLUTION
Power = 200000
60
2) Calculate the work done when S0kg of water is lified to a height of 1.5m.
b) The pump used 12005 of energy to lift SOkg of water to a height of 1.5m.
Explain the difference bewween this value of energy and the value caleulated in (a)
©) Calculate the efficiency of the pump.
(Wov. 2608, see 4 0a
Reasoning, solutions and answars
a) The work done is equal to the gravitational potential energy gained
Gravitational potential energy is found using the formula,
P.E = mgh
SOLUTION
PE = 50% 10% 1.5
= ZSOJ Ans.b) The difference is due to the fact that some of the energy is used to
o
overcome frictional forces in moving parts of the system.
Efficiency is calculated using the formula;
Work output i"
BF = arketapat © 100%
Data
Work output = 750J
Work output = 1 2003
SOLUTION
Eff= Ex 100% = 62.5% Ans.
a7.
a) Briefly describe how the mass of a liquid can be determined, how the final result can
be calculated. (3)
b) An empty relative density bottle has a mass of 35g, When filled with water, its mass
becomes 85g,
(@) Mass of water Oy
Gi) Volume of the bottle (take the density of water to be lg/em’) [2
(Nov. 2013, sec A 3)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a)
>)
a — 52 }
One way of determining the mass of a liquid would be done
following the steps given below.
() Measure the mass of an empty container, m1
(i) Measure the mass of the container with liquid, me
(iti) Calculate the mass of the liquid m using the formula;
m=me—mi Ans.
() Mass of water is given by the difference between the mass of the
bottle filled with water and the mass of the empty density bottle.
Let the mass of the empty density bottle be mi and that of the
density bottle filled with water be m2. Mass of water will be;
m= m,—m
Data
mi = 35g
ma = 85g
SOLUTION
m= 85-35
= 80g Ans
(i) Volume of density bottle is equal to the volume of water used to
fill it. Now we find the volume of water from the
Formula D= 4. We have, v= aAns
Volume of density bottle = 50cm? Ans
28. The figure below shows a measuring device,
iS
a) Name the measuring device. ft)
b) What is the reading
c) shown on the device? rin
d) State two precautions to be taken when using the device. Q]
(Nov. 2016, sec § Qt)
Reasoning, assaciated facts, solutions and answers
@) Micrometer screw gauge
b) The reading on the micrometer screw gauge is obtained by adding
the sleeve scale (main scale) reading and the thimble scale (rotating
or vernier scale) readling. The rotating scale reading is the division
that coincides with the horizontal line of the sleeve scale.
SOLUTION
Main scale reading = 8.50mm
Rotating scale reading = 0.22mm
Actual reading = 8.
¢
() Wipe the faces of the spindle and the anvil (Jaws)
(ii) Check for zero error
(iii) Do not over screw the ratchet.29.
hi 1
a) The Figure below shows part of a vernier calliper used to measure a physical
quantity.
cm
(®) What is the reading shown above on the vernier caliper? 0)
(i) What physical quantity does the vernier calliper measure? f
b) State two precautions that must be taken when taking measurements using a
micrometer screw gauge. (21
(Nov.2612, sec A Q1)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) :
(i) To take a reading from a vernier caliper, the following steps
are followed:
> Take the reading on the main scale which is just before the
zero mark on the vernier scale. This reading is normally in
centimetres (cm), but it can be converted to mm by multiplying
the obtained value by 10 if the question requires the answer
to be in mm. otherwise, leave it in cm.
> Take the reading of the vernier scale which coincides with a
division on the main scale, This reading is given correct to 1
decimal place in mm. Convert it to. cm by dividing by 10.
> Finally add up the two readings to get the actual reading.
SOLUTION
Main scale reading= — 3.70em
Vernier scale reading = + 0.03cm
Actual reading = 3.73em Ans
(i) A vernier calliper measures length.
>)
+ Wipe or clean the faces of the anvil and the spindle.
+ Check the instrument for zero error.
——__—___——_{ 5a }}—--+--—— —430, The diagram below shows part of a micromet
cath opie asa ler screw gauge. an instrument used to
a) What is the reading shown on the micrometer? ul
b) What physical quantity is measured by the instrument? a
) What is the function of the ratchet? ul)
(iow, 2018, s0e 4 Qt)
‘Reasoning, solutions and answers.
a) Refer to question 28 on page 75 for more information on the procedure on
how to take a reading from a micrometer screw gauge
SOLUTION
Main scale reading = 4.50mm Add to obtain actual reading
Vernier scale reading = 0.31mm
Actual reading =4.81mm Ans
b) It measures length
@) To give a signal (by producing a click sound) that the faces of the spindle
and the anvil have gripped the object being measured.
31. The figure below shows a simple pendulum that oscillates between positions A and C. 11
takes 2.05 seconds to go from A to € and back to mid- point B.
/
=
‘
o
a
|a
@ Calculate the period of the pendulum. 5
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the pendulum.
b} Briefly describe how the period ofa pendulum would be measured {1}
Reasoning, solutions and answers
q
i The period of a pendulum is defined as the time taken for one
complete oscillation. A complete oscillation is the movement of a
bob from point A to € and back to A. Movement of the bob from A
to C and back to midpoint B, as shown above is three quarters
6) of a complete oscillation.
We want the time taken for one complete oscillation. We let this
time be T. Comparing two quantities, we have;
No of oscillations time
taken (s) Alternatively,
3 ie a 2.05
1 r
multip!
ixT=1 x 205
pation gives,
SOLUTION
= .37H2 Ans |
b) The steps are as follows.
” Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure in this question above
There is also need for a stop watch
- Pull the bob to one side through a small angular amplitude, so that it
oscillates to and fro between A and C for a number of times.
~ Use the stop watch to determine the time taken for the number of
complete oscillations, say 20. Record this time :> Repeat the timing a
few times
nie tmes for the same number of complete
+ Work out the average
oscillations. 9¢ of the times for the same number of
> Use the formula T = +
32.
2) The table below shows a list of physi
2 physical quantities. By tic ero
quantities into vectors and sec eal Baal. By ficking inthe box, gr "
Physical quanti Fasc —
Thnsie quantity | Mass Velocity | Temperature | Pressure |
Scalar t /
b). Give the SI unit for,
G) Temperature
Gi) Power 2)
(SPECIMEN. 2016, sec 6 © )
Answers
a
Physical quantity | Mass Velocity [Temperature | Pressure
‘Vector oe v
Scalar Gpeccee eee eee a ¥
b)
cu keivin (K)
(i) watt (W)
33. A stone of mass 1 .0kg is dropped from a certain height and takes 8 seconds for the stone
to strike the ground. Upon reaching the ground, the stone penetrates 5.0cm into the
ground. (Take g= 10m/s’). ‘
a) Calculate the height from which the stone is dropped. re]
b) Caleulate the kinetic energy of the stone on reaching the ground. 2)
©) Calculate the average retarding force. 2
(ov. 2016, sec ® @2)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) Reasoning
Recall that the question deals with velocity, distance and
acceleration. Remember the equations of motion and, depending on
the information in the question, decide which one to use.
—_—___--— = }e- ————Data
m - 1.0Kg
t= 8 seconds
g = 10m/s?
=01 :
Let she height above the ground represent the distance and be
denoted by S. : : : :
(Where m = mass, t = time taken, S = distance [height], u = initial
velocity and g = acceleration due to gravity).
SOLUTION
We use the equations of motion:
saut+ee
Substitution gives:
s-0%6 +e
= 0+320m
= 320m
Therefore, height = 320m Ans.
b) Ressaning
Kinetic energy is the energy that a body possess due to its motion. It
is given by the formula;
Kinetic energy (K.E) =! , where m= mass and v = velocity
m= 1.0Kg, u=Om/s,t-8s, v=?
We find velocity (vj using the formula
vp =u + at, where u = initial velocity, a = g = acceleration and
t = time taken.
v=0+10x8
= 80m/s
Kinetic energy (K.I) =
K.6 = 28" = 3200
Kinetic energy =
Alternatively,
OOF
use the understanding that;
On reaching the ground, PE = KE = mgh
= 1 10x 320
~ 32005
{ 58 }©) Use the formula:
F= ma, where F = force
m=mass
@ = deceleration
use v? = u? + 2ax to find a.
0 = 80? +( 2xa x 0.05)
0.1a+80=0
= -64 000 m/s?
therefore,
F= 1.0 x 64000
S4000N = Ans.
Alternatively,
Work done = force x distance
3200 = 0.05F
F = 3200
(005
F=64000N Ans.
34, Figure below shows a Vernier calipers
Main scale
cn 8
a 9
ih
Trt
-————vernier scale
[ane
0 10
(a) Whar is the reading of the Vernier calipers?
(2)
(b) Writ
symbols,
¢ in words the SI units of the following physical quantities and state their
SI unit in words 1 unit symbol
@ Velocity.
‘Temperature
‘Acceleration
A]
(uly, 2017 sec B Qt)
(iii)Reasoning, associated facts, solutions and answers
® Main scale reading (M.S) ~ 7.90cm
Vernier seale reading (VS) = 0.05em
ing = M.S. + V.S.
A OY 730 + 0.05
~ L2scm Ans
b) i) metre per second m/s
it) kelvin x
iii) metre per second squared m/s
NOTE: units named after a person, begin with a small letter when
written in words
3
(a) What is the difference beiween density and relative density? p
(b) the figure below shows a cuboid container that has a Sein square base and contains wate
toa height of 6m
(i) Whats the volume of the water? iy |
(3) Astone is imm into the water in the cuboid causing the water to rise toa |
height of Sem. determine the volume of the stone. ul
(€) If the mass of the stone is $Uz, calculate the density of the stone 2
(uty, 2017 sec 8 @)
Reasoning associated facts, solutions and answers
aj
* density has units while relative density has no units
* Density is defined as mass per unit volume whereas relative dens
is the density of the substance compared to that water.
bj) V~ lbh
5x 5x6 :
150 cm?
{ « }36, The figure below shows a
= Lozlem?
Pulley system used to lift a load of 9 600N using an effort of
2 400N through a vertical distance of 20m
a)
b)
°)
dy
MD
i
‘9600N
Calculate the mechanical advantage of the pulley system,
What is the velocity ratio?
What is the efficiency of the pulley
Calculate the distance moved by the effort
Reasoning. solutions and answers
@) Mechanical Advantage is given by the formula:
M.A =%, where L = load and E = effort
Data
L=9600N
E=2400N
SOLUTION
9600
MAA = 2400
=4 Ans [nate that mechanical advantage is a ratio. Therefore, it has no units)
b) Ina pulley system, velocity ratio is equal !o the number of ropes
supporting the lower block. In this pulley system, there are 5 ropes
supporting the lower block. Hence,
Velocity ratio (V.R)= 5 Ans (Also, velocity ratio has no units]
—-——_{ 1» }--___— ——cj The efficiency of a pulley system can be calculated using the
formula;
Ma
bff =%4 x 100%
Data
MA=4
VR=S
SOLUTION
Eff= 4 x 100%
= 80% Ans
d) We use the formula; ce
3 = Distance moved by the of for
Velocity ratio = Distance moved by the load
Data
VR=5
Distance moved by the load = 20m
SOLUTION
Ever x Distance moved by the ef Fort
Distance m
Ans
37. The figure below shows the di:
tecth and the driven wheel
catvan wheel
seat
a) Find the velocity ratio 2
») Ifthe riven wheel makes 15 rotations, how many rotations would the driving wheel
make? (2)
ov. 2009, sec & 95)
Reasoning, salutions and answers
a) Reasoning
For gears:
Velocity ratio = NumberData
Number of teeth in driven wheel = 12
Number of teeth in driving wheel = 36
SOLUTION
-2
on = 9.3 Ans
b) Reasoning
We realise that:
Velocity ratio = tistance moved by e{fort
SOLUTION : kia
VR = Rotations by driving wheet
Ratatvons by driven wheel
Dreving wheel rovetwons
15
1
a
Driving wheel rotations = =
-S Ans
38. The figure below shows a simple bottie opener made by fixing two screws into a piece of,
wood
z
a), What is meant by 2 simple machine? a
b) Which of the points X.Y or Zs
w The pivot tu
(i) The effon |
¢) Is the force applied at X less or greater than the force applied at Z? W
d) State one modification that should be made on the design of the bottle opener so that
Jess effon is uscd to open the bottle ny
(Woy 2013, see 4 05)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) A simpie machine is any device by which a force (effort) applied at
one point can be used to overcome a ferce (load} at some other
point, thereby making work easier.
b)
fj The pivot is at ¥
fii) The effort is at Z¢) To answer this question, we consider the fact that under normal
circumstances, most machines are made in such a way that the
load is greater than the effort. Hence the force applied at X is
greater than the force applied at Z.
d) Making the piece of wood longer on the part where the force is
applied
39. The figure below shows a ramp being used to lift a box weighing 480N through a
distance of 3 metres and a height of 1 metre by applying a force F of 200N.
1.0m
(a) State the meaning of the term “simple mac!
(b) Calculate the mechanical advantage of the ramp in the figi
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the ramp.
a
(2]
2)
Reasoning, associated facts, solutions and answers
a) a device used to make work easier or a device in which a force applied
at one point is used to overcome another force at another point.
b) MA, = 224
effort
©) Efficiency = "* x 100%40, ie ane below shows how an inclined plane can be used as a simple machine to lift a
10K OF weight 480N by pushing it up a plank 3.0m long onto a lorry so that it is raised
through a vertical distance of 1.0m.
a) State the meaning of a simple machine.
b)
(@)_ Find the mechanical advantage of the arrangement shown in the figure above.
Gi) Ifthe machine has an efficiency of 80%, find the work done by the force F.
(wov. 2686, sec A 03)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a) A simple machine is any device by which a force (effort) applied
at one point can be used to overcome a force (load) at some other
point, thereby making work eusier.*
b)
(i) — Mechanical advantage = £4
fort
Data
Load, L = 480N
To find the effort, we first work out the work done on the box.
Work done is equal to the potential energy gained.
P.E = mgh = 480 * 1 = 480
From the formula, work = force x distance, we have;
480=3%F
= - 160N
SOLUTION
MA-*2=3 Ans.
(i) We shall use the formula,
ork output
Epp, = Saker x 100%Data
f= 80%
Work output = 480
Work input = work done by the effort F.
Work = Fd, distance moved by the effort = 3m.
SOLUTION
Werk output y 19996 = B/f
Work input
a0 .
Wortapar * 100 °.80
+9000
Workingna ~ 80
2000
ae
3F x 80 = 48 000
240F = 48.000
49.00
=200N AnsSection C Type of Questions,
1. A uniform metre rule is bala
inced at the 30cm mark when a load of 0.80N is hung at the
zero mark as shown in the di
iiagram below,
cm 30cm 100em
o.80N
(@)_At what point of the rule 1s the centre of mass df the rule?
(ii) Calculate the weight of the rule.
o]
BI
Nov. 216, sec C Q1)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
( The meter rule is uniform in shape. The centre of mass for uniform objects is
at the mid - point. The mid - point of a meter rule is at the 50cm mark. Hence
the centre of mass is at the 50 em mark.
(i)We take moments at the pivot, the 30cm mark. And apply the principle of
moments
Data
di = 30cm
d2 = 50cm — 30cm = 20cm
Fl = 0.80N
F2=-W-=?
SOLUTION
1.8 x 30
=1.2N Ans.
. The figure below shows a uniform metre rule balanced horizontally on a knife- edge placed at
the 58cm mark when a mass of 20g is suspended From the end.
bem s8em il
E |
206
a)
(i) Find the mass of the rule, ;
(ii) What is the weight of the rule? (Taking g = 10m/s?)b) A candle stand has a wide heavy base. Explain why the base has both heavy mass
and wide area (Woy 2012, sec @ ti)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a)
(i) The mass of the rule is acting on its mid-point, 50em mark.
The diagram is therefore;
(ii)
cm 50cm 100m,
m
Now we apply the principle of moments
Lelockwise moments = S.anticlockwise moments _
ie mid; = mdz
Data
dy = 58-50 = 8m
de = 100 - 58 = 42cm
m=?
m2 = 20g
SOLUTION
8m) = 42 x 20
42x20
m, = 20
= 105g
“mass of metre rule = 105g Ans
() We use the formula W = mg
Remember to change mass from grams to kilograms (kg).
Data
9 = 10m/s?
i: ai%
m= 105g= san =0.105kg
SOLUTION
W= 0.105 x 10 = 1.05N Ans
b) So that the stand does not topple when the candle is placed on it.
(To make the stand stable)
et3. The Figure shows a spring with the upper end fixed, hangs alongside a metre rule. The
lower end of the spring gave the following extensions when the various loads were hung
from it.
metre rule
Load/N 0 02 [04 [06 [08 | 1.00
Extension/em [ 0 ul 19 [29 [41 [5 |
a) Distinguish between mass and weight.
b) Plota graph of extension against load,
©) From the graph find
(i) The extensions for a mass of 0.045kg
(i) The extensions for a load of 0.15N (ov, 2606, sec 8 Q12)
Reasoning, solutions and answers
a)
Mass is the amount (quantity) of matter contained in a body
(Object) while weight is the gravitational attraction on a body (an
object).
Mass is measured in SI units of kilograms (kg) whereas weight is
measured in newtons (N).
Mass does not change from one location to another but weight
changes since it depends on gravitational field strength.
> Mass is measured using a beam balance whereas weight is
measured using a spring balance.
(any of the above)