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EE3402 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

EE3402 Linear Integrated Circuits

UNIT I : IC FABRICATION
1. What is an IC?
An integrated circuit is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and
passive components that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal chip of silicon.
2. List the advantages of IC over discrete component circuit.
❖ Low cost (due to the large quantities processed)
❖ Small size.
❖ High reliability. ( All components are fabricated simultaneously and there are no
soldered joints)

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❖ Improved performance. ( Because of the low cost, more complex circuitry may be

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used to obtain better functional characteristics. )
3. Classify ICs on the basic of application, device used and chip complexity.
❖ Based on application, ICs can be classified as monolithic integrated circuits and

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hybrid circuits.
❖ Based on the active devices used, ICs can be classified as Bipolar (using BJT) and
unipolar (using FET).
❖ Based on the chip complexity, ICs can be classified as SSI – Small Scale

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Integration, MSI – Medium Scale Integration, LSI – Large Scale Integration, VLSI
– Very Large Scale Integration, ULSI – Ultra Scale Integration and GSI – Giant
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Scale Integration.
4. Name the technology used for the fabrication of transistors or ICs.
Monolithic Integrated Circuit Technology which means a circuit fabricated from a single
stone or a single crystal.
En

5. List the basic processes used in the silicon planar technology.

Silicon wafer (substrate) preparation,Epitaxial growth,Oxidation,Photolithography
Diffusion,Ion implantation,Isolation Technique,Metallization,Assembly Processing and
arn

Packaging
6. Explain the word “Epitaxy”
The word epitaxy is derived from Greek word epi meaning ‘upon’ and taxy is the past tense
of the word teinon meaning ‘arranged’. Therefore, epitaxy means arranging atoms in single
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crystal fashion upon a single crystal substrate, so that the resulting layer is an extension of
the substrate crystal structure.
7. What is the function of silicon –di- oxide on an IC ?
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Silicon dioxide has the property of preventing the diffusion of almost all impurities through
it. It serves two very important purposes.
❖ Sio2 is an extremely hard protective coating and is unaffected by almost all reagents
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except hydrofluoric acid. Thus it stands against any contamination.

❖ By selective etching of Sio2, diffusion of impurities through carefully defined
windows in the Sio2 can be accomplished to fabricate various components.
8. Photolithography process is used for producing windows and the law that governs the
diffusion process is the diffusion law .
9. Name the major crystal growth technique. What are ingots?
The major crystal growth technique is Czochralski crystal growth.
Ingots ( 1 to 2 inches in diameter and about 10 inches long ) are grown from a
silicon melt with a predetermined number of impurities.

1
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10. What are positive photoresists?

Materials which are more soluble when subjected to light and therefore yield a positive
image of the mask are known as positive photoresists.
11. What are negative photoresists?
Materials which are rendered less soluble in a developer solution by illumination yield a
negative pattern of the mask and are called as negative photoresists.
12. What are the two types of capacitors that can be fabricated in IC?
Junction capacitor and Metal Oxide Semiconductor capacitor.
13. What is ion implementation?
Ion implementation is a technique used to introduce impurities into a silicon wafer.

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14. List the advantages of ion implantation technique.

g.i
Ion implantation technique has two important advantages.
❖ It is performed at low temperatures, therefore, previously diffused regions have a
lesser tendency for lateral spreading.

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❖ In diffusion process, temperature has to be controlled over a large area inside the
oven, whereas in ion implantation technique, accelerating potential and the beam
current are electrically controlled from outside.

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15. List the various isolation techniques used in ICs.
The various isolation techniques are PN junction isolation, Dielectric isolation.
16. Name the different types of IC packages.
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TO – 5 glass metal package, Ceramic flat package, Dual – in- Line package (ceramic or
plastic type)
17. What is meant by parasitic capacitance?
The isolation regions or junctions are connected by a significant barrier, or transition capacitance
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CTS to the P type substrate, which capacitance can affect the operation of the circuit. Since CTS is
an undesirable by-product of the isolation process, it is called the parasitic capacitance.
18. Explain the need for making isolation islands.
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Since a number of components are fabricated on the same IC chip, it is necessary to

provide electrical isolation between different components and interconnections.
19. What is the undesirable by-product of PN diode isolation?
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The undesirable by-product is the presence of transition capacitance at the isolating pn

junctions, resulting in an inevitable capacitor coupling between the components & the
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substrate. This parasitic capacitance limits the performance of the circuit at high frequencies.
20. What is the advantage of using Aluminium in metallization?
w.

(i). It is relatively a good conductor.

(ii) It is easy to deposit aluminium films using vacuum deposition
(iii) Aluminium makes good mechanical bonds with silicon.
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(iv) Aluminium forms low resistance, non-rectifying (ohmic) contact with p-type silicon and the
heavily doped n-type silicon.
21. List the types of monolithic capacitors.
(i) Junction capacitor (ii) MOS or thin film capacitor
22. What are monolithic ICs?
Monolithic is Single stone. Monolithic ICs are made in a single piece of single crystal silicon
23. State the limitations of IC technology.
(i) Can’t be repaired
(ii) Fabrication of Inductors with high values, transformers and chokes is difficult.

2
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24. The semiconductor / substrate used for monolithic IC are single crystal silicon and that used
for thin film are passive substrate such as glass or ceramic.
25. What are the advantages of pnp transistor over npn transistor in IC technology.
1. A vertical p-n-p transistor has the disadvantage that its collector has to be held at a fixed
negative voltage.
2. Lateral p-n-p transistor has inferior characteristic as the base width is usually larger controlled
by lateral diffusion on p-type impurities and photographic limitations during masking and
alignment. Therefore p-n-p transistor normally gives current gain as low as 1.5 to 30 compared to
50 to 300 for the n-p-n transistor.

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3. Collector region is heated during the base and emitter diffusions, so the diffusion coefficient of
the collector impurities should be as small as possible to avoid the movement of the collector

g.i
junction. Since n-type impurities have smaller diffusion constant than p-type impurities, the n-
type collector moves very little while p-type moves appreciably. This makes the n-p-n transistor

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superior in performance with relatively easier process control.
26. What is meant by hybrid IC?
In hybrid circuits, separate component parts are attached to a ceramic substrate and
interconnected by means of either metallization pattern or wire bonds.
27. Name some popular ICs.

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National Semiconductor LM 741, Motorola MC1741, RCA-CA3741, Texas Instruments
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SN52741, Signetics N5741
28. Give the advantages of Schottky barrier diode over pn junction diode.
1. Less time delay from on to off.
2. Less forward voltage drop(0.3V) when compared to that of p-n diode(0.6V)
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29. Define sheet resistance Rs.

Rs= ρ/t (ohms per square),Ρ – resistivity, t-material thickness
30. Explain why inductors are difficult to fabricate?
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IC devices are essentially two dimensional as the depth dimension is usually very small compared
to the lateral dimensions. IC inductors can be made in the form of a flat metallic thin film spirals
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by successive deposition of conduction patterns. Very small values of inductance of the order of
nano-henry with low quality factor can be obtained.
31. What is the purpose of oxidation process in IC fabrication?
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The two important purposes are:

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i) The SiO2 layer acts as protective shield against contamination.

ii) By selective etching of Si02, the components can be easily fabricated.
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UNIT-II CHARACTERISTICS OF OPAMP

1. What is an opamp? List its functions.
The op-amp is a multi terminal device, which internally is quite complex. It is a direct
coupled high gain amplifier consisting of one or more differential amplifiers, followed by
a level translator and an output stage.
Function: Op-amp amplifies the difference between two input signals and can perform
2. List the ideal characteristics of an op-amp.
The ideal characteristics of an op-amp are as follows:
❖ Open loop voltage gain, AOL = 

n
❖ Input impedance, Ri = 
❖ Output impedance,

g.i
RO = 0
❖ Bandwidth, BW = 
❖ Zero offset voltage, i.e. VO = 0 when V1 = V2 = 0;

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3. List the essential terminals of an op-amp.
Op-amp has five basic terminals, that is, two input terminals, one output terminal and
two power supply terminals.
❖ Inverting input terminal : Pin 2
❖ Non- inverting input terminal : Pin 3
❖ Output terminal : Pin 6
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❖ Power supply terminals : Pin 4& 7
1. What is meant by a dual op-amp?
DUAL OP-AMP: When two op-amps are present in a single IC then it is said to be a
dual op-amp. The A 747 is a dual 741 and comes in either a 10-pin can or a 14-pin
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DIP.
2. Explain the virtual ground concept with a suitable example.
Since the difference between the two input terminals of opamp is zero, as per the ideal
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characteristics of opamp, the two input terminals must be maintained at the same
potential. Thus, if one of the input terminal is at ground potential, then obviously the
other terminal is also considered to be at ground potential. This terminal is now said to
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be at virtual ground. R
R1 f
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Vi
-a V
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+
o
b
We know that Vd = Va-Vb = 0;
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Node B is grounded
Therefore Vb = 0;But Vd = 0; Va = Vb ; Node A is at virtual ground. ie since node B
is at ground node A is also at virtual ground.
3.What are the factors that affect the stability of an op-amp?
The factors that affect the stability of an op-amp are closed loop gain and phase shift.
4.What are the various methods available for frequency compensation?
*There are two types of compensating techniques used for frequency compensation.
External compensation, internal compensation
*External frequency has two methods for compensation namely
Dominant pole compensation, Pole-zero compensation

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5.Explain the roll off gain in op-amp.

Ideally, an op-amp should have an infinite bandwidth. This means that, if its open loop
gain is 90dB with dc signal its gain should remain the same 90dB through audio and on
to high radio frequencies. The practical op-amp gain however, decreases (rolls-off) at
higher frequencies. This decrease in gain is due to the capacitive component in the
equivalent circuit of the op-amp. This capacitance is due to the physical characteristics
of the device (BJT or FET) and the internal construction of op-amp.

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6.Explain the significance of frequency compensation related to op-amp.
In applications where one desires large bandwidth and lower closed loop gain, suitable

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compensating techniques are used. The compensating network alters the open-loop
gain so that the roll-off rate is –20dB/decade over a wide range of frequency.
7.Design a voltage follower circuit using op-amp

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-
ee Vo
gin
Vin +
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In a non inverting amplifier, if Rf is equal to zero and R1 is equal to infinity, then the
gain of non inverting amplifier becomes unity, A= 1+(Rf/R1) = 1.
8.Mention some applications of op-amp.
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Some of the applications of op-amp in open loop mode are as follows:

Comparator, Zero crossing detectors, Window detector, Time marker generator.
Some of the applications of op-amp in closed loop mode are as follows:
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Amplifiers, Basic arithmetic operations – summer, subtractor, multiplier, integrator,

differentiator, Rectifiers, Waveform generators, Filters
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9. What is negative feedback in Op-amp

The feedback circuit connected between the inverting input & the output terminal is
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called negative feedback.

10. Mention the significance of Rcomp in an op-amp.
For 741 op-amp, with a 1M feedback resistor, Vo = 500nA x 1M = 500Mv.
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The output is driven to 500mV with zero input because of bias currents. This effect can
be compensated by adding a compensating resistor between the non-inverting input
terminal and ground.
11. Define input offset current and input offset voltage.
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT: The algebraic difference between the currents into the
(-) input and (+) input is referred to as input offset current .It is 200nA maximum for
741C.
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE: It is the voltage that must be applied between the
input terminals of an op-amp to nullify the output. Since this voltage could be positive

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or negative its absolute value is listed on the data sheet. For 741C, maximum value is
6mV.
12. Define input bias current.
INPUT BIAS CURRENT: The average of currents entering into the (-) input terminal
& (+) input terminal of an op-amp is called input bias current. Its value is 500nA for
741C.
13. Define slew rate. Mention its ideal value expected in an op-amp.
SLEW RATE: Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage
caused by a step input voltage and is usually specified is V/s. An ideal slew rate is

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infinity which means that op-amp’s output voltage should change instantaneously in
response to input voltage.

g.i
14. Define CMRR AND PSRR. Mention their ideal values.
CMRR: The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a
common mode signal is called common mode rejection ratio and gives the figure of

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merit  for the differential amplifier.
A
  DM

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ACM
ACM  Voltage gain for the common  mod e signal
ADM  Voltage gain for the difference signal
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CMRR is typically infinite.
PSRR: The change in an op-amp’s input offset voltage due to variations in supply
voltage is called supply voltage rejection ratio. It is also termed as power supply
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rejection ratio or power supply sensitivity. For 741C, SVRR=150V/V. Ideally, it

should be zero
15. Explain thermal drift related to an op-amp.
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THERMAL DRIFT: Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with
temperature. A circuit carefully nulled at 250C may not remain so when the temperature
rises to 350C.This is called thermal drift. Often current drift is expressed in nA/0C and
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offset voltage drift in mV/0C.

16. What are the limitations of basic differentiator?
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At high frequencies, a differentiator may become unstable and break into oscillation as
its gain increases with increasing frequency. The input impedance (ie., 1/C1)
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decreases with increase in frequency, thereby making the circuit sensitive to high
frequency noise.
17. What is the limitation of basic integrator?
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At low frequencies, the feedback capacitor behaves as an open circuit and there is no
negative feedback. The op-amp thus operates in open loop, resulting in an infinite gain.
In practice, of course, output never becomes infinite, rather the output of the amplifier
saturates at a voltage close to the op-amp positive or negative power supply depending
on the polarity of the input dc signal.
18. What is the use of differentiator and integrator circuits?
The op-amp differentiator and integrator are useful for signal wave shaping, solving
integro-differential equations, wave form generation.
22.What is summing amplifier?

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A summing amplifier is a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. It
may be inverting summing amplifier and non-inverting summing amplifier.
Rf
V1
V2
V3 -
Vo=V1+V2+V3
+

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23.What is a practical op-amp? Draw its equivalent circuit.

g.i
A physical amplifier is not an ideal one. So, the equivalent circuit of an op-amp may be
shown below.

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Ro
V2
AoLVd

ee
Vo
Ri
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V1

It can be seen that op-amp is a voltage controlled voltage source and AOL Vd is an
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equivalent Thevenin voltage source and Ro is the Thevenin equivalent resistance looking
back into the output terminal of an op-amp.

24. What is the input impedance of a voltage series feedback amplifier?

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Rif=Ri(1+Aβ) where Rif is the input resistance with feedback and Ri is the input
resistance without feedback of a voltage series feedback amplifier.The input impedance of
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a voltage series feedback amplifier is extremely large ( = infinity ) as the op-amp draws
negligible current from the signal source.
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25. How do you construct a voltage follower circuit and list out the applications?
w.

If the feedback resistance of a non inverting amplifier is made equal to zero and the
input resistance is made equal to infinity, then it becomes a voltage follower. The output
voltage is equal to input voltage, both in magnitude and phase. In other words, we can also
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say that the output voltage follows the input voltage exactly. Hence , the circuit is called a
voltage follower. It can be used as a buffer for impedance matching as it has high input
impedance and low output impedance.
26. Design a circuit using opamp whose gain is -3.
An inverting amplifier can be used with a gain of -3. Let feedback resistance be chosen
as10KΩ. Then A = -Rf/R1 = -3. Therfore, R1 is 3.33KΩ.

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Rf
R1
Vin
-
Vo
+

27. Why are FET opamps better than BJT opamps?

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Op-amps using FETs in the input stage offer some very significant advantages over

g.i
bipolar op-amps, especially in areas as input impedance, input bias and offset currents
and slewing rate as shown in table 1.

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Parameter BJT JFET MOSFET

Input resistance K
ee 109 1012
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Input gate current A 1 nA 1 pA

Input offset current 20 nA 2 pA 0.5 pA

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Slewing rate 1 V/s 3 V/s 10 V/s

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28. Sketch the schematic of an inverting amplifier.

Same figure as in Q.NO.26.
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29. Draw the block schematic of an op-amp.

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V2 Diff. Diff. Buffer and Output

amp amp Level translator driver Vo
V1
w.

30. List the important specifications of an opamp.

The important specifications of opamp are:
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Supply voltage, internal power dissipation, operating temperature range, input offset
voltage, input offset current, input bias current, input resistance, input capacitance, CMRR,
SVRR, large signal voltage gain, output voltage swing, output resistance and slew rate.
31. How can an opamp be configured to perform integration?

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C
R1
Vin
-
Vo
+

A basic integrator is shown above. Vo(t) = -1/R1C ∫Vin(t) dt + Vo(0)

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32. Give the schematic of an opamp differentiator.
Rf

g.i
C

Vin
-

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Vo
+

ee
A basic differentiator is shown above. V0 = -RfC dVin/dt
33. What is the order of CMRR in dB for opamp ICs?
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For 741C, it is typically 90dB.
34. What is the significance of level shifters used internally in an opamp?
Increase in DC level shifts the operating of the next stage which in turn limits output
voltage swing and distorts the output. Thus the Quiescent voltage is shifted before it is
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applied to next stage using level shifters.

35. What are the advantages of using constant current biasing for differential
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amplifier?
To improve CMRR.
36. Why is RE replaced by a constant current bias circuit in a differential amplifier?
ea

RE has to be infinity for high CMRR, but emitter supply must also be increased to
maintain proper quiescent current. Else hie will decrease thereby decreasing hfe too. This
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will decrease CMRR

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37. What is the necessity for an active load in an op-amp?

As op-amp gain increases, phase also increases leading to oscillations, however collector
resistance can be increased for obtaining large gain. But there are practical limitations for
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maximum value of collector resistance and hence the collector resistance is replaced by
active load.

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UNIT III : APPLICATIONS OF OP – AMPS

2 Marks Questions:

1.Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps :

Adder, subtractor, voltage –to- current converter, current –to- voltage converters,
instrumentation amplifier, analog computation ,power amplifier, etc are some of the
linear op-amp circuits.

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2.Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps:-

g.i
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier,
anti –log amplifier, multiplier are some of the non – linear op-amp circuits.

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3.What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits?

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” industrial instrumentation
” Communication
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” Signal processing

4.What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?

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In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of

physical quantities is usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer
has to be amplified So that it can drive the indicator or display system. This function is
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performed by an instrumentation amplifier.

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5.List the features of instrumentation amplifier:

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” high gain accuracy

” high CMRR
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” high gain stability with low temperature co-efficient

” low dc offset
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” low output impedance

6.What are the applications of V-I converter?

” Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter
” LED
” Zener diode tester

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7.What do you mean by a precision diode?

The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages
below the cut – in voltage of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the
feedback loop of an op – amp is called the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying
input signals of the order of millivolt.

8.Write down the applications of precision diode.

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” Half - wave rectifier

g.i
” Full - Wave rectifier
” Peak – value detector

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” Clipper
” Clamper

9.List the applications of Log amplifiers:

ee
gin
” Analog computation may require functions such as lnx, log x, sin hx
etc. These functions can be performed by log amplifiers
” Log amplifier can perform direct dB display on digital voltmeter and
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spectrum analyzer
” Log amplifier can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal
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10.What are the limitations of the basic differentiator circuit?

ea

” At high frequency, a differentiator may become unstable and break

into oscillations
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” The input impedance decreases with increase in frequency , thereby

making the circuit sensitive to high frequency noise.
w.

11.Write down the condition for good differentiation :-

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For good differentiation, the time period of the input signal must be
greater than or equal to Rf C1
T > R f C1
Where, Rf is the feedback resistance
Cf is the input capacitance

12.What is a comparator?

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A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one

input of an op-amp with a known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop
op - amp with output + Vsat .

13.What are the applications of comparator?

” Zero crossing detector
” Window detector
” Time marker generator

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” Phase detector

g.i
14.What is a Schmitt trigger?

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Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input
into a square wave output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower
threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform.

ee
gin
15.What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used
extensively in timing applications. It is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or
asymmetric square output. It has two states either stable or quasi- stable depending on
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the type of multivibrator.

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16.What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?

Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of
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specified duration in response to each external trigger signal. It has only one
stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to the quasi-stable state.An external
trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the capacitor produces the
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transition to the original stable state.

w.

17.What is an astable multivibrator?

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Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasi-stable

states. Thus, there is oscillations between these two states and no external signal are
required to produce the change in state.

18.What is a bistable multivibrator?

Bistable multivibrator is one that maintains a given output voltage level
unless an external trigger is applied . Application of an external trigger signal causes a

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change of state, and this output level is maintained indefinitely until an second trigger is
applied . Thus, it requires two external triggers before it returns to its initial state

19.What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback

circuits?
For sustained oscillations,
” The total phase shift around the loop must be zero at the desired
frequency of oscillation, fo. ie, $% RU °

n
” At fo, the magnitude of the loop gain | A β | should be equal to unity

g.i
20.Mention any two audio frequency oscillators :

rin
” RC phase shift oscillator
” Wein bridge oscillator

21.What are the characteristics of a comparator?

ee
gin
” Speed of operation
” Accuracy
” Compatibility of the output
En

22.What is a filter?
rn

Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band

of frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band
ea

23.What are the demerits of passive filters?

L

Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies,
w.

the inductors become problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive.For low
frequency applications, more number of turns of wire must be used which in turn
adds to the series resistance degrading inductor’s performance ie, low Q, resulting in high
ww

power dissipation.

24.What are the advantages of active filters?

Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and
capacitors as passive elements.
” By enclosing a capacitor in the feed back loop , inductor less active
fulters can be obtained

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” Op-amp used in non – inverting configuration offers high input

impedance and low output impedance, thus improving the load drive
capacity.

25.Mention some commonly used active filters :

” Low pass filter
” High pass filter
” Band pass filter

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” Band reject filter.

g.i
16 marks questions:

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1.Discuss the need for an instrumentation amplifier? Give a detailed analysis for the
same.

ee
Ans:
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of
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physical quantities is usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer
has to be amplified So that it can drive the indicator or display system. This function is
performed by an instrumentation amplifier.
Circuit diagram, instrumentation amplifier with transducer bridge,
En

Analysis, Expression for out put voltage.

rn

2.Explain the operation of the Schmitt trigger.

Ans:
ea

Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a

square wave output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower
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threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform.
w.

Circuit diagram, Analysis.

Expression for upper and lower threshold voltages with and without Vref.
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Hysterisis width.
Waveforms.

3.Discuss in detail the operation of Astable multivibrator.

Ans:
Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasi-stable states.
Thus, there is oscillations between these two states and no external signal are required to
produce the change in state.

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Circuit diagram, Analysis.

Expression for time period , 7 5& OQ –
Waveforms.
Circuit for asymmetric square wave generator.

4. Discuss in detail the operation of Monostable multivibrator.

Ans:

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Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified

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duration in response to each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state.
Application of a trigger causes a change to the quasi-stable state.An external trigger
signal generated due to charging and discharging of the capacitor produces the transition

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to the original stable state.
Circuit diagram, Analysis.
Expression for time period , T = RC ln 1 + VD / Vsat / ( 1 –
Waveforms.
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5. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback
circuits?Discuss any two audio frequency oscillators.
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Ans:
For sustained oscillations,
” The total phase shift around the loop must be zero at the desired
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frequency of oscillation, fo. ie, $% RU °

” At fo, the magnitude of the loop gain | A β | should be equal to unity.
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RC phase shift oscillator: Circuit diagram,Derive the condition for frequency of

oscillation.
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Gain,Av >= - 29
Wein bridge oscillator : Circuit diagram,Derive the condition for frequency of
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oscillation.
Gain, Av = 3

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UNIT V
Application ICs

1. What is a voltage regulator?

2. Give the classification of voltage regulators:
3. What is a linear voltage regulator?
4. What is a switching regulator?
9. Define line regulation.

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10. Define load regulation.

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11. What is meant by current limiting?
12. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators:

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13. What is the advantage of switching regulators?
14. What is an opto-coupler IC?
15. What are the types of optocouplers?
16. Give two examples of IC optocouplers?
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17. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers:
18. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers:
19. What is an isolation amplifier?
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. What are the features of isolation amplifier?

21. What is LM380?
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22. What are the features of MA78s40?

PART-B
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1. Explain i Oscillation amplifier.

ii Voltage regulator 16
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2. Draw and explain the functional block diagram of a 723 regulator. 16

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3. Draw the block diagram of the function generator in IC 8038 or any other
equivalent and explain its operation. 16
4. Write an explanatory note on opto-couplers. 16
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5. Explain in detail about the 380 power amplifier. 16

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