Câu 1: 3điểm (Cohesion)

- Cohesive devices
1. Grammartical cohesion
- Subsitiation: thay thế
- Ellipsis: lược bỏ - cách trả lời: Gramma CD - Ellipsis of Subject before "are"
2. Logical cohesive devices
- And
- Enumeration (Liệt kê)
Từ phố biến: first, second, next, finally, to begin with, for one thing..
Ví dụ: First, we need to plan. Next, we will execute the project.

- Addition (thêm vào)

Từ phổ biến: also, too, furthermore, moreover, then, in addition, above all, and what is more, and
neither, nor, and either,....
Ví dụ: She is a great singer. Moreover, she plays the piano beautifully

- Transition (chuyển tiếp)

Từ phố biến: now, by the way, incidentally
Vi dụ: We ve discussed the challenges. Now, let's move on to solutions.

- Summation ( Tóm tắt, tổng kết)

Từ phổ biến:then, in conclusion, to sum up, all in all,in a nutshell.

- Apposition ( diễn giải)

Từ phố biền: for example, for instance, namely, in other words, that is

- Result ( kết quả)

so, therefore, as a result, thus, hence, consequently,...

- Inference ( suy luận)

then, in that case, otherwise, else, in other words,...

-Reformulation or Replacement (nói lại hoặc thay thế) in other words, rather, again, better,...

- Contrast (Đối lập)

but, however, instead, on the other hand, then, on the contrary, by comparison, in/by contrast,....

- Concession (Nhượng bộ)

Từ phố biến: nevertheless, still, yet, though, in any, in any case, all the same, though, however, at
any rate, in spite of that, after all, on the other hand,..
3.Lexical cohesive devices ( từ vựng)
- Reiteration ( từ bị lặp lại) Ví dụ: The sky was dark, and the dark clouds gathered overhead
- The use of synonym ( từ đồng nghĩa)
- The use of antonym ( từ trái nghĩa)
- Association (trường nghĩa) - nó sẽ liệt kê các từ liên quan đến 1 chủ đề
Reference
+ Anaphoric ( tham chiếu về phía trước )
+ Cataphoric ( tham chiếu về phía sau)
Vd. What kind of reference is 'they' line 6? What is its referent?
Cách trả lời:“ they” in line 6 is Anaphoric - Its referent is “ some researchers”
Câu 2: 3điểm

Dạng 1. Features of context (tranh / diễn ngôn viết)

1. Addressor: The father

Addressee: The son
2. Audience: The mother and the daughter
3. Topic: Forgiveness
4. Setting: A family dining room during dinner
5. Channel: speech
6. Code: informal- Standard English
7. Message-form: informal talk
8. Event: A family discussion
9. Key: funny
10. Purpose: The father want to encourage the family to reflect on forgiveness, the son want to bring
bad report cards.

1. Addressor: The teacher

Addressee: The student
2. Audience: Other students in the classroom
3. Topic: Reason for turning in an empty exam paper
4. Setting: In class , exam hours
5. Channel: by speech
6. Code: Informal- Standard English
7. Message-form: informal talk
8. Event: exam
9. Key: funny
10. Purpose: To ask and give reason for turning in an empty exam paper

1. Addressor: The doctor

Addressee: The patient's husband
2. Audience: no one
3. Topic: The wife's health
4. Setting: in a hospital in the morning or in the afternoon
5. Channel: speaking
6. Code: English
7. Message-form: a dialogue
8. Event: annoucing health result
9. Key: funny
10. Purpose: To deliver bad news

1. Addressor: The father

Addressee: The son
2. Audience: no one
3. Topic: "female astronauts,"
4. Setting: in the kitchen or dining room in the morning or afternoon
5. Channel: speaking
6. Code: English
7. Message-form: informal talking
8. Event: father-son discussion
9. Key: funny
10. Purpose:
1. Addressor: The teacher
Addressee: The student
2. Audience: Classmates
3. Topic: relationships, or societal roles.
4. Setting: in a classroom
5. Channel: speaking
6. Code: English
7. Message-form: a dialogue
8. Event: lecture
9. Key: funny
10. Purpose: to encourage students to reflect on the role of women

Dạng 2. The function of language (transactional / interactional)

1. Transactional: truyền tải thông tin, thông điệp, thể hiện nội dung muốn biết câu trả lời hoặc
thông tin từ đối phương.
2. Interactional: Chức năng tương tác: Tập trung vào việc duy trì mối quan hệ xã hội (hướng đến
cảm xúc, thái độ cá nhân ).
Eg. It’s cold, isn’t it ? - It’s cold
Ex.
1. “Can you tell me how to get to the train station?” - TF
2. “How was your weekend?”- IF
3. “I’d like to order a pizza, please.” TF
4. “It’s so nice to see you again!” IF
5. “What time does the meeting start?” TF
6. “You look great today!” - IF
7. “Could you pass me the salt, please?” TF
8. “Happy birthday! I hope you have a wonderful day.” IF
9. “How much does this shirt cost?” TF
10. “How’s your family doing these days?” IF
KHÓ HƠN CHÚT
1. “Can you explain how this machine works? I’m having trouble with it.” TF
2. “I’ve heard so much about you! It’s great to finally meet you.” IF
3. “Excuse me, how long will it take to get the test results back?”- TF
4. “Congratulations on your promotion! You really deserve it.” IF
5. “I think we need to discuss the budget for the next quarter.” TF
6. “What do you usually do for fun during the weekends?” IF
7. “I’m sorry to bother you, but could you show me where the restroom is?” TF
8. “You always know how to make people laugh—it’s such a great quality!” IF
9. “Could you confirm whether the payment has been processed yet?” TF
10. “You seem a bit stressed today. Is everything okay?” IF
-Dạng 3. Illocutionary (speech acts) - 5 loại ( đi thi 6 câu - 2 câu 1 điểm)
1. Directive: Get sb to sth ( imperative): sau khi hoạt động lời nói dó diễn ra thì khiến ai đó phải
làm cái gì đó.
Eg. Sit down please.
2. Commissives: promises/ refusal dấu hiệu nhận biết là will, guarantee : đảm bảo, swear to : thề
sẽ lmj....
Eg. I will finish.... ( lời hứa hẹn)
3. Representative: truth value ( đối với giả định có the fact, information....),mang tính chất kết quả,
thông báo cái gì ấy
Eg. This is a Vietnamese car.
4. Declaratives: new state of being : hoạt động lời nói sau khi phát ra thì dẫn tới sự thay đổi 1 trạng
thái nào ấy, nó sẽ có 1 cái gì ấy mới. ( Declare, announce, dismiss,..) , trực tiếp thực hiện 1 hành vi
thay đổi - Chính bản thân người nói thực hiện
Eg. I declare the class begin.
5. Expressives : expression (mô tả cảm xúc trạng thái: vui, buồn, thích,khen, chê...), thường là câu
cảm thán
Eg. What a nice day!
EX.
Phần 1: Cơ bản (10 câu)
1. “Could you close the window for me?” - Directive
2. “I promise to finish my homework by tomorrow.” - COMMISSIVE
3. “The Earth revolves around the Sun.” - REPRE
4. “Congratulations on winning the competition!” - EXPRESS
5. “I hereby declare this meeting open.” - DECLARA
6. “Please pass me the salt.” - DIRECT
7. “We will meet at 8 AM tomorrow.” - COMMISS
8. “I’m sorry for being late.”- EXPRESS
9. “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.”- REPRE
10. “I sentence( tuyên án ) you to five years in prison.”- DECLARA
KHÓ HƠN
11. “Why don’t you try reading this book?”- DIRECTIVE
12. “I guarantee ( đảm bảo) that this product is high-quality.”- COM
13. “It’s raining heavily outside.”- RE
14. “Happy birthday to you!”- EX
15. “You are now officially promoted to the next level.”- DECLARA
16. “Stop talking and listen to me carefully!”- DIRECT
17. “We might go on a trip next weekend.”- RE
18. “I can’t thank you enough for your kindness.”- EXPRESS
19. “The government has announced a new policy to reduce inflation.”- RE
20. “I swear to( thề) uphold the values of this organization.”- COMMISS
Câu 3: 4điểm
- Presupposition ( GIẢ ĐỊNH)
State the presuppositions of the following sentences and classify them:
THEORY:
1. Existential: the; possessive adj (his, my, her...) ; pronouns (Jane, Mary, .....)
2. Factive: know, realize, regret, like, glad,...
3. Non- factive: pretend, imagine, dream, suggest, advise, ....
4. Lexical: again, still, kêep, begin, stop, start
5. Structural: Wh / H question words
6. Counter- factual: Conditional Sentence Type 2,3
Ex.
1.How did Jane get her first job as an actress?
- The first presupposition is :There is a women named Jane - It is Existential Presup
She/Jane has a first job - Existential Presup
Jane got the first job as an actress - Structural Presup

2. Mark is proud of having so many friends.

- There is a man named Mark - Existential Presup
- Mark has so many friends - Factive
3. My sister regrets leaving school when she was a child.
- The speaker has a sister - Existential Presup
- She left school when she was a child - Factive Presup
4. Jack knew that he had seen that girl somewhere before.
- There is a boy named Jack. - Existential Presup
- Jack had seen that girl somewhere before - Factive Presup
5. Tom pretended not to pay attention to the “NO U-TURN” sign.
- There is a boy named Tom - Existential Presup
- Tom did not pay attention to the No U-TURN sign - Non-factive presup
6. How did your counsin know about the scholarship?
7. My brother regretted not learning to play the trumpet when he was a child.
8. I wish I could do my husband a favor.
9. If my friends had studied harder, they would have passed.
10. I’m sorry for making arguments about the unexpected circumstance.
11. When did Isaac Newton invent the Gravity theory?
12. He will never smoke again.
13. Do you know your friend failed his Discourse Analysis test?
14. Would you like another glass of beer?
15. Jane regretted not selling the book.
16. What do you think of the football match yesterday?
17. Everyone was very worried when Mark didn’t arrive.
18. Do you know that this novel is the best seller?
19. Jim was glad when the meeting ended.
20. My wife doesn’t smoke anymore.

6. How did your cousin know about the scholarship?

 You have a cousin - Existential Presupposition

 There is a scholarship - Existential Presupposition
 Your cousin knew about the scholarship - Structural Presupposition
7. My brother regretted not learning to play the trumpet when he was a child.

 The speaker has a brother - Existential Presupposition

 The brother did not learn to play the trumpet as a child - Factive Presupposition

8. I wish I could do my husband a favor.

 The speaker has a husband - Existential Presupposition

 The speaker cannot do their husband a favor - Counter-factual Presupposition

9. If my friends had studied harder, they would have passed.

 The speaker has friends - Existential Presupposition

 The friends did not study harder - Counter-factual Presupposition

10. I’m sorry for making arguments about the unexpected circumstance.

 There was an unexpected circumstance - Existential Presupposition

 The speaker made arguments about that circumstance - Factive Presupposition

11. When did Isaac Newton invent the Gravity theory?

 There is a person named Isaac Newton - Existential Presupposition

 Isaac Newton invented the theory of gravity - Structural Presupposition

12. He will never smoke again.

 He smoked in the past - Lexical Presupposition

13. Do you know your friend failed his Discourse Analysis test?

 You have a friend - Existential Presupposition

 Your friend failed his Discourse Analysis test - Factive Presupposition

14. Would you like another glass of beer?

 The listener has already had at least one glass of beer - Existential Presupposition

15. Jane regretted not selling the book.

 There is a person named Jane - Existential Presupposition

 Jane did not sell the book - Factive Presupposition

16. What do you think of the football match yesterday?

 There was a football match yesterday - Existential Presupposition

 The listener has an opinion about the match - Structural Presupposition

17. Everyone was very worried when Mark didn’t arrive.

 There is a person named Mark - Existential Presupposition

 Mark didn’t arrive - Factive Presupposition

18. Do you know that this novel is the best seller?

  There is a specific novel - Existential Presupposition
 The novel is a best seller - Factive Presupposition

19. Jim was glad when the meeting ended.

 There is a person named Jim - Existential Presupposition

 The meeting ended - Factive Presupposition

20. My wife doesn’t smoke anymore.

 The speaker has a wife - Existential Presupposition

 The wife smoked in the past - Lexical Presupposition

- Implicature ( HÀM Ý)
THEORY:
4 Maxims:
1. Quantity: informative (not less / more)
2. Quality: don't say what you believe to be false / lack of evidence
3. Relation: be relevant
4. Manner: style (brief, orderly , .....)
Ex
1.Wife: I have had such a long and hard day and I don’t want to cook dinner at all.
Husband: I have even had a harder day than you do.
- Possible implicature of wife is: “ Can you help me to cook dinner?”
=> Wife violates the Maxim of Quantity and Manner
- Husband: possible implicature is: “Sorry, I can’t help you”.
=> Husband violates the Maxim of Relation and Manner
2. A: I am in need of some money.
B: I am preparing for the party next month.
- Possible implicature of A is: ‘Can you lend me some money?’
=> A violates the Maxim of Quantity and Manner
- Implicature of B is: Sorry, I can’t
=> B violates the Maxim of Relation
3. It's great to go swimming in such a good weather.
I'm having an important test in 2 days.
4. Mom: It's 12 p.m Tom
Tom: But the volume is not too high.
5. Mom: Your room is really a nice mess, Tom.
Tom: I'm going to school in 10 minutes.
6. A: Isn't it very dark in here?
B: I can't find the switch.
7. A: Mark is very mean. I asked to borrow him some money the other day but he said he had no
money with him.
B: I'm very busy now.

3. It’s great to go swimming in such good weather.

I’m having an important test in 2 days.

 Implicature of the first speaker: They are suggesting to go swimming.

o Violates the Maxim of Relation (irrelevant to the second speaker’s concern).
  Implicature of the second speaker: They are indirectly refusing the suggestion due to the test.
o Violates the Maxim of Manner (not explicitly refusing the suggestion).

4. Mom: It’s 12 p.m., Tom.

Tom: But the volume is not too high.

 Implicature of Mom: It’s late, and Tom should stop whatever he’s doing.
o Violates the Maxim of Quantity (not explicitly stating the issue).
 Implicature of Tom: He defends the volume instead of addressing the implied issue.
o Violates the Maxim of Relation (response is unrelated to time).

5. Mom: Your room is really a nice mess, Tom.

Tom: I’m going to school in 10 minutes.

 Implicature of Mom: She is sarcastically pointing out that the room is messy.
o Violates the Maxim of Manner (sarcasm is indirect).
 Implicature of Tom: He indirectly avoids the comment by mentioning his upcoming activity.
o Violates the Maxim of Relation (response is irrelevant).

6. A: Isn’t it very dark in here?

B: I can’t find the switch.

 Implicature of A: They suggest that someone should turn on the light.

o Violates the Maxim of Quantity (does not explicitly ask).
 Implicature of B: They explain why they can’t turn on the light.
o Does not violate any maxim (direct and relevant).

7. A: Mark is very mean. I asked to borrow some money the other day, but he said he had no money
with him.
B: I’m very busy now.

 Implicature of A: They are complaining about Mark’s behavior.

o Does not violate any maxim (direct and relevant).
 Implicature of B: They are dismissing the conversation.
o Violates the Maxim of Relation (response is irrelevant).