Unit 5 Power Systems: Single-line diagram of electric power system, Introduction to
types of generating stations - conventional and non-conventional or new energy
resources – thermal, hydro, wind, solar, Power transmission through three-phase system,
overhead and underground system, overview of distribution – radial and mesh systems,
Characteristics of load – resistive, inductive, capacitive and combination, Types of load –
domestic, industrial, commercial, agricultural (public / community load – municipality
load – street-lighting, water-supply, etc.), Load curve, Load duration curve, Peak load,
Average load, Load factor
(Single-Line / One-Line Diagram)
GENERATION SOURCES:
Conventional –
- Thermal – Steam, Diesel, Gas
- Hydro – Run-of-River, Dam-Storage, Pumped-Storage
- Nuclear – Fusion, Fission, Fast-Breeding
Non-Conventional (New) –
- Solar
- Wind
- Biomass
- Tidal
- Compressed-Air
- Fuel-Cell
Thermal
Chimney at extreme left, LP => Low Pressure, HP => High Pressure, Fuel
Coal, Heater & Reheater for improving condition of steam.
Economizer is a mechanical device which is used as a heat exchanger by
preheating a ¯uid to reduce energy consumption. In a steam boiler, it is a
heat ex-changer device that heats up ¯uids or recovers residual heat from
the combustion product, i.e., ¯ue gases in thermal power plant before being
released through the chimney.
HP, IP, & LP are High, Intermediate, & Low-Pressure Turbines, DM Water is
De-Mineralized Water, RH Reheater
In the process water fed to boiler is heated by burning fuel (pulverized /
powdered coal) in the presence of air to produce steam that forces to rotate
steam-turbines which in turn rotate generator rotor to produce electricity.
Steam coming out of turbines is cooled to water, pumped and recycled with
pre-heating to reach boiler, with the addition of make-up water.
DIESEL POWER PLANT
GAS POWER PLANT
Sometime when combined cycle is used Exhaust instead of releasing to
atmosphere, is used to heat water to produce steam to increase further
production of electric power.
HYDRO
Hydro-Turbines (P = Q h, with as density of water in Kg / m3, Q as
quantity of ¯ow of water in m3 / sec or cumecs, h as head of water in m)
- Francis (wide range of head)
- Pelton (for high head)
- Kaplan (low head with movable blades)
- Bulb / Tube (extremely low head, such as in canal-
water)
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
(Pressurized Water Reactor)
Wind Turbine
Wind impinging on blades of wind-turbine leads to generation of electricity
from the generator connected to turbine through gear-assembly.
SOLAR
The solar power plant is also known as the Photovoltaic (PV) power plant. It
is a large-scale PV plant designed to produce bulk electrical power from
solar radiation. The solar power plant uses solar energy to produce electrical
power. Therefore, it is a conventional power plant.
Solar energy can be used directly to produce electrical energy using solar PV
panels. Or there is another way to produce electrical energy that is
concentrated solar energy. In this type of plant, the radiation energy of solar
®rst converted into heat (thermal energy) and this heat is used to drive a
conventional generator. This method is di icult and not e icient to produce
electrical power on a large scale.
Hence, to produce electrical power on a large scale, solar PV panels are
used. In this article, we will explain details about solar PV plants and PV
panels. Below is the layout plan of photovoltaic power plant.
Solar rays irradiating on PV-Cells produce DC Electricity which upon
conversion to AC by inverter is fed to the power grid through transformer.
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
- Overhead lines
An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power
transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large
distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples of
three) suspended by towers or poles. Since the surrounding air provides
good cooling, insulation along long passages and allows optical inspection,
overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost method of power
transmission for large quantities of electric energy.
Transmission Tower Transmission Pole
Typically it consists of tower / pole of High Tensile Steel, Aluminium
Conductors, Dampers, Insulators, along with ®ttings and ®xtures.
- Cables (Insulated Conductors)
Underground cables are used for power applications where it is
impractical, difficult, or dangerous to use the overhead lines. They are
widely used in densely populated urban areas, in factories, and even
to supply power from the overhead posts to the consumer premises.
-
- Figure 1: Basic construction of an underground cable|image: 3.bp.blogspot.com
Examples: XLPE (Cross-Linked Poly-Ethylene) Cable, PVC (Poly-Vinyl Cable),
PILCDSTA (Paper-Insulated Lead-Core Double-Steel Taped Armoured)
Substation
Substation equipment list
1. Transformer - Voltage change (step-up /
step-down)
2. Circuit breaker - Fault isolation
3. Lightning / Surge arrester – Lightning /
Surge protection
4. Insulator - Voltage insulation
5. Earthing system - Personnel safety
6. Isolator - Equipment isolation
7. Busbar Arrangement - Circuit connection
8. Capacitor Bank - Power factor
correction
9. Fencing arrangement - Security provision
10. Panel board - Control equipment
AC Power Transmission and Distribution (T
& D)
AC power transmission is always at high voltage and mostly by 3-
phase system. The use of single-phase system is limited to single-
phase electric railways. Single-phase power transmission is used
only for short distances and for relatively low voltages.
Phases and wires in distribution of AC power
It may be worthwhile to note that 3-phase power
transmission requires less copper than either single-
phase or 2-phase power transmission.
The distribution system begins either at the power substation where
power is delivered by overhead transmission lines and stepped
down by transformers or in some cases at the generating station
itself. Where a large area is involved, primary and secondary
distributions may be used.
With respect to phases, the six following systems are available
for the distribution of AC power:
I. Single-phase, 2-wire system
II. Single-phase, 3-wire system
III. Two-phase, 3-wire system
IV. Two-phase, 4-wire system
V. Three-phase, 3-wire system
VI. Three-phase, 4-wire system
Types of Electrical Loads in Power System
The total loads of an area depend on its population and living
standard of the people. The different types of the loads in a power
system are as follows.
1. Domestic load
2. Commercial load
3. Industrial load
4. Agriculture load
1. Domestic Load – The domestic load is defined as the total energy
consumed by the electrical appliances in the household work. It
depends on the living standard, weather, and type of residence. The
domestic loads mainly consist of lights, fan, refrigerator, air
conditioners, mixer, grinder, heater, ovens, small pumping, motor,
etc. The domestic load consumes very little power and also
independent from frequency. This load largely consists of lighting,
cooling or heating.
2. Commercial Load – Commercial load mainly consist of
lightning of shops, offices, advertisements, etc., Fans, Heating, Air
conditioning and many other electrical appliances used in
establishments such as market restaurants, etc. are considered as a
commercial load.
3. Industrial Loads – Industrial load consists of small-scale
industries, medium scale industries, large scale industries, heavy
industries and cottage industries. The induction motor forms a high
proportion of the composite load. The industrial loads are the
composite load. The composite load is a function of frequency and
voltage and its form a major part of the system load.
4. Agriculture Loads – This type of load is mainly motor pumps-
sets load for irrigation purposes. The load factor of this load is very
small e.g., 0.15 – 0.20.
Additional (Supplementary)
Public / community load – municipality load – street-lighting, water-supply, etc.
Typical Daily Load Curve for India in GW vs. Hour of the Day
Peak / Maximum Load: Highest Load in a period
Average Load: Average Load in a period (which if running for a
period continuously would have the same energy consumption with
the actual variation of load)
Load Factor: Average Load / Peak Load
Diversity Factor: Sum of Maximum Demands of each Load in a
Group / Group Maximum Demand
Example: Find total energy, peak load, average load, load factor.
