RESEARCH
IN JOURNALISM
Merlie M. Binay-an
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Objectives
• Be able to define research
in journalism
• Differentiate various
research methods in
media
• Share appreciation on the
different areas of inquiry in
the context of journalism
Why research
in journalism?
I begin with an
Ohhh…and end
up with a WHY.
Everyone here
wants me
because I am
fair…I treat things
equally and I look
up all of you with Guess me!
no impartiality.
I am single, yet
most sought. I am
everyone’s battle
cry, especially
when domination Guess me!
befalls.
I give fair judgement
and I surely will until
the end. Guess me!
I am ethical because
most set me as their
standard. Guess me!
When things turn
upside down, I stand
up firm. The only thing I Guess me!
hate is subjectivity.
Objectivity
• https://letstalkscience.ca
RANGE OF RESEARCH
1.Ethnography
2.Textual and
Historical Analyses
3.Political-Economy
Approach
I. Ethnography
A qualitative method for
collecting data often used in
the social and behavioral
sciences. Data are collected
through observations and
interviews, which are then
used to draw conclusions
about how societies and
people function. (University
of Virginia, n.d.)
Ethnography in Media
Media ethnography seeks to develop an
understanding of active audiences by exploring
genre readings, issues of race and gender, family
living, and identity, in order to understand media as
a cultural form (Murphy, 1999, p. 207).
https://www.google.com/
Example of Ethnographic Research
IMMERSION: An individual wayfaring to a certainly
interesting place, thriving with the people in the
society on said place for years, and researching the
people and culture through the process of sustained
observation and participation.
6 Examples of Ethnographic Research
By Indeed Editorial Team. Updated August 9, 2022
Published June 30, 2021
6 Examples of Ethnographic Research
By Indeed Editorial Team. Updated August 9, 2022
Published June 30, 2021
6 Examples of Ethnographic Research
By Indeed Editorial Team. Updated August 9, 2022
Published June 30, 2021
6 Examples of Ethnographic Research
By Indeed Editorial Team. Updated August 9, 2022
Published June 30, 2021
6 Examples of Ethnographic Research
By Indeed Editorial Team. Updated August 9, 2022
Published June 30, 2021
6 Examples of Ethnographic Research
By Indeed Editorial Team. Updated August 9, 2022
Published June 30, 2021
Analysis
1. Ethnography, as access to knowledge of
the intersubjective experiences and contexts
of interaction, brings a new perspective to the
empirical study of media.
Example: A feature article about the alleged son of Manny Pacquiao,
Emmanuel Joseph Bacosa Pacquiao, who made his ring debut in
2023 against a Laguna boxer. (Not focused on MP’s lovechild, but on
both being known for sports)
Elisenda Ardévol, E, and Cruz, E. (2014) Digital Ethnography and Media
Practices. Retrieved from from https://www.upf.edu
Analysis
2. It goes beyond the qualitative and
quantitative audience studies focused on
hermeneutic (lived experiences) or
semiotic (signs in context) interpretation
of the media text and political economy.
Example: The practice of midwifery=values women=the
uniqueness of their child-bearing journey.
Elisenda Ardévol, E, and Cruz, E. (2014) Digital Ethnography and Media
Practices. Retrieved from from https://www.upf.edu
Analysis
3.The close study of media experience allows
us to analyze the local effects of an unequal
allocation of resources and rights and the
processes of moral valuation (Lindlof & Shatzer,
1998).
Example: Videos of upland agri-products wastefully junked
due to non-marketability.
Elisenda Ardévol, E, and Cruz, E. (2014) Digital Ethnography and Media
Practices. Retrieved from from https://www.upf.edu
Analysis
4. Ethnographic studies of digital media
particularize the role that digital media play in
the different spheres of social activity and
among a great variety of collectives, from
teenagers to political activists, and from
audiences to media industries and
government bodies.
Elisenda Ardévol, E, and Cruz, E. (2014) Digital Ethnography and Media
Practices. Retrieved from from https://www.upf.edu
Analysis
5. Digital media ethnographies are central to
the reformulation of studies in journalism,
democratic free expression practices, and
current debates about market and common
models of property.
Elisenda Ardévol, E, and Cruz, E. (2014) Digital Ethnography and Media
Practices. Retrieved from from https://www.upf.edu
Analysis
6. Ethnographic accounts complement other kinds
of studies, not only by representing people’s hopes,
desires, and expectations, but also by pointing to
asymmetrical relationships, opposite values, and
challenging visions of futures.
Elisenda Ardévol, E, and Cruz, E. (2014) Digital Ethnography and Media
Practices. Retrieved from from https://www.upf.edu
II. Textual & Historical Analyses
It is the methodology that
communication
researchers employ to
describe, express, and
interpret the features,
details, and characteristics
of a visual/recorded
message.
Example
Celebrity couple Luis and Jessy did not reveal the face of their
baby upon birth despite the act of posting it on social media which
gathered various reactions and comments, including an intriguing
comment from a basher who seemed to have undesirable thoughts
about the baby’s features. Alleged fake news, photos, and videos
even came out in various social media platforms.
A week after or two, the Manzanos did a “face reveal” which
gave joy and satisfaction to some but a doubt and qualm to others.
Research Interest: Did the divided (good and odd) public reactions
influence the Manzanos to finally post a face reveal? Is it the family’s
decision to? Is the posting day part of their timeline?
Let’s analyze…
by Ivan Chew is licensed under
a Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Singapore
License.
by Axel Boldt wiki commons
Source: Library of Congress US
Analyzing signs and symbols
Symbolic Sign
Iconic Sign Indexical Sign
Source: Signs and signifiers. Mediatexthack from https://opentextbc.ca
III. Political-Economy Approaches
It is an approach to studying
media whose focus is
attenuated towards the ways
in which media is produced,
distributed and consumed,
rather than on analyzing the
interpretations of the signs
and symbols found within texts
(Media Studies 101).
Source: https://www.youtube.com
Example
Peoples’ reactions towards an issue posted in FB, for example…
Source: https://www.pngitem.com
Why PE?
• The combination of the terms ‘political’ and ‘economy’
• An explicit reference to the fact that media texts are
produced within specific and historically contingent
systems which are not merely an ideologically neutral form
of exchange but are conditioned by a range of complex
interactions between nation states, international
organizations, legal institutions and frameworks, cultural
traditions and heritages, other organizations (such as
media corporations), technologies, and economic
pressures. (Media Studies 101).
Why PE?
• Focuses upon the ways in which politics and economics
are not separate entities, as we often encounter them
within educational contexts, but that economics and
politics are fields which are best understood as being
entangled – meaning that they are functionally
inseparable – and that understanding elements of this
entanglement is pivotal to understanding the way that
any society and culture works (Media Studies 101).
PE in Digital Media
qThe Internet heralded the arrival of an alternative model,
in which any network user was able to connect to any
other network user(s)and was able to both send and
receive mediated communications. Rather than being a
one-to-many mode of communication, the Internet
allowed one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many
forms of discourse, taking the form of a distributed network.
PE in Digital Media
qThe hierarchical restrictions to access had seemingly
tumbled down, with any citizen who possessed a
computer, modem and internet connection able to
produce mediated content.
Significance of Research in Journalism
• Media Research discovers the trends and
bring out useful information in the field of
mass media and communication.
• Media research helps in making decisions
with respect to the composition and
analysis of news, views and information.
https://manavrachna.edu.in/blog/media-research-journalism/
Significance of Research in Journalism
• Media Research brings objectivity and accuracy
in news reporting. A good story is always the
outcome of research and investigation.
• Media Research is also used in conducting
surveys, public opinion polls, advertising and
public relation campaigns.
https://manavrachna.edu.in/blog/media-research-journalism/
DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017
Research Management Guidelines
(Standards, Processes, Elements, Features, & Requirements)
qQuantitative Research
-numbers and statistics
qQualitative Research
-views, thoughts, perceptions
Look!
Look!
https://www.wowza.com
https://docs.videosdk.live
Look!
https://www.uri.org
Look!
https://www.pinterest.ph
Look!
https://www.quora.com
https://www.nbcnews.com
https://www.wowza.com
https://www.manilatimes.net
https://haiilo.com
Ponder on…
1. Which is more feedback accommodating?
2. Which is restricted? more public?
3. Which is more encompassing?
4. Which can objectivity be more felt?
5. Which is more for the masses?
6. Which are good sources of data for research?
Foci of Research in Media
1. On communication process and examines the relationships
among the media organizations and the target audience.
2. On social and psychological aspects and effects of the
different mass media.
3. To get information pertaining to different mass media like the
amount of time people spend on a particular medium, the
effects of various medium on the society, the content and
presentation of information or the effectiveness of the
programs to the audience etc.
Source: Dr. Suman Kumari, Associate Professor, FMeH, MRIIRS from https://manavrachna.edu.in
Foci of Research in Media
Mass media have come to depend on research results
for all the major decision they make.
The increased demand for information has created a
need for research and researchers in all the sectors both
private and public.
Source: Dr. Suman Kumari, Associate Professor, FMeH,
MRIIRS from https://manavrachna.edu.in
Samples
Research Paper On Media Bias (2021). https://www.wowessays.com
Morisette, E. et al. (n.d.) Pressbooks. Introduction to media studies.
https://pressbooks.pub
Balod, H. and M. Hameleers (2019). Fighting for truth? The role
perceptions of Filipino journalists in an era of mis- and
disinformation. SAGE Journals. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com
Task Directions:
Write a research-based article using any
form of journalistic writing /category
about the following trending news in
Philippine education.
Basic Parts to Comply
1. Working Title
2. Research Objective/s (General or Itemized)
3. Research Design ex. Qualitative (Ethnography)
4. Respondents/Informants/Sources of Data & Information
5. Data Gathering Tools and Procedure (ex. Interview Guide & Poll)
6. Data Analysis Procedure (Narrative-Descriptive)
7. Findings (Itemized)
8. Conclusions (Itemized)
9. Recommendations (Itemized)
10. References (APA)
Source: https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-quotes-about-research
