INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16823
First edition
2012-04-01
Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic
testing — Transmission technique
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Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par ultrasons — Technique par
transmission
Reference number
ISO 16823:2012(E)
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ISO 16823:2012(E)
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Contents Page
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................1
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................1
4 Principles of the examination ..............................................................................................................1
4.1 Basic techniques and set-up................................................................................................................1
4.2 Capability of detection of imperfections.............................................................................................3
4.3 Requirements for geometry and access .............................................................................................4
4.4 Effects of variations in coupling, angulation and alignment of probe ............................................4
5 Examination technique .........................................................................................................................4
5.1 General ...................................................................................................................................................4
5.2 Sensitivity setting..................................................................................................................................4
5.3 Scanning.................................................................................................................................................4
5.4 Evaluation of imperfections .................................................................................................................4
5.5 Determination of attenuation coefficient ............................................................................................5
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16823 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 3,
Ultrasonic testing.
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Introduction
This International Standard is based on EN 583-3:1997, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic examination —
Part 3: Transmission technique.
The following International Standards are linked.
ISO 16810, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — General principles
ISO 16811, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Sensitivity and range setting
ISO 16823, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Transmission technique
ISO 16826, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Examination for discontinuities perpendicular to
the surface
ISO 16827, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization and sizing of discontinuities
ISO 16828, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Time-of-flight diffraction technique as a method for
detection and sizing of discontinuities
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16823:2012(E)
Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Transmission
technique
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the principles of transmission techniques.
Transmission techniques can be used for:
⎯ detection of imperfections;
⎯ determination of attenuation.
The general principles required for the use of ultrasonic examination of industrial products are described in
ISO 16810.
The transmission technique is used for examination of flat products, e.g. plates and sheets.
Further, it is used for examinations e.g.:
⎯ where the shape, dimensions or orientation of possible imperfections are unfavourable for direct
reflection;
⎯ in materials with high attenuation;
⎯ in thin products.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5577, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic inspection — Vocabulary
EN 1330-4, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5577 and EN 1330-4 apply.
4 Principles of the examination
4.1 Basic techniques and set-up
In its simplest application two probes, one emitting and the second receiving, are placed so that the receiving
probe receives the sound transmitted through the object. This can be achieved with straight beam probes or
angle beam probes, see Table 2, e) to h).
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Alternatively, the examination can be carried out using a single probe where the sound is reflected on a
surface of an object on the opposite side of the examination object or on the opposite surface of the
examination object (back wall), see Table 2, a) to d). See also Table 1.
Table 1 — Techniques and typical set-ups used in transmission technique
wave mode continuous waves pulsed waves
wave type longitudinal or transverse longitudinal or transverse
number of transducers 2 1 or 2
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angle of incidence normal normal or oblique
evalution of amplitude of transmitted sound amplitude or time of flight of trans-
mitted pulse or echo
The decrease in amplitude of the transmitted signal can be used to indicate the presence of a discontinuity
located in the sound path, or to indicate material attenuation. In addition, the position of the transmitted signal
along the timebase of the instrument can be used to indicate material thickness.
Examination can be carried out with either continuous or pulsed ultrasonic waves, except when the technique
is used for thickness measurement where only pulsed ultrasonic waves apply.
Straight beam or angle beam probes can be used depending on the scope of the examination.
A probe can be coupled to the product by means of a couplant, a squirter, by immersing the product or by
applying a wheel probe.
2
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Table 2 — Possible configurations for transmission technique
One probe Two probes
Straight beam contact
a)
e)
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Angle beam contact
b) f)
Total immersion
g)
c)
Local immersion (squirter)
d)
h)
Key
1 probe
2 object
3 water
4.2 Capability of detection of imperfections
When used for the detection of imperfections, any imperfection (or group of imperfections) shall intercept a
significant proportion (i.e. 25 % to 50 %) of the cross-sectional area of the ultrasonic beam before an
unambiguous change in signal amplitude is observed. This technique can only be used for detecting
imperfections or groups of imperfections which are relatively large compared to the ultrasonic beam area, e.g.
laminations in plate material.
Within the limitations mentioned above, the technique provides positive proof of the absence of an imperfection
at any position along the sound path. However, it does not indicate the position in depth of a detected
imperfection.
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4.3 Requirements for geometry and access
The technique requires that the geometry of the object under examination and access to its surfaces allow the
transmitting and receiving probes to be so positioned that their beam axes are coincident, either with or
without intermediate reflection from a surface of the object.
4.4 Effects of variations in coupling, angulation and alignment of probe
The technique is particularly sensitive to variations in probe coupling and misangulation due to surface
irregularities, since these factors also cause a marked reduction in transmitted signal amplitude. To improve
the uniformity of coupling immersion or squirter scanning is most frequently used. Dressing of the surface to
improve coupling uniformity can be necessary, especially for contact scanning.
When using separate transmitting and receiving probes and/or a reflecting object on the opposite side of the
object to be examined their positions in relation to each other are also critical, and wherever possible they
should be maintained in alignment by permanent orientation.
5 Examination technique
5.1 General
The technique described under this clause refers to the detection of imperfections, and where applicable their
size determination, and to the measurement of sound attenuation in the material.
5.2 Sensitivity setting
The test sensitivity shall be set on either a reference block of the same relevant dimensions, surface finish and
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similar ultrasonic properties as the object to be examined or on an area of the latter known to be free from
imperfections and of known or previously determined attenuation in accordance with 5.5. The probes shall be
maintained in alignment in ultrasonic contact with the block or object and the gain adjusted to set the
transmitted signal to a specified level. For manual examination a level of 80 % full screen height is recommen-
ded.
5.3 Scanning
Scanning shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the applicable test procedure, at all
times keeping the probes in correct alignment to each other and to the object under examination.
5.4 Evaluation of imperfections
The evaluation of imperfections shall be done in accordance with the relevant International Standard. For
imperfections whose transmitted signal amplitude during scanning is reduced to below the evaluation level,
the evaluation criteria and requirements can be summarized as follows:
a) confirm that the reduction in signal amplitude is not due to loss of coupling or to a normal geometrical
feature of the object;
b) measure the maximum reduction in transmitted signal amplitude. When the zone causing the signal
reduction to fall below the evaluation level is smaller than the beam width, it is possible to relate the
reduction in amplitude to the area of an imperfection, perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam, placed at a
given depth;
c) determine as accurately as possible the volume of the object through which the ultrasonic beam is being
attenuated;
d) determine if an imperfection is continuous or intermittent;
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e) if either a complete or a partial loss of the transmitted signal amplitude is observed, due to a single large
imperfection, the extent of the imperfection may be plotted by noting those positions of the sound beam at
which the transmitted signal amplitude has fallen by a given value (most frequently 6 dB) below its value
in a zone of the object free of imperfections.
5.5 Determination of attenuation coefficient
5.5.1 General
The energy loss, usually called attenuation, is normally expressed as an attenuation coefficient determined in
dB per metre of sound path in the examination object.
The value depends on the type of wave, i.e. longitudinal, transverse and on the ultrasonic frequency etc..
Two techniques for determining the attenuation coefficient are described in the 5.5.2 and 5.5.3.
5.5.2 Comparative technique using a reference block
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This technique is based on determining the difference in amplitude between 2 echoes. The first echo is that
transmitted through a sample of material whose attenuation coefficient, α1, is to be determined. The second
echo is that transmitted through a sample whose attenuation coefficient, α2, is known.
It is important to use the same determination conditions: ultrasonic probes, equipment and settings for each
amplitude determination and coupling medium, and the samples shall be of the same thickness and surface
finish.
The technique can employ either one probe acting as both transmitter and receiver, or two separate
transmitting and receiving probes positioned on opposite faces of the sample. Either the first transmitted echo,
or any subsequent multiple echo may be used.
The attenuation coefficient (α1) in the material to be determined is given by:
⎛A ⎞
20 log⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ A2 ⎠
α1 = α 2 + dB/m (1)
B
or equivalent
⎛ V 2 − V 1⎞
α 1 = α 2 + ⎜⎜ ⎟ dB/m (2)
⎝ B ⎠
where:
α1 is the attenuation coefficient of the object to be determined;
α2 is the known attenuation coefficient of the reference sample;
B is the total sound path length in the examination object (m);
A1 is the signal amplitude in the object to be determined;
A2 is the signal amplitude in the reference sample with known attenuation coefficient;
V1 is the amplification in decibel for signal amplitude A1;
V2 is the amplification in decibel for signal amplitude A2.
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5.5.3 Direct immersion technique
This technique is based on comparing the amplitude of one echo (Am) of a series of multiple echoes, from
within a sample of material to be determined, with the amplitude of a subsequent echo (An) within the same
series, see Figure 1.
The technique can employ any of the probe configurations described under 5.5.2, but the following additional
requirements apply:
a) the sound path of the echoes used for the measurement shall be longer than three near field lengths.
Equations (3) and (4) apply for non focusing probes;
b) allowance should be made for the loss each time the pulse is reflected at a material water interface.
The attenuation coefficient (α) is given by:
⎛A ⎞ ⎛B ⎞
20 log⎜⎜ m ⎟ + 20 log⎜ m ⎟ + 40(n − m ) log(R )
⎟ ⎜B ⎟
⎝ An ⎠ ⎝ n ⎠
α = dB/m (3)
2(n − m )d
or equivalent
⎛ Bm ⎞
(Vn − Vm ) + 20 log⎜⎜ ⎟ + 40(n − m ) log(R )
⎟
⎝ Bn ⎠
α = dB/m (4)
2(n − m )d
where:
α is the attenuation coefficient in the test object;
Bm = 2[g + md(cs/cw)] is the equivalent water path of the mth echo;
Bn = 2[g + nd(cs/cw)] is the equivalent water path of the nth echo;
cs is the longitudinal sound velocity in the test object (m/s);
cw is the sound velocity in water (1480 m/s);
d is the thickness of the test object (m);
g is the water delay between probe and test object (m);
m, n are the numbers of evaluated echoes (n > m);
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Am is the amplitude of mth echo;
An is the amplitude of nth echo;
Z s − Zw
R= is the modulus of reflection coefficient water/sample, resp. sample/water;
Z s + Zw
Vm is the amplification in decibel for the amplitude Am of the mth echo (dB);
Vn is the amplification in decibel for the amplitude An of the nth echo (dB);
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Zs is the acoustical impedance of the test object (Pa·s/m);
Zw is the acoustical impedance of water (1,480 x 106 Pa·s/m).
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Key
1 probe d thickness of test object
2 water level g water delay between probe and test object
3 examination object m, n numbers of evaluated echoes
Figure 1 — Measurement of attenuation by direct technique
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