Effective September Capacitor banks

Technical Data 2024 and harmonic

Supersedes October filters
SA02607001E 2022
Power factor correction:
A guide for the plant engineer

Contents
Description Page Description Page
Part one: Power factor
Part two: Harmonics
What is power factor?...............................2
Introduction.................................................17
Should I be concerned about
low power factor?.....................................3 What are harmonics?..................................17
What can I do to improve power factor?......3 What are the consequences of high
harmonic distortion levels?.........................18
How much can I save by installing
power capacitors?........................................4 IEEE 519......................................................18
How can I select the right capacitors How are harmonics generated?..................19
for my specific application needs?...............8 What is the relationship between power
How much kVAR do I need?..........................8 factor correction capacitors and harmonics?
....................................................................
Where should I install capacitors 19
in my plant distribution system?................14
How do I diagnose a potential
Can you use capacitors in nonlinear, harmonics-related problem?.......................20
nonsinusoidal environments?.....................16
What is an active harmonic filter?..............20
What about maintenance?.........................16
How can you eliminate harmonic problems? 20
What is a passive harmonic filter?..............20
Do I need to perform a system analysis
to correctly apply harmonic filters?............21
What is Eaton’s experience in
harmonic filtering?......................................21
Useful capacitor formulas...........................22
Power factor correction capacitor bank
survey sheet............................................23
 Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Part one: Power factor

What is power factor?

Special electrical requirement of inductive loads Fundamentals of power factor
Most loads in modern electrical distribution systems are Power factor is the ratio of working power to apparent power.
inductive. Examples include motors, transformers,
It measures how effectively electrical power is being
gaseous tube lighting ballasts and induction furnaces.
used. A high power factor signals efficient utilization of
Inductive loads need a magnetic field to operate. electrical power, while a low power factor indicates poor
Inductive loads require two kinds of current: utilization of electrical power.
•
Working power (kW) to perform the actual work of To determine power factor (PF), divide working power
creating heat, light, motion, machine output and so on (kW) by apparent power (kVA). In a linear or sinusoidal
•
Reactive power (kVAR) to sustain the magnetic field system, the result is also referred to as the cosine θ.

Working power consumes watts and can be read on a PF= Working Power (WP) / Apparent Power (AP) = kW/kVA = cosine θ
wattmeter. It is measured in kilowatts (kW). Reactive
power doesn’t perform useful “work,” but circulates
between the generator and the load. It places a heavier
drain on the power source, as well as on the power For example, if you had a boring mill that was operating at
source’s distribution system. Reactive power is measured 100 kW and the apparent power consumed was 125 kVA,
in kilovolt-amperes-reactive (kVAR). you would divide 100 by 125 and come up with a power
factor of 0.80.
Working power and reactive power together make up
apparent power. Apparent power is measured in
kilovolt-amperes (kVA). WP/AP = (kW) 100 / (kVA) 125 = (PF) 0.80
Note: For a discussion on power factor in nonlinear, nonsinusoidal
systems, turn to Page 16.
Heat component = work done

Circulating component = no work

G

Resistive load Figure 3. kVA power

G
Light

Hot plate kVA

COS = WP/AP = kW/kVA = PF kVAR

Figure 1. kW power


kW

Motor field
G M
Figure 4. Power
triangle

Note: A right power triangle is often used to illustrate the

relationship between kW, kVAR and kVA.

Figure 2. kVAR
power

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Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

Should I be concerned What can I do to improve power factor?

about low power factor?
You can improve power factor by adding
Yes, because low power factor means you’re power factor correction capacitors to your
not fully utilizing the electrical power you’re plant distribution system.
paying for.
When apparent power (kVA) is greater than working
As the triangle relationships in Figure 5 demonstrate, kVA power (kW), the utility must supply the excess reactive
decreases as power factor increases. At 70% power factor, it current plus the
requires 142 kVA to produce 100 kW. At 95% power factor, it working current. Power capacitors act as reactive current
requires only 105 kVA generators (see Figure 6). By providing the reactive
to produce 100 kW. Another way to look at it is that at 70% current, they reduce the total amount of current your
power factor, it takes 35% more current to do the same work. system must draw from the utility.

95% power factor provides maximum benefit

Theoretically, capacitors could provide 100% of needed
reactive power. In practical usage, however, power factor
correction to approximately 95% provides maximum benefit.
The power triangle in Figure 7 shows apparent power demands
on a system before and after adding capacitors. By
142 installing power capacitors and increasing power factor to
kVA 95%, apparent power
100 kVAR is reduced from 142 kVA to 105 kVA—a reduction of 35%.

18 A M

100 kW

WP/AP = PF = 100 kW / 142 kVA = 70% 10 hp, 480 V motor at 84% power factor

105
kVA
33 kVAR 16 A M


3.6 A
100 kW

WP/AP = PF = 100 kW / 105 kVA = 95%

3 kVAR

Figure 5. Typical power triangles Capacitor

Power factor improved to 95% line current reduced to 11%

Note: Current into motor does not change.

Figure 6. Capacitors as kVAR generators

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 33 kVAR
1 95% PF
after
after
Technical Data 2 Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for
Figure 7. Required apparent power before
and after adding capacitors

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 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

How much can I save by

installing power capacitors? Case 2
Power capacitors provide many benefits: Assume the same conditions except that:
•
Reduced electric utility bills 400 kW @ 87% = 460 kVA
•
Increased system capacity 400 kW @ 97% = 412 kVA corrected billing
•
Improved voltage kVA demand charge:
•
Reduced losses $1.91 / kVA / month (112,400 kWh / month energy
consumed)
Reduced utility bills
Your electric utility provides working (kW) and reactive Energy charge:
power (kVAR) to your plant in the form of apparent power $0.0286 / kWh (first 200 kWh / kVA of demand)
(kVA). While reactive power (kVAR) doesn’t register on kW $0.0243 / kWh (next 300 kWh / kVA of demand)
demand or kW hour meters, the utility’s transmission and $0.021 / kWh (all over 500 kWh / kVA of demand)
distribution system must be large enough to provide the
total power. Utilities have various ways Uncorrected:
of passing the expense of larger generators,
transformers, cables and switches along to you. 460 kVA × $1.91 =
$878.60
As shown in the following case histories, capacitors can –$786.92
save you money no matter how your utility provider bills $ 91.68 savings in demand charge
you for power.
Corrected:
kVA billing
412 kVA × $1.91 = $786.92
The utility provider measures and bills every ampere of
current, including reactive current. Uncorrected energy:
kWh = 112,400
Case 1 460 kVA × 200 =
Assume an uncorrected 460 kVA demand, 480 V, three-phase at 0.87 power
92,000 kWhfactor (normally good).
@ 0.0286
Billing: = $2631.20
$4.75/kVA demand
Correct to 0.97 power factor 460 kVA × 300 = 138,000
Solution: but balance only =
kVA × power factor = kW 20,400 @ $0.0243
460 × 0.87 = 400 kW actual demand = $495.72

$2631.
20
+$
495.72
kW = kVA $3126.92 uncorrected energy charge
PF
Corrected energy:
400 kW = 412 kVA corrected billing demand kWh = 112,400
0.97 412 kVA × 200 =
From kW multipliers, to raise the power factor from 82,400 kWh @ 0.0286
0.87 to 0.97 requires capacitor: = $2356.64
Multiplier of 0.316 x kW
0.316 x 400 kW = 126 kVAR (use 140 kVAR) 412 kVA × 300 = 123,600
Uncorrected original billing: but balance only =
30,000 @ $0.0243
460 kVA × $4.75 = $2185 / month
= $729.00
–$1957
$ 228 / month savings × 12 $2356.
$2736 annual savings 64
+$
729.00
$3085.64 corrected energy charge
Corrected new billing:
412 kVA × $4.75 = $1957/month $3126.92
–$3085.64
140 kVAR, 480 V capacitor cost: $1600 (installation extra). This capacitor pays for itself in less than eight months.
$ 41.28 savings in energy charge due to rate charge
(9600 kWh in first step reduced by $0.0043)

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 Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

kW demand billing with power factor adjustment

The utility charges according to the kW demand and Case 2
adds a surcharge or adjustment for power factor. The With the same 400 kW load, the power factor is only 81%. In this
adjustment may be a multiplier applied to kW demand.
The following formula shows a billing based on 90%
power factor: 400 × 0.90 = 444 billing kW demand
kW demand × 0.90 0.81
actual power factor (From Case 1: When the power factor = 96%, the billing demand is

If power factor was 0.84, the utility would require 7%

increase in billing, as shown in this formula:
kW × 0.90 First 40 kW @ $10.00 = $ 400.00 Next 160 kW @ $ 9.50 = $152
= 107 (multiplier) Next 244 kW @ $ 9.00 = $2196.00
0.84 Total 444 kW
Some utilities charge for low power factor but give a credit $4116.00 – $3495.00 = $621.00 x 12
or bonus for power above a certain level. = $7452.00
savings if corrected to 96%.
.00 Charge at 81%
0.00 Normal kW Case 1 charge
demand
.00 Power factorAssume a 400 kW
adjustment load, power
for 81% 87% power
factorfactor
Ⓙ with the following utility tariff.
se 81% powerDemand charges:
factor to 96%, select the multiplier from . 0.432 x 400 kW = 173 kVAR. Use 180 kVAR to ensure a 96% power factor. The cost of a
Firstthe
AR would eliminate 40penalty
kW @by $10.00 / kW
correcting monthly
power factor billing
to 85%.demand Next 160 kW @ $ 9.50 / kW
Next 800 kW @ $ 9.00 / kW
All over 1000 kW @ $ 8.50 / kW
Power factor clause:
Rates based on power factor of 90% or higher. When power factor is less than 85%, the demand will be increased 1% for each 1%
There would be no penalty for 87% power factor. However, a bonus could be credited if the power factor were raised to 96%.
To raise an 87% power factor to 96%, refer to .
Find 0.275 x 400 kW = 110 kVAR. (Select 120 kVAR to ensure the maintenance of the 96% level.)
To calculate savings:
Normal 400 kW billing demand First40 kW @ $10.00 = $ 400.00 Next 160 kW @ $ 9.50 = $1520.00 Bal. 200 kW @ $ 9.00 = $18
Total 400 kW$3720.00 normal monthly billing

New billing:

kW × 0.90= 400 × 0.90 = 375 kW demand

New power factor 0.96

First 40 kW @ $10.00 = $ 400.00 Next 160 kW @ $ 9.50 = $1520.00 Bal. 175 kW @ $ 9.00 = $1575.00
$3495.00 power factor adjusted billing

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 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

kVAR reactive demand charge

Increased system capacity
The utility imposes a direct charge for the use of
magnetizing power, usually a waiver of some percentage of Power factor correction capacitors increase system
kW demand. For example, current-carrying capacity. Raising the power factor on a kW
load reduces kVA.
if this charge were 60 cents per kVAR for everything over
50% of kW, and a 400 kW load existed at the time, the Therefore, by adding capacitors, you can add additional
utility would provide 200 kVAR free. kW load to your system without altering the kVA.

Case 1
Assume a 400 kW load demand at 81% power factor.
Tariff structure
Demand charge is:
$635.00 for the first 200 kW demand
$ 2.80 per kW for all addition 480 kVA
317 kVAR
Reactive demand charge is: 578 A
$ 0.60 per kVAR in excess of 50% of kW demand In this example, kW demand = 400 kW,
therefore 50% = 200 kVAR that will be furnished at no cost.
75% PF
original condition


360 kW
474 kVA
Cos θ = PF = kW or Adj 570 A
kVAHyp 95% PF148
correctedkVAR
Tan θ = kVAR or Opp 
kWAdj

This ratio is the basis for the table of multipliers (see ).

A plant has a 500 kVA transformer operating near capacity. It draws 480 kVA or

It is desired to increase production by 25%, which means that about 450 kW out
More likely, the next size standard rating would be needed (750 kVA).

Perhaps a better solution would be to improve the power factor and release eno

To correct 450 kW from 75% to 95%, power factor requires 450 x 0.553 (from =
289.6 kVAR

200 kVAR

2
1

400 kW

Figure 8. Correcting power factor increases transformer output

With 200 kVAR allowed at no cost, then
θ = 200 0.5 or 50% of kW The same principle holds true for reducing current on
2 400 overloaded facilities. Increasing power factor from 75% to
95% on the same kW load results in 21% lower current flow.
Put another
From 1.0 or unity power factor column, , note that 0.500 falls between 89%way,
and it takes
90% 26.7%
power more
factor. current
The billingfor a loadkVAR
excess to is above tha
Tan θ1 = 0.724 kVAR = kW × Tan θ1 = 400 × 0.724 = 289.6 operate kVAR at 75%, and 46.2% more current to operate at 65%.
Because 200 kVAR is allowed, the excess kVAR is 89.6 (round to 90) x $0.60 = $54.00 per month billing for reactive demand.
Solution:
To correct 400 kW from 81% to 90% requires 400 kW x 0.240 (from ) = 96 kVAR. (Use 100 kVAR.) The approximate cost for this capacito
Charges for kVAR vary from about 15 cents to a dollar, and free kVAR ranges from 25% (97% power factor) to 75% (80% power factor) o

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Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Industries with low power factor benefit

Include power capacitors in new construction
most from capacitors
and expansion plans
Low power factor results when inactive motors are
operated at less than full load. This often occurs in cycle Including power capacitors in your new construction and
processes—such as those using circular saws, ball mills, expansion plans can reduce the size of transformers, bus
conveyors, compressors, grinders and punch presses— and switches, and bring your project in at lower cost.
where motors are sized for the heaviest load. Examples of Figure 9 shows how much system kVA can be released by
situations where low power factor (from 30% to 50%) occur improving power factor. Raising the power factor from 70%
include a surface grinder performing a light cut, an to 90% releases 0.32 kVA per kW. On a 400 kW load, 128
unloaded air compressor and a circular saw spinning kVA is released.
without cutting.
The following industries typically exhibit low power factors: Improved voltage conditions
Low voltage, resulting from excessive current draw, causes
Table 1. Typical low power factor industries motors to be sluggish and overheated. As power factor
decreases, total line current increases, causing further
Industry Uncorrected power factor
voltage drop. By adding capacitors to your system and
Saw mills 45%–60% improving voltage, you get more efficient motor
Plastic (especially extruders) 55%–70% performance and longer motor life.
Machine tools, stamping60%–70%
Reduced losses
Plating, textiles, chemicals, breweries 65%–75%
Losses caused by poor power factor are due to reactive
Hospitals, granaries, foundries70%–80% current flowing in the system. These are watt-related
charges and can be eliminated through power factor
correction. Power loss (watts) in a distribution system is
calculated by squaring the current and multiplying it by
the circuit resistance (12R). To calculate loss reduction:

2
original power factor
% reduction losses = 100 – 100 ×
( new power factor

1.00 1.00

Corrected power factor

0.90 0.90
Original power

0.80 0.80

0.70 0.70

0.60 0.60

0.50 0.50
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

kVA of system capacity released per kilowatt of load

Figure 9. Corrected power factor releases system kVA

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 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

How can I select the right Load size

capacitors for my specific
Facilities with large loads benefit from a combination of
application needs? individual load, group load and banks of fixed and
Once you’ve decided that your facility can benefit from automatically-switched capacitor units. A small facility, on
power factor correction, you’ll need to choose the optimum the other hand, may require only one capacitor at the
type, size and number of capacitors for your plant. control board.
There are two basic types of capacitor installations: Sometimes, only an isolated trouble spot requires power
factor correction. This may be the case if your plant has
•
Individual capacitors on linear or sinusoidal loads welding machines, induction heaters or DC drives. If a
particular feeder serving a low power factor load is
•
Banks of fixed or automatically switched capacitors at corrected, it may raise overall plant power factor enough
the feeder or substation that additional capacitors are unnecessary.
Individual vs. banked installations Load constancy
Advantages of individual capacitors at the load: If your facility operates around the clock and has a constant
•
Complete control; capacitors cannot cause load demand, fixed capacitors offer the greatest economy. If
problems on the line during light load load is determined by eight-hour shifts five days a week, you’ll
conditions want more switched units to decrease capacitance during times
of reduced load.
•
No need for separate switching; motor always
operates with capacitor Load capacity
•
Improved motor performance due to more efficient
power use and reduced voltage drops If your feeders or transformers are overloaded, or if you wish
to add additional load to already loaded lines, correction
•
Motors and capacitors can be easily relocated together must be applied at the load. If your facility has surplus
•
Easier to select the right capacitor for the load amperage, you can install capacitor banks at main
feeders. If load varies a great deal, automatic switching is
•
Reduced line losses probably the answer.
•
Increased system capacity
Utility billing
Advantages of bank installations at the feeder or The severity of the local electric utility tariff for power factor will
substation: affect your payback and ROI. In many areas, an optimally
•
Lower cost per kVAR designed power factor correction system will pay for itself in
less than two years.
•
Total plant power factor improved—reduces or
eliminates all forms of kVAR charges
•
Automatic switching ensures exact amount of power How much kVAR do I need?
factor correction, eliminates over-capacitance and The unit for rating power factor capacitors is a kVAR, equal
resulting overvoltages to 1000 volt-amperes of reactive power. The kVAR rating
signifies how much reactive power the capacitor will
Table 2. Summary of advantages/disadvantages of provide.
individual, fixed banks, automatic banks,
combination
MethodAdvantagesDisadvantages Sizing capacitors for individual motor loads
To size capacitors for individual motor loads, use Table 3
on the following page. Simply look up the type of motor
frame, RPM and
Individual capacitors Most technically Higher installation horsepower. The charts indicate the kVAR rating you need
efficient, and maintenance to bring power factor to 95%. The charts also indicate how
most flexible cost much current is reduced when capacitors are installed.
Fixed bank Most economical, fewer installations
Less flexible, requires switches
and/or circuit breakersSizing capacitors for entire plant loads
If you know the total kW consumption of your plant, its
Automatic bank Best for variable Higher equipment present power factor and the power factor you’re aiming for,
loads, prevents
overvoltages, cost you can use
low installation cost Table 6 on Page 12 to select capacitors.
Combination Most practical for larger numbers
Least flexible
of motors
To calculate kVAR required to correct power factor to a
specific target value, use the following formula:
Consider the particular needs of your plant
√1 – PFa2 √1 –
(
When deciding which type of capacitor installation best hp ×
kVAR(requir
meets your needs, you’ll have to weigh the advantages
and disadvantages of each and consider several plant
variables, including load type, load
ed)
0.746
= % EFF
PFa – PFt2
PFt )
Where
size, load constancy, load capacity, motor starting group the motors and install one capacitor at a central point in the
methods and manner of utility billing. distribution system. Often, the best solution for plants with large and
small motors is to use both types of capacitor installations.
Load type
If your plant has many large motors, 50 hp and above, it
is usually economical to install one capacitor per motor
and switch the capacitor and motor together. If your plant
consists of many small motors, 1/2 to 25 hp, you can
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 Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for
hp: motor nameplate horsepower
%EFF: motor nameplate efficiency (enter
the value in decimal) PFa: motor
nameplate actual power factor
PFt: target power factor
Note: Consult the motor manufacturer’s data sheet
to verify the maximum kVAR of capacitors that can
be directly connected at motor terminals. To avoid
self-excitation, do not exceed the maximum kVAR
rating that is specified by the motor manufacturer.

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 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

Table 3. Suggested maximum capacitor ratings

Number of poles and nominal motor speed in RPM
2–3600 RPM 4–1800 RPM 6–1200 RPM 8–900 RPM 10–720 RPM 12–600 RPM
Induction Current Current Current Current Current Current
motor Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction
hp rating kVAR % kVAR % kVAR % kVAR % kVAR % kVAR %
Used for high-efficiency motors and older design (pre “T-frame”) motors A

3 1.5 14 1.5 15 1.5 20 2 27 2.5 35 3 41

5 2 12 2 13 2 17 3 25 4 32 4 37
7.5 2.5 11 2.5 12 3 15 4 22 5 30 6 34
10 3 10 3 11 3 14 5 21 6 27 7.5 31
15 4 9 4 10 5 13 6 18 8 23 9 27
20 5 9 5 10 6 12 7.5 16 9 21 12.5 25
25 6 9 6 10 7.5 11 9 15 10 20 15 23
30 7 8 7 9 9 11 10 14 12.5 18 17.5 22
40 9 8 9 9 10 10 12.5 13 15 16 20 20
50 12.5 8 10 9 12.5 10 15 12 20 15 25 19
60 15 8 15 8 15 10 17.5 11 22.5 15 27.5 19
75 17.5 8 17.5 8 17.5 10 20 10 25 14 35 18
100 22.5 8 20 8 25 9 27.5 10 35 13 40 17
125 27.5 8 25 8 30 9 30 10 40 13 50 16
150 30 8 30 8 35 9 37.5 10 50 12 50 15
200 40 8 37.5 8 40 9 50 10 60 12 60 14
250 50 8 45 7 50 8 60 9 70 11 75 13
300 60 8 50 7 60 8 60 9 80 11 90 12
350 60 8 60 7 75 8 75 9 90 10 95 11
400 75 8 60 6 75 8 85 9 95 10 100 11
450 75 8 75 6 80 8 90 9 100 9 110 11
500 75 8 75 6 85 8 100 9 100 9 120 10
“T-frame” NEMAT “Design B” motors A
2 1 14 1 24 1.5 30 2 42 2 40 3 50
3 1.5 14 1.5 23 2 28 3 38 3 40 4 49
5 2 14 2.5 22 3 26 4 31 4 40 5 49
7.5 2.5 14 3 20 4 21 5 28 5 38 6 45
10 4 14 4 18 5 21 6 27 7.5 36 8 38
15 5 12 5 18 6 20 7.5 24 8 32 10 34
20 6 12 6 17 7.5 19 9 23 10 29 12.5 30
25 7.5 12 7.5 17 8 19 10 23 12.5 25 17.5 30
30 8 11 8 16 10 19 15 22 15 24 20 30
40 12.5 12 15 16 15 19 17.5 21 20 24 25 30
50 15 12 17.5 15 20 19 22.5 21 22.5 24 30 30
60 17.5 12 20 15 22.5 17 25 20 30 22 35 28
75 20 12 25 14 25 15 30 17 35 21 40 19
100 22.5 11 30 14 30 12 35 16 40 15 45 17
125 25 10 35 12 35 12 40 14 45 15 50 17
150 30 10 40 12 40 12 50 14 50 13 60 17
200 35 10 50 11 50 11 70 14 70 13 90 17
250 40 11 60 10 60 10 80 13 90 13 100 17
300 45 11 70 10 75 12 100 14 100 13 120 17
350 50 12 75 8 90 12 120 13 120 13 135 15
400 75 10 80 8 100 12 130 13 140 13 150 15
450 80 8 90 8 120 10 140 12 160 14 160 15
500 100 8 120 9 150 12 160 12 180 13 180 15

A For use with three-phase, 60 Hz NEMA Classification B Motors to raise full load power factor to approximately 95%.

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 Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Table 4. Suggested capacitor ratings, in kVARs, for NEMA design C and D, and wound-rotor motors
Induction Design C motor Design D motor
motor
hp rating 1800 and 1200 r/minimum 900 r/minimum 1200 r/minimum Wound-rotor motor
15 5 5 5 5.5
20 5 6 6 7
25 6 6 6 7
30 7.5 9 10 11
40 10 12 12 13
50 12 15 15 17.5
60 17.5 18 18 20
75 19 22.5 22.5 25
100 27 27 30 33
125 35 37.5 37.5 40
150 37.5 45 45 50
200 45 60 60 65
250 54 70 70 75
300 65 90 75 85

Note: Applies to three-phase, 60 Hz motors when switched with capacitors as single unit.
Note: Use motor manufacturer’s recommended kVAR as published in the performance data sheets for specific motor types: drip-proof,
TEFC, severe duty, high efficiency and NEMA design.

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 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

Table 5. Suggested capacitor ratings for medium-voltage motors

Number of poles and nominal motor speed in RPM
2–3600 RPM 4–1800 RPM 6–1200 RPM 8–900 RPM 10–720 RPM 12–600 RPM
Induction Current Current Current Current Current Current
motor Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction Capacitor reduction
hp rating kVAR % kVAR % kVAR % kVAR % kVAR % kVAR %
2400 V and 4160 V—open
100 25 8 25 10 25 11 25 11 25 12 25 15
125 25 7 25 9 25 10 25 10 25 11 50 15
150 25 7 25 8 25 9 25 9 25 11 50 14
200 50 7 50 8 50 9 50 9 50 10 75 14
250 50 7 50 7 50 8 75 9 75 10 75 14
300 50 7 50 7 75 8 75 9 75 9 100 13
350 50 6 50 6 75 8 75 9 75 9 100 12
400 75 6 75 6 75 7 100 9 100 9 100 11
450 75 6 75 6 75 6 100 9 100 9 125 10
500 75 5 75 6 100 6 125 9 125 9 125 9
600 75 5 100 6 100 6 125 8 150 9 150 9
700 100 5 100 6 125 6 150 8 150 8 150 8
800 100 5 150 6 150 6 150 7 200 8 200 8
900 125 5 150 6 200 6 200 7 250 8 250 8
1000 150 5 200 6 250 5 250 6 250 7 250 7
1250 200 5 200 5 250 5 300 6 300 6 300 6
2400 V and 4160 V—totally enclosed fan cooled
100 25 7 25 8 25 9 25 11 25 11 25 13
125 25 7 25 7 25 8 25 11 25 11 50 13
150 25 6 25 7 25 8 50 11 50 11 50 13
200 50 6 50 7 50 8 50 11 50 11 75 13
250 50 6 50 7 50 8 75 11 75 11 75 13
300 50 6 50 7 75 8 75 10 100 11 100 13
350 75 6 75 7 100 8 100 10 100 11 125 13
400 75 6 75 7 100 8 100 10 100 11 150 13
450 75 6 100 7 100 8 125 10 125 11 150 13
500 100 5 125 7 125 7 150 10 150 11 150 13

Above sizes are intended to provide a corrected power factor of approximately 95% at full load. Because of the limited
number of capacitor ratings available, it is not possible to raise every motor PF to 95%.

Instructions for Table 6 on Page 12:

1. Find the present power factor in column one.
2. Read across to optimum power factor column.
3. Multiply that number by kW demand.

Example:
If your plant consumes 410 kW, is currently operating at 73% power factor, and you want to correct power factor to 95%, you
would:

1. Find 0.73 in column one.

2. Read across to 0.95 column.
3. Multiply 0.607 by 410 = 249 (round to 250).
4. You need 250 kVAR to bring your plant to 95% power factor.

If you don’t know the existing power factor level of your plant, you will have to calculate it before using Table 6 on
the following page. To calculate existing power factor: kW divided by kVA = power factor.

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Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Table 6. Multipliers to determine capacitor kilovars required for power factor correction
Original Corrected power factor
power
factor 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.0
0.50 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.060 1.08 1.112 1.139 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.248 1.27 1.30 1.33 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.58 1.73
2 8 4 6 5 2 0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.51 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.015 1.04 1.067 1.094 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.203 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.48 1.54 1.68
7 2 9 1 0 7 5 1 1 2 4 8 5 6 4 4 7
0.52 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.971 0.99 1.023 1.050 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.159 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.28 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.44 1.50 1.64
3 9 5 7 6 3 1 7 7 8 0 4 1 2 0 0 3
0.53 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.928 0.95 0.980 1.007 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.116 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.39 1.45 1.60
0 6 2 4 3 0 8 4 4 5 7 1 8 9 7 7 0
0.54 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.887 0.91 0.939 0.966 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.075 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.30 1.35 1.41 1.55
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.55 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.847 0.87 0.899 0.926 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.035 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.26 1.31 1.37 1.51
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.56 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.808 0.83 0.860 0.887 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.996 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.22 1.27 1.33 1.48
0 6 2 4 3 0 8 4 4 5 7 1 8 9 7 7 0
0.57 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.770 0.79 0.822 0.849 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.958 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.29 1.44
2 8 4 6 5 2 0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.58 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.733 0.75 0.785 0.812 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.921 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.26 1.40
5 1 7 9 8 5 3 9 9 0 2 6 3 4 2 2 5
0.59 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.697 0.72 0.749 0.776 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.885 0.91 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.16 1.22 1.36
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.60 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.661 0.68 0.713 0.740 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.849 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.33
3 9 5 7 6 3 1 7 7 8 0 4 1 2 0 0 3
0.61 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.627 0.65 0.679 0.706 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.815 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.29
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.62 0.51 0.54 0.56 0.594 0.62 0.646 0.673 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.782 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.26
6 2 8 0 9 6 4 0 0 1 3 7 4 5 3 3 6
0.63 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.561 0.58 0.613 0.640 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.749 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.03 1.09 1.23
3 9 5 7 6 3 1 7 7 8 0 4 1 2 0 0 3
0.64 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.529 0.55 0.581 0.608 0.63 0.66 0.68 0.717 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.95 0.99 1.06 1.20
1 4 3 5 4 1 9 5 5 6 8 2 9 0 8 8 1
0.65 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.497 0.52 0.549 0.576 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.685 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.02 1.16
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.66 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.466 0.49 0.518 0.545 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.654 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.93 0.99 1.13
8 4 0 2 1 8 6 2 2 3 5 9 6 7 5 5 8
0.67 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.436 0.46 0.488 0.515 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.624 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.10
8 4 0 2 1 8 6 2 2 3 5 9 6 7 5 5 8
0.68 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.406 0.43 0.458 0.485 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.594 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.87 0.93 1.07
8 4 0 2 1 8 6 2 2 3 5 9 6 7 5 5 8
0.69 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.377 0.40 0.429 0.456 0.48 0.50 0.53 0.565 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.79 0.84 0.90 1.04
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.70 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.348 0.37 0.400 0.427 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.536 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.87 1.02
0 6 2 4 3 0 8 4 4 5 7 1 8 9 7 7 0
0.71 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.320 0.34 0.372 0.399 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.508 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.84 0.99
2 8 4 6 5 2 0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.72 0.21 0.24. 0.26 0.292 0.31 0.344 0.371 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.480 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.96
4 0 6 8 7 4 2 8 8 9 1 5 2 3 1 1 4
0.73 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.264 0.29 0.316 0.343 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.452 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.93
6 2 8 0 9 6 4 0 0 1 3 7 4 5 3 3 6
0.74 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.237 0.26 0.289 0.316 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.425 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.76 0.90
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 6 9
0.75 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.210 0.23 0.262 0.289 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.398 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.88
2 8 4 6 5 2 0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.76 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.183 0.20 0.235 0.262 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.371 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.65 0.71 0.85
5 1 7 9 8 5 3 9 9 0 2 6 3 4 2 2 5
0.77 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.157 0.18 0.209 0.236 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.345 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.57 0.62 0.68 0.82
9 5 1 3 2 9 7 3 3 4 6 0 7 8 6 5 9
0.78 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.130 0.15 0.182 0.209 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.318 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.65 0.80
2 8 4 6 5 2 0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.79 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.104 0.13 0.156 0.183 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.292 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.77
6 2 8 0 9 6 4 0 0 1 3 7 4 5 3 3 6
0.80 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.078 0.10 0.130 0.157 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.266 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.54 0.60 0.75
0 6 2 4 3 0 8 4 4 5 7 1 8 9 7 9 0
0.81 0.00 0.02 0.052 0.07 0.104 0.131 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.240 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.52 0.58 0.72
0 6 8 7 4 2 8 8 9 1 5 2 3 1 1 4
0.82 0.00 0.026 0.05 0.078 0.105 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.214 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.55 0.69
0 2 1 8 6 2 2 3 5 9 6 7 5 5 8

1 EATON
 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E
0.83 0.000 0.02 0.052 0.079 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.188 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.52 0.67
6 5 2 0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.84 0.00 0.026 0.053 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.162 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.64
0 9 6 4 0 0 1 3 7 4 5 3 3 6
0.85 0.000 0.027 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.136 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.47 0.62
3 0 8 4 4 5 7 1 8 9 7 7 0
0.86 0.000 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.109 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.59
6 3 1 7 7 8 0 4 1 2 0 0 3
0.87 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.083 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.56
0 7 5 1 1 2 4 8 5 6 4 4 7
0.88 0.00 0.02 0.056 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.54
0 8 4 4 5 7 1 8 9 7 7 0
0.89 0.00 0.028 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.51
0 6 6 7 9 3 0 1 9 9 2
0.90 0.000 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.48
8 8 9 1 5 2 3 1 1 4
0.91 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.45
0 0 1 3 7 4 5 3 3 6
0.92 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.42
0 1 3 7 4 5 3 3 6
0.93 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.25 0.39
0 2 6 3 4 2 2 5
0.94 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.36
0 4 1 2 0 0 3
0.95 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.18 0.32
0 7 9 6 6 9
0.96 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.14 0.29
0 1 9 9 2
0.97 0.00 0.04 0.10 0.25
0 8 8 1
0.98 0.00 0.06 0.20
0 0 3
0.99 0.00 0.14
0 3
0.00
0

EATON
1
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Table 7. Recommended wire sizes, switches and fuses for three-phase, 60 Hz capacitors
These wire sizes are based on 135% of rated current in accordance with the National Electrical CodeT, Article 460.
240 V 480 V 600 V
Fused Fused Fused
disconnect disconnect disconnect
(amperes) (amperes) (amperes)
Current Wire Current Wire Current Wire
kVAR (amperes) size A Breaker Fuse Switch (amperes) size A Breaker Fuse Switch (amperes) size A Breaker Fuse Switch
0.5 1.2 14 10 3 30 — — — — — — — — — —
1 2.4 14 10 6 30 1.2 14 10 3 30 1 14 10 3 30
1.5 3.6 14 10 6 30 1.8 14 10 3 30 1.4 14 10 3 30
2 4.8 14 10 10 30 2.4 14 10 6 30 1.9 14 10 6 30
2.5 6 14 10 10 30 3 14 10 6 30 2.4 14 10 6 30
6 7.2 14 15 15 30 3.6 14 10 6 30 2.9 14 10 6 30
4 9.6 14 25 20 30 4.8 14 10 10 30 3.8 14 10 10 30
5 12 14 25 20 30 6 14 10 10 30 4.8 14 10 10 30
6 14 14 25 25 30 7.2 14 15 15 30 5.8 14 10 10 30
7.5 18 12 30 30 30 9 14 15 15 30 7.2 14 15 15 30
8 19 10 35 35 60 9.6 14 20 20 30 7.7 14 15 15 30
10 24 10 40 40 60 12 14 20 20 30 9.6 14 20 20 30
12.5 30 8 50 50 60 15 14 25 25 30 12 14 20 20 30
15 36 8 60 60 60 18 12 30 30 30 14 14 25 25 30
17.5 42 6 80 80 100 21 10 40 40 60 17 12 30 30 30
20 48 6 90 80 100 24 10 40 40 60 19 10 40 35 60
22.5 54 4 100 100 100 27 10 50 50 60 22 10 40 40 60
25 60 4 100 100 100 30 8 50 50 60 24 10 40 40 60
30 72 3 125 125 200 36 8 60 60 60 26 8 50 50 60
35 84 2 150 150 200 42 6 80 80 100 34 8 60 60 60
40 96 1 175 175 200 48 6 80 80 100 38 6 80 80 100
45 108 1/0 200 200 200 54 4 100 100 100 43 6 100 90 100
50 120 2/0 200 200 200 60 4 100 100 100 48 6 100 100 100
60 144 3/0 250 250 400 72 2 125 125 200 58 4 100 100 100
75 180 250M 300 300 400 90 1/0 150 150 200 72 3 125 125 200
80 192 300M 400 350 400 96 1/0 175 175 200 77 3 150 150 200
90 216 350M 400 400 400 108 1/0 200 200 200 86 1 150 150 200
100 241 400M 400 400 400 120 2/0 200 200 200 96 1 175 175 200
120 289 (2)3/0 400 500 600 144 3/0 200 200 200 115 2/0 200 200 200
125 300 (2)3/0 600 500 600 150 3/0 250 250 400 120 2/0 200 200 200
150 361 (2)250 600 600 600 180 250M 300 300 400 144 3/0 250 250 400
M
180 432 (2)350 800 750 800 216 350M 400 400 400 173 250M 300 300 400
M
200 481 (2)400 800 800 800 241 400M 400 400 400 192 300M 350 350 400
M
240 — — — — — 289 (2)3/0 500 500 600 231 400M 400 400 400
250 — — — — — 300 (2)4/0 500 500 600 241 400M 400 400 400
300 — — — — — 361 (2)250 600 600 600 289 (2)3/0 500 500 600
M
360 — — — — — 432 (2)350 800 750 800 346 (2)250 600 600 600
M M
400 — — — — — 480 (2)400 800 800 800 384 (2)300 800 650 800
M M
A 90 °C Copper Type THHN, XHHW, or equivalent, applied at 75 °C ampacity. Rate current based on operation at rated voltage, frequency and kVAR. Consult National Electrical Code for
other wire types. Above size based on 30 °C ambient operation. (Refer to NEC Table 310.16.)
Note: Fuses furnished within capacitor assembly may be rated at higher value than shown in this table. The table is correct for field
installations and reflects the manufacturer’s suggested rating for overcurrent protection and disconnect means in compliance with the
National Electrical Code.

1 EATON
 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

Where should I install

capacitors in my plant
distribution system?
At the service feeder
At the load
When correcting entire plant loads, capacitor banks can be
Because capacitors act as kVAR generators, the most installed at the service entrance, if load conditions and
efficient place to install them is directly at the motor, transformer size permit. If the amount of correction is too
where kVAR is consumed. large, some capacitors can be installed at individual motors
Three options exist for installing capacitors at the or branch circuits.
motor. Use Figure 10 through Figure 16 and the
information below to determine which option is best When capacitors are connected to the bus, feeder, motor
for each motor. control center or switchboard, a disconnect and
overcurrent protection must be provided.
Location A—motor side of overload relay
•
New motor installations in which overloads can
be sized in accordance with reduced current Main bus or feeder
draw
•
Existing motors when no overload change is required

Location B—line side of starter

•
Existing motors when overload rating surpasses code Fused switch or circuit breaker

Location C—line side of starter

•
Motors that are jogged, plugged, reversed
•
Multi-speed motors Capacitor bank
•
Starters with open transition and
starters that disconnect/reconnect
capacitor during cycle
Figure 10. Installing capacitors online
•
Motors that start frequently
•
Motor loads with high inertia, where disconnecting the
motor with the capacitor can turn the motor into a self-
excited generator

Motor feed Thermal

C BoverloadA

Motor

Fused safety switch or breaker Motor starter

Install at location: Capacitor C Capacitor B Capacitor A

Figure 11. Locating capacitors on motor circuits

EATON
1
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Locating capacitors on reduced-

voltage and multi-speed motors

5
Start: 4A
Close 6-7-2-3-4
Transfer:
Open 6-7 Run:Line
Close 1-5 7 Motor stator
3 B
6
2 C
1

4
1
2AB
Wye start: Close 1-2-3-7-8
5
Delta run:
Close 1-2-3-4-5-6 Motor stator
7
Line

6
3
C

Figure 12. Autotransformer—closed transition Figure 15. Wye-delta starting

Note: Connect capacitor on motor side of starting contacts Note: Connect capacitor on motor side of starting contacts
(2, 3, 4) at points A–B–C. (1, 2, 3) at points A–B–C.

69 Start:
Start: 6
Close 1-2-3 Run:
Close 1-2-3 Second3step:
A Close 4-5-6
Open 4-5-6 Line Third step: 3 A
5 8 Line
Close 7-8-9 Motor stator 5
Motor stator
2 B
4 7 2 B
4
1 C
1 C

Figure 13. Series resistance starting

Note: Connect capacitor on motor side of starting contactor Figure 16. Reactor starting
(1, 2, 3) at points A–B–C. Note: Connect capacitor on motor side of starting contactor
(1, 2, 3) at points A–B–C.

A
Line3 B
2 C
1
Start: Close 1-2-3 Motor stator
Run: Close 4-5-6
6
5
4

Figure 14. Part-winding starting

Note: Connect capacitor on motor side of starting contacts
(1, 2, 3) at points A–B–C.

1 EATON
 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

Can you use capacitors in

nonlinear, nonsinusoidal
environments?
For example, if the plant has a 1500 kVA transformer with
Until recently, almost all loads were linear, with the current 51∕2% impedance, and the short-circuit rating of the utility
waveform closely matching sinusoidal voltage waveform is 48,000 kVA, then kVAsys would equal 17,391 kVA.
and changing in proportion to the load. Lately, nonlinear
loads—which draw current If 350 kVAR of capacitors were used to improve power
at frequencies other than 60 Hz—have increased factor, h would be:
dramatically. 17,391
h= = √49.7 = 7.0
Examples of linear and nonlinear devices are as follows: 350
Because h falls right on the 7th harmonic, these capacitors
Linear devices could create a harmful resonance condition if nonlinear
•
Motors devices were present in the factory. In this case, the
capacitors should be applied only as harmonic filtering
•
Incandescent lighting
assemblies. For further information,
•
Heating loads see Harmonic Filter on Page 20 of this document.

Nonlinear devices See Page 17 (Part 2) for an additional discussion on harmonics.

•
DC drives
•
Variable frequency drives What about maintenance?
•
Programmable controllers Capacitors have no moving parts to wear out and require
very little maintenance. Check fuses on a regular basis. If
•
Induction furnaces high voltages, harmonics, switching surges or vibration
•
Arc-type lighting exists, fuses should be checked more frequently.
•
Personal computers Capacitors from Eaton operate warm to the touch. If the
case is cold, check for blown fuses, open switches or other
•
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
power losses. Also check for bulging cases and puffed-up
The increase in nonlinear loads has led to harmonic covers, which signal operation of the capacitor interrupter.
distortion in electrical distribution systems. Although
capacitors do not cause harmonics, they can aggravate Code requirements for capacitors
existing conditions.
Nameplate kVAR: Tolerance +15, –0%.
Because harmonic voltages and currents are affected by
all of the equipment in a facility, they are sometimes Discharge resistors: Capacitors rated at 600 V
difficult to predict and model. and less must reduce the charge to less than 50 V
within 1 minute
Capacitor banks and transformers can cause of de-energization. Capacitors rated above 600 V
resonance must reduce the charge within 5 minutes.
Capacitors and transformers can create dangerous Continuous operation: Up to 135% rated
resonance conditions when capacitor banks are (nameplate) kVAR, including the effects of 110% rated
installed at the service entrance. Under these voltage (121% kVAR), 15% capacitance tolerance and
conditions, harmonics produced by nonlinear devices harmonic voltages over the fundamental frequency
can be amplified manyfold. (60 Hz).
Problematic amplification of harmonics becomes more Dielectric strength test: Twice the rated AC voltage (or a
likely as more kVAR is added to a system that contains a DC voltage 4.3 times the AC rating for non-metalized systems).
significant amount of nonlinear load. Overcurrent protection: Fusing between 1.65 and
You can estimate the resonant harmonic by using this 2.5 times rated current to protect case from rupture.
formula: Does not preclude NEC requirement for overcurrent
protection in all three ungrounded conductors.
kVAsys Note: When capacitor is connected to the load side of the motor
h= overcurrent protection, fused disconnects or breaker protection is
kVAR not required. However, Eaton highly recommends fusing for all
kVAsys = short-circuit capacity of the indoor applications whenever employees may be working nearby.
system kVAR = amount of capacitor kVAR
on the line
h = the harmonic number referred to a 60 Hz base
If h is near the values of the major harmonics
generated by a nonlinear device—for example, 3, 5, 7,
11— then the resonance circuit will greatly increase
harmonic distortion.

EATON
1
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Part two: Harmonics

Introduction
There has been much discussion and interest in Volts
recent years on the subject of power quality.
Whereas in the past, power
received from the electric utility and used by an industrial Fundamental
plant was generally a pure sinusoidal waveform—for
example, clean power— more frequently today, industrial
plants are finding that they have 5th Harmonic
to deal with the problem of “dirty” power. Dirty power is
a slang expression used to describe a variety of voltage
and current contaminations on the pure sinusoidal
waveform. Dirty power can come in the form of short-
term transients or steady-state,
continuous distortions. In addition, the sources of dirty
power can be external to a plant (as might be the case if a
neighboring plant is contaminating the utility’s distribution
system), or the source can reside within the plant itself.
Harmonic distortion is a specific type of dirty power that is
usually associated with an industrial plant’s increased use
of adjustable speed drives, power supplies and other
devices that use solid-state switching. However, harmonic
Time
distortion can be generated by
any of a variety of nonlinear electrical devices existing Figure 17. Fundamental and 5th harmonic
within a manufacturing plant or within nearby plants.
Because harmonic distortion can cause serious operating
problems in certain plant environments, it is important
that the plant engineer or facilities personnel understand Volts
the fundamentals of harmonic distortion, know how to
recognize the symptoms of this problem, and know what
can be done to solve the problems once they are
identified.

What are harmonics?

A harmonic is a component of a periodic wave having a
frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental
power line frequency of 60 Hz. For example, 300 Hz (5 x 60
Hz) is a 5th order harmonic of the fundamental frequency
(Figure 17). Figure 18 shows the resultant wave when
the fundamental and 5th harmonic are combined. The
result is harmonic distortion of the power waveform.
Harmonics typically seen on a power system can be
subdivided into two distinct categories by the nature of the
problems they create and the remedies they usually
require.
•
Those harmonic currents that are the dominant Time
harmonic orders created by three-phase nonlinear loads Figure 18. Fundamental and 5th harmonic combined
—5th, 7th, 11th, 13th and higher order odd harmonics
that are not multiples of three
Harmonics are a steady-state phenomenon and should
•
Those harmonics created primarily by single-phase not be confused with short-term phenomena that last
nonlinear loads—3rd order harmonics and higher less than a few cycles. Transients, electrical
multiples of three. These are sometimes referred to as disturbances, overvoltage surges, and undervoltage sags
triplen or zero-sequence harmonics and are usually in the supplied voltage are not harmonics. Some of these
accompanied by some 5th, 7th and other higher order short-term disturbances in voltage or current can be
harmonics mitigated by transient voltage surge suppressors, line
reactors
or isolation transformers. However, these devices usually
have little, if any, effect on harmonic currents or voltages.
The level of voltage or current harmonic distortion existing
at any one point on a power system can be expressed in
terms of the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current
or voltage waveform. The THD (for a voltage waveform) is
given by the following formula:

Vthd =V2 + V3 + ... +Vn

V1
where: V1 = fundamental voltage value
Vn (n = 2, 3, 4, etc. …) = harmonic voltage values

2 EATON
 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

What are the consequences of IEEE 519

high harmonic distortion levels?
IEEET Standard 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices
Just as high blood pressure can create stress and serious and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power
problems in the human body, high levels of harmonic Systems, represents the most recent effort to establish a
distortion can create stress and resultant problems for the standard level of acceptable harmonic distortion levels
utility’s distribution system and the plant’s distribution on a power system.
system, as well as all of the equipment that is serviced by Table 9 and Table 10 summarize the voltage and current
that distribution system. The result may be the plant harmonic distortion limits.
engineer’s worst fear—the shutting down of important
Note: The current distortion limits are dependent upon the size of
plant the customer’s load relative to the available short-circuit capacity of
equipment ranging from a single machine to an entire line or the utility (stiffness). In this way, customers whose loads potentially
process. have more effect on the utility system and neighboring customers
are held to the tighter limits.
Equipment shutdown can be caused by a number of
events. As an example, the higher voltage peaks that are
created by harmonic distortion put extra stress on motor Table 9. End user limits—current distortion limits for
and wire insulation, which ultimately can result in insulation general distribution systems end-user limits (120–
breakdown and failure. In addition, harmonics increase rms 69,000 V) maximum
current, resulting in increased operating temperatures for
harmonic current distortion in % of /L individual
many pieces of equipment, greatly reducing equipment life. harmonic order (odd harmonics)
Table 8 summarizes some of the negative /SC / IL <11 11≤h<17 17≤h<23 23≤h<35 35≤h TDD
consequences that harmonics can have on typical
equipment found in the plant environment. While <2 A 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
these effects are categorized by problems created by 0
current and voltage harmonics, current and voltage 20<50
harmonic distortion usually exist together (current harmonic 50<100 7.0
10.0 3.5
4.5 2.5
4.0 1.0
1.5 0.5
0.7 8.0
12.0
distortion causes voltage harmonic distortion). 100<10 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
00
Harmonic distortion disrupts plants. Of greatest importance is >1000
15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
loss of productivity, throughput, and, possibly, sales. These
A All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current
occur because of process shutdowns due to the unexpected
failure of motors, drives and power supplies, or just the distortion, regardless of actual lSC/l I.
spurious tripping of breakers. Plant engineers realize how Notes: Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic
costly downtime can be and pride themselves in limits above. Current distortions that result in a direct current
offset—for example, half wave converters—are not allowed.
maintaining low levels of plant downtime. In addition,
Where /SC = maximum short-circuit current at PCC
maintenance and repair budgets can be severely stretched. and /L = maximum demand load current (fundamental
For example, every 10 °C rise in the operating temperatures frequency component) at PCC.
of motors or capacitors can cut equipment life by 50%.
Table 10. Utility limits—voltage distortion limits
Table 8. Negative consequences of Individual voltage Total voltage distortion
harmonics on plant equipment Bus voltage at PCC distortion (%) THD (%)
EquipmentConsequences 69 kV and below 3.0 5.0
Current harmonic distortion problems 69.001 kV–161 kV 1.5 2.5
CapacitorsBlown fuses, reduced capacitor life 161 kV and above 1.0 1.5
Motors Reduced motor life, inability to fully load motor Note: High-voltage systems can have up to 2.0% THD where the cause
Fuses/breakersFalse/spurious operation, damaged components is an HVDC terminal that will attenuate by the time it is tapped for a
Transformers Increased copper losses, reduced capacity user.
Voltage harmonic distortion problems
TransformersIncreased noise, possible insulation failure
Motors Mechanical fatigue
Electronic loadsMisoperation

Two very important points must be made in reference to the above limitations:

1. The customer is responsible for maintaining a current distortion to within acceptable levels, while the utility is
responsible for limiting voltage distortion.
2. The limits are only applicable at the point of common coupling (PCC) between the utility and the customer. The PCC,
while not explicitly defined, is usually regarded as the point at which the utility equipment ownership meets the
customer’s, or the metering point. Therefore, the above limits cannot be meaningfully applied to, say, distribution
panels or individual equipment within a plant—the entire plant must be considered when complying with these limits.

Electric utilities are currently considering financial penalties and/or service interruption for customers injecting excessive
harmonics into the utility system. Therefore, while a customer may not be currently penalized for low power factor, a
harmonic distortion–based penalty structure, in the manner of IEEE 519, may be forthcoming.

EATON
2
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

How are harmonics generated? Common names given to electronic power converters
Harmonics are generated by nonlinear loads. A nonlinear •
Adjustable speed drives
load is a circuit element that draws current in a
nonsinusoidal manner. Until recently, most factory loads
•
Variable frequency drives
were primarily linear, with current waveform closely •
SCR drives
matching the sinusoidal voltage waveform and changing in
proportion to the load. More recently, however, factory
•
AC motor drives (AC/DC/AC)
loads with major nonlinear components have increased •
DC motor drives (AC/DC)
dramatically. Table 11 gives typical examples of linear and •
Three-phase full wave rectifiers
nonlinear devices.
•
Three-phase full wave converters
Primarily
Table 11. linear devicesDevices
Examples with major
of linear and nonlinear
nonlinearcomponents
devices •
Six-pulse converters
Some motors
Incandescent DC drives
Variable frequency
As most plant engineers appreciate, there is an increased
lighting Heating use of electronic drives due to their ability to more
loads drives Programmable
controllers Induction efficiently or precisely drive a motor or process.
furnaces
Solid-state uninterruptible power supplies Arcing devices
(UPSs) Arc furnaces
Arc welders
Arc furnaces and welders are the two types of arcing
devices that cause the most harmonic distortion,
although arc lighting (fluorescent, mercury vapor) will
also cause small degrees of harmonic distortion.
Six-pulse Harmonic power converter Other equipment
Motors, generators, transformers and arc lighting also
30.0%
have small nonlinear components, although the
contribution of these devices to total harmonic distortion
5 in a plant tends to be relatively small.
17.5%

7 11.1% What is the relationship between power

factor correction capacitors and harmonics?
90.0%
A discussion of power system harmonics is
incomplete without discussing the effects of power
114.5% factor correction capacitors.
In an industrial plant containing power factor correction
13 2.9% capacitors, harmonic currents and voltages can be
magnified considerably due to the interaction of the
15 1.0% capacitors with the service transformer.
This is referred to as harmonic resonance or parallel
17 0.8% resonance. For a typical plant containing power factor
correction capacitors, the resonant frequency (frequency
at which amplification occurs) normally falls in the
vicinity of the 5th to the 13th harmonic.
Figure 19. Harmonic magnitude as Because nonlinear loads typically inject currents at the
percentage of the fundamental current 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics, a resonant or near-
resonant condition will often result if drives and
Note: Harmonic currents typically injected by six-pulse VFDs. capacitors are installed on the same system, producing
the symptoms and problems outlined in the previous
Nonlinear devices that cause the most problems can section.
generally be grouped into two categories—electronic Note: Capacitors themselves do not cause harmonics, but only
power converters and arcing devices. aggravate potential harmonic problems. Often, harmonic-related
problems do not “show up” until capacitors are applied for
Electronic power converters power factor correction.
Electronic power converters—for example, adjustable speed
drives and power supplies—are by far the largest It is a common misconception that the problem of applying
contributors to harmonic distortion in today’s plant capacitors in harmonic environments is limited to problems
environment. An electronic power converter changes caused for the capacitor itself—that the capacitor’s lower
electrical energy from one form to another, typically by impedance at higher frequencies causes a current overload
rectifying the AC voltage into DC and utilizing the DC into the capacitor and, therefore, must be removed.
voltage directly or synthesizing a new AC voltage. This However, the capacitor/harmonics problem must be viewed
change is accomplished by using solid-state devices— from a power system standpoint. The capacitor-induced
silicon control rectifiers (SCRs), diodes, transistors—to increase of harmonic voltages and currents on
periodically switch in the conducting circuits of the a plant’s system may be causing problems while the
converter. Figure 19 shows a typical harmonic current capacitor itself remains within its acceptable current rating.
spectrum for a six-pulse electronic power converter. Below
are some common names that are typically associated with
electronic power converters.

2 EATON
 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

How do I diagnose a (after) current

potential harmonics-related
problem?
If a plant engineer suspects that he might have a
harmonics problem, the following steps can easily be
performed as an initial investigation into potential
problems:
•
Look for symptoms of harmonics as listed in Table
8. If one or more of these symptoms occurs with
regularity, then the following steps should be taken
•
If the plant contains power factor correction capacitors,
the current into the capacitors should be measured using
a “true rms” current meter. If this value is higher than the
capacitor’s rated current at the system voltage (by >5%
or so), the presence of harmonic voltage distortion is likely
•
Conduct a paper audit of the plant’s harmonic-producing
loads and system configuration. This analysis starts with
the gathering of kVA or horsepower data on all the major
nonlinear devices in the plant, all capacitors, and rating
information on service entrance transformer(s). Eaton has
specific analysis forms with instructions to guide the plant
engineer in collecting this information, and engineers or
sales representatives can provide assistance as needed.
This data is analyzed by Eaton engineers to determine
whether the conditions are present to create unfavorable
levels
of harmonics
•
If the electrical distribution system is complex—for
example, multiple service entrances, distributed
capacitors—or if the paper audit is incomplete or
considered to be too burdensome, the most definitive
way to determine whether harmonics are causing a
problem is through an on-site plant audit. This audit
involves an inspection of the electrical system layout and
connected loads, as well as harmonic measurements
taken at strategic locations. This data can then be
assembled and analyzed to obtain a clear and concise
understanding of the power system. Eaton provides an
engineering service to conduct these on-site plant audits

What is an active harmonic filter?

Active harmonic filters provide dynamic harmonic
mitigation and power factor correction by actively
injecting reactive currents into an electrical distribution
system to cancel damaging harmonic currents and
supporting power factor requirements at the point of
connection.
•
Can be sized to meet specific levels of harmonic
correction, providing compliance with IEEE 519
recommended levels
•
Broad spectrum of cancellation for robust
protection (2nd to 51st harmonic)
•
Excess capacity helps to improve power factor to
maximize efficiency
Care must be taken when installing an active harmonic
filter on a system. They can have a negative effect on
capacitors and drives that do not have the proper
impedance.

Figure 20. Typical uncorrected 6-pulse rectifier

(before) current + HCU2 injection current = corrected

EATON
2
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for
How can you eliminate harmonic problems?
When power factor correction is required in
the presence of nonlinear loads, or the
amount of harmonic distortion must be
reduced to solve power quality problems or
avoid penalties, the most reliable, lowest
cost solution is often realized with the use of
harmonic filters.

What is a passive harmonic filter?

A shunt harmonic filter (see Figure 21) is,
essentially, a power factor correction capacitor
combined with a series iron core reactor. A filter
provides power factor correction at the
fundamental frequency and becomes an
inductance (like a motor) at frequencies higher
than its turning point. Eaton harmonic filters are
almost always tuned below the 5th harmonic.
Therefore, the filter provides an inductive
impedance path to those currents at harmonic
frequencies created by nearly all three-phase
nonlinear loads
(5th, 7th, 11th, 13th and so on). Because the
filter is not capacitive at these frequencies, the
plant electrical system can no longer resonate
at these frequencies and cannot magnify the
harmonic
voltages and currents. A shunt harmonic filter
therefore accomplishes three things:
•
Provides power factor correction
•
Prevents harmonic overvoltages due to parallel resonance
•
Reduces voltage harmonic distortion and
transformer harmonic loading at
frequencies above its turning point

In some circumstances, a harmonic resonance

condition may accrue gradually over time as
capacitors and nonlinear loads are installed
in a plant. In those instances, replacement of
such capacitors with harmonic filters is in order
to correct the problem.

Figure 21. Shunt harmonic filter

Phase A
B
C

Reactor

2 EATON

Capacitor bank
 Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

Do I need to perform a system What is Eaton’s experience

analysis to correctly apply harmonic in harmonic filtering?
filters?
Eaton has been in the power capacitor business for over 75
The proper application of harmonic filters can be greatly years, manufacturing power factor correction capacitors
simplified by recognizing that there are only a few pieces of used in low-voltage and medium-voltage applications. In the
pertinent information and analysis steps that need to be 1980s, we began working with a number of customers to
taken for most systems in order to correctly deal with the help resolve problems related
problem. to harmonic distortion. During that time, we developed a
Eaton’s approach to power system harmonic diagnosis and number of designs to incorporate harmonic filtering in
solutions has evolved, via years of accumulated knowledge both fixed and automatic capacitor banks. The success of
and experience, to an approach that eliminates needless these installations
analytical complexity has made Eaton the leader in the field of harmonic filters.
in the majority of circumstances. Rather, it relies on the With a fully integrated manufacturing process, we maintain
relatively few pieces of information that are required to the strictest quality control systems in the industry. All
make the correct applications decision. If this information power capacitors are 100% tested at various stages in their
indicates that some type of metering and measurement is manufacture and prior
required, then only those select measurements that yield to shipment to ensure a long service life. In addition, Eaton
useful information will be performed, keeping the provides on-site supervision and startup assistance to
complexity and cost to a minimum without sacrificing ensure that all capacitor and harmonic filtering assemblies
solution correctness. are properly applied
Our abilities in the area of harmonic analysis, however, in the plant environment.
extend to our state-of-the-art computerized analysis tools
should the customer require the thoroughness afforded by
such tools.
One of the most basic and useful pieces of information For information on Eaton PFC
that must be known before attempting to correct power products, please visit
factor in the presence of nonlinear loads is the ratio of
the total nonlinear kVA Eaton.com/pfc
to the service transformer kVA rating. This ratio alone can
often be used to determine whether harmonic filters are
necessary to correct power factor or whether plain
capacitors can be added without experiencing problems as
follows:
•
If the plant’s total three-phase nonlinear load (in kVA, 1 hp
= 1 kVA) is more than 25% of the main transformer
capacity, harmonic filters will almost always be required
for power factor correction
•
If the plant’s total three-phase nonlinear load is less
than 15% of the main transformer capacity,
capacitors can usually be applied without problems
•
If the plant’s total nonlinear load is between 15%
and 25%, other factors should be considered

Starting with this most basic information, your Eaton

sales representative will work with you to determine
what additional information or measurement, if any, is
required in order to recommend the correct solution to
your problem.

EATON
2
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Useful capacitor formulas

Nomenclature
Miscellaneous
C = Capacitance in kW
Q = Reactive Power Power factor = Cos P/S
μF kilo = 1000 θ =kVA =
(kVAR) V = Volts
E = Voltage A = Amperes
(Amps) Tan (See Table 6.) = Q/P
(V) I = θ
kVA = kilovolt- kV
Current (A) AR
S = Apparent Power amperes kW = kW
(kVA)
kilowatts
P = Real Power Single-phase E×I×
kVAR = kilovolt-amps- PF
(kW) reactive kW = 10
3

√ 3 × E × I × PF
Three-phase kW =
Additional data 103

Simplified voltage rise: E×I

Single-phase kVA = 3
kVAR (cap.) × % transformer 10
reactance
% V.R. =
kVA √3×E×
(transformer) Three-phase
kVA = I 103
Losses
reduction:
S (kVA) × 103
original PF Single-phase line current (A) =
% L.R. = 100 – 2 E
100
(
improved PF
Operation at other than rated voltage and
Three-phase line current (A) =
S (kVA) × 103

√ 3×E
frequency:
Note: Use of voltages and frequencies above the rated
values can be dangerous. Consult the factory for any unusual Capacitor current (A) = (2πf) CE ×10–6
operating conditions. Q (kVAR) × 103
Single-phase capacitor current =
E
Reduced voltage Q (kVAR) × 103
( )
actual voltage 2
Actual kVAR (output) = Rated kVAR
rated
voltage Three-phase capacitor
current = √3×E
Reduced
frequency

Actual kVAR = Rated kVAR actual P (kW motor input)

S (kVA) =
(
frequency PF
rated hp × 0.746
frequency P (kW motor input) =
efficiency
kVAR required to correct power
factor
kVAR(requir hp ×
( √1 – –
√1 –
)
ed)
0.746 PFa2 PFt2
Approximate motor kVA = motor hp (at full load)
= % EFF PFa PFt
Example
s:
Voltage reduction Table 12. Standard data

(
kVAR (208) = kVAR (240) 2
208 =
0.75
240
(10 kVAR @ 240 V = 7.5 kVAR @ 208 V)
Frequency reduction
2
120 50
( (
kVAR (120) = kVAR (240) = 0.25 kVAR (50 Hz) = kVAR (60 Hz) = 0.83
24 60
0
(60 kVAR @ 480 V, 60 Hz = 50 kVAR, 480 V, 50 Hz)
(10 kVAR @ 240 V = 2.5 kVAR @ 120 V)

2 EATON
 Voltage μF / kVAR total Single-phase Three-phase
208 61.2 4.81 2.78
240 46.0 4.17 2.41
Power factor correction: 480 11.5 Technical Data
2.08 1.20
A guide for the plant 600 7.37 SA02607001E
1.67 0.96
2400 0.46 — 0.24
4160 0.153 — 0.139
Note: Above is at nominal voltage @ 60 Hz = nominal kVAR μF and current.

To learn more, visit our power factor

correction FAQ

EATON
2
Technical Data Power factor
SA02607001E correction: A guide for

Power factor correction capacitor bank survey Date:

sheet

Additional information required for a quote

Intent:
(Reduce or eliminate PF penalty, release
plant/transformer/cable capacity, assist in voltage
regulation, filter or correct harmonics, fault ride-
through, bus voltage support, or other).
h Plant one-line drawing attached (if not available, a hand
sketch of the distribution system) showing major
distribution levels (HV, MV, LV and distribution panels and
PF expected/observed at each distribution level)
Distribution and utilization voltage (HV/MV/LV)
Additional source of generation
(co-gen, diesel generators, etc.)
Total connected load (kVA/kW/hp)
Total demand load (kVA/kW/hp)
Largest motor size (kW/hp)
General Largest non-motive load
(kVA/kW/hp)
Customer:
hType of nonlinear
Adjustable speedload
drives type
Customer (DC drives, 6 pulse, 12 pulse, 18 pulse)
contact: h Soft
Address:
starters h
Email: Arc furnaces
Phone: h Welders
Eaton contact: h UPS
Preliminary information for budgetary h UV equipment
estimate h DC–DC, AC–DC converters (electrolysis cells, etc.)
h Others (please describe)
Name of utility*
Current billed demand* (kW/kVA) Type of production facility: (cement, chemical,
sawmill, underground mine, etc.)
Present power factor
(known/calculated)* (lagging) Type of environment: (dusty,
conductive metallic dust, hazardous,
Desired power factor* (lagging) very hot, marine,
kVA of service transformer (kVA) chemically reactive, etc.)
Short-circuit capacity of the system on
Transformer primary and
the primary side (MVA)
secondary voltages (V)
Are there PF capacitors currently
Impedance of transformer present? (Y/N)
(if known) (%Z)
Nonlinear loads present (Y/N) (Preferably collect information on utility bulk correction
Approximate ratio of nonlinear capacitors for the line) If yes, kVAR capacity and voltage
load to total load (%) (kVAR)
*If information is unknown, please provide the following: (volts)
h Rate sheet attached/rate structure
h Past 12 months of billing information attached (if not
available, at least 3 months summer and 3 months
winter bills)
For product support,
please contact Eaton’s
power factor
application engineers
2 EATON at
Power factor correction: Technical Data
A guide for the plant SA02607001E

For more information, visit

Eaton
1000 Eaton Boulevard
Cleveland, OH
44122 United
States Eaton.com

© 2024 Eaton
All Rights Eaton is a registered trademark.
Reserved
Printed in USA All other trademarks are
Publication No. SA02607001E / property of their respective
Z29452 September 2024 owners.

EATON
2