Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld

Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld ( pronunciation ⓘ ; 18

Friherre
November 1832 – 12 August 1901) was a Finland-
Swedish aristocrat, geologist, mineralogist and Arctic Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
explorer.[1] He was a member of the noble
Nordenskiöld family of scientists and held the title of a
friherre (baron).[2]

Born in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian

Empire, he was forced to move to Sweden in 1857 due
to his political activity, where he became a member of
the Parliament of Sweden and of the Swedish
Academy. He led the Vega Expedition along the
northern coast of Eurasia in 1878–1879. This was the
first complete crossing of the Northeast Passage.
Initially a troubled enterprise, the successful expedition
is considered to be among the highest achievements in
the history of Swedish science. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
Born 18 November 1832
Helsinki, Finland
Nordenskiöld family Died 12 August 1901 (aged 68)
Dalbyö, Sweden
The Nordenskiölds were an old Fenno-Swedish family,
Nationality Finnish, Swedish
and members of the nobility.[1] Nordenskiöld's father,
Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld, was a Finnish mineralogist, Alma mater Imperial Alexander University of
civil servant and traveller. He was also a member of Finland
the Russian Academy of Sciences. Known for Vega Expedition through the
Northeast Passage
Adolf Erik was the father of Gustaf Nordenskiöld
Awards Founder's Medal (1869)
(explorer of Mesa Verde) and Erland Nordenskiöld
Constantine Medal (1878)
(ethnographer of South America) and maternal uncle of
Vega Medal (1881)
Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld (another polar
Murchison Medal (1900)
explorer). Nils Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld's parents
were cousins — Otto Gustaf Nordenskjöld (born in Scientific career
1831 in Hässleby, Sweden) and Anna Elisabet Sofia Fields Geology, mineralogy, cartography
Nordenskiöld (born in 1841 in Finland), who was the Institutions Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet
sister of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. The Swedish side of the family
used the spelling "Nordenskjöld", whereas the Finnish side of the
family used the "Nordenskiöld" spelling.

Biography

Early life and education

Nordenskiöld was born in 1832 in Helsinki, the capital of Finland,
but he spent his early youth on the family estate, the Alikartano
Manor (Frugård), located in the Numminen village in
Mäntsälä.[1][3] He went to school in Porvoo, a small town on the
south coast of Finland.[1] He then entered the Imperial Alexander
University in Helsinki in 1849 where he studied mathematics,
geology, and applied himself especially to chemistry and
mineralogy.[4] He received his master's degree in 1853. Two years Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Axel
later he published his doctoral dissertation, entitled "Om grafitens Jungstedt 1902

och chondroditens kristallformer" ("On the crystal forms of

graphite and chondrodite").[1]

Upon his graduation, in 1853, Nordenskiöld accompanied his father to the Ural Mountains and studied
the iron and copper mines at Tagilsk; on his return he received minor appointments both at the university
and the mining office.[4]

Political activity and exile

Having studied under Johan Ludvig Runeberg,[1] Nordenskiöld belonged to Liberal, anti-tsarist circles
that agitated for Finland's liberation from Russia by the Swedes during the Crimean War. An unguarded
speech at a convivial entertainment in 1855 drew the attention of the Imperial Russian authorities to his
political views, and led to a dismissal from the university.[4]

He then visited Berlin, continuing his mineralogical studies, and in 1856 obtained a travelling stipend
from the university in Helsinki and planned to expend it in geological research in Siberia and Kamchatka.
In 1856, Nordenskiöld was also appointed Docent in Mineralogy at the university. In 1857 he aroused the
suspicion of the authorities again, so that he was forced to leave Finland, practically as a political refugee,
and was deprived of the right of ever holding office in the university of Finland.[1][4] He fled to Sweden.

In 1862, he was one of the founding members of Sällskapet Idun, a men's association founded in
Stockholm.[5]

In 1863 he married Anna Maria Mannerheim, the aunt of Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim.[1][6]

Settling in Stockholm, and Arctic exploration

 Nordenskiöld settled in Stockholm, and soon he received an offer
from Otto Torell, a geologist, to accompany him on an expedition
to Spitsbergen.[1] To the observations of Torell on glacial
phenomena Nordenskiöld added the discovery at Bell Sound of
remains of Tertiary plants, and on the return of the expedition he
received the appointment of a curator and Director of the
Mineralogical Department of the Swedish Museum of Natural
History[4] (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet) and a professorship in
Mineralogy at the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was also
awarded the 1869 Royal Geographical Society's Founder's
Medal.[1][7]

Nordenskiöld's participation in three geological expeditions to

Spitsbergen, followed by longer Arctic explorations in 1867, 1870,
1872 and 1875,[1][8] led him to attempt the discovery of the long-
Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld with the
sought Northeast Passage. This he accomplished in the voyage of
Vega the SS Vega, navigating for the first time the northern coasts of
Georg von Rosen (1886) Europe and Asia. Starting from Karlskrona on 22 June 1878, the
Vega doubled Cape Chelyuskin in the following August, and after
being frozen in at the end of September near the Bering Strait,
completed the voyage successfully in the following summer. He edited a monumental record of the
expedition in five volumes, and himself wrote a more popular summary in two volumes.[4] On his return
to Sweden he received an enthusiastic welcome, and in April 1880 was made a baron and a commander
of the Order of the North Star.[4]

In 1883, he visited the east coast of Greenland for the second time, and succeeded in taking his ship
through the great ice barrier, a feat attempted in vain during more than three centuries.[4] The captain on
the Vega expedition, Louis Palander, was made a nobleman at the same time, and took the name Palander
af Vega.

Later life and death

In 1893, Nordenskiöld was elected to the 12th chair of the Swedish Academy.[1] In 1900 he received the
Murchison Medal from the Geological Society of London.[9] He was nominated for the first Nobel Prize
in Physics[10] but died before the prizes were awarded.

Nordenskiöld died on 12 August 1901, in Dalbyö, Södermanland, Sweden, at the age of 68.

Historian of early cartography

As an explorer, Nordenskiöld was interested in the history of Arctic exploration, especially as evidenced
in old maps. This interest in turn led him to collect and systematically study early maps. He wrote two
substantial monographs, which both included many facsimiles, on early printed atlases and geographical
mapping and medieval marine charts, respectively the Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of
Cartography (1889)[11] and Periplus (1897).[12]
He left his huge personal collection of early maps to the University of Helsinki, and it was inscribed on
UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 1997.[1][13]

Expeditions
In 1858, Nordenskiöld took part in Torell's first expedition
to Svalbard in the sloop Frithiof. The expedition made
biological and geological observations along the coast of
Spitsbergen.[14]
In 1861, he took part in Torell's second Svalbard
expedition on board the Æolus. This included a boat
journey along the scarcely explored northern coast of
Nordaustlandet as far as Prins Oscars Land. They also
began to measure a meridian arc, but did not complete
Journey of 1878–1879 around
the work.[15]
Eurasia
In 1864, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
placed Nordenskiöld in command of the schooner Axel
Thordsen to complete the meridian arc survey. After conducting the necessary
measurements in the south of Svalbard, they rescued 27 men who had to abandon their ice-
locked ships.[16]
In 1868 on the schooner-rigged iron steamer Sofia, he went farther north than any vessel
had ever been in the Eastern hemisphere. He reached 82° 42' N, surpassing William
Scoresby's previous record by 12'.[17]
In 1870, he visited Greenland to find out whether using sledge dogs was advisable for a
polar expedition. He came to the conclusion that it would be impractical to procure and rely
on a large number of dogs from Greenland in view of recent outbreaks of a contagious dog
sickness. He made a journey ca. 48 km (30 mi) onto the inland ice. At Uivfaq on Disko
Island, several large blocks of native iron were found that Nordenskiöld assumed to be
meteorites.[18] Nowadays it is thought that the iron accumulated in basalt formations through
volcanic eruptions.[19]
In 1872, Nordenskiöld embarked on an expedition to reach the North Pole using reindeer. To
this end, the steamer Polhem, the steamer Onkel Adam, and the brig Gladan met by
Spitsbergen. At Mosselbukta, the three ships were unexpectedly frozen in. Nordenskiöld
was faced with feeding the 67 men throughout the winter, as well as helping out the crews
from six Norwegian hunting vessels that had suffered the same fate. The situation was
worsened when all but one of the reindeer escaped. Instead of a sledge journey to the pole,
only a trip to Nordaustlandet could be undertaken during which one expedition member
disappeared while searching for driftwood. The supplies ran dangerously low and scurvy
was rampant. Only one sailor succumbed to it however, because Benjamin Leigh Smith on
the steamer Diana found the beset ships and donated his provisions. Two weeks later, the
ice opened up and the ships could return to Sweden.[20][21]
In 1875, he went to the Yenisei River in Siberia, on board the sloop Pröven, which he sent
back while he went up the river in a boat and returned home by land.[22]
In 1876, Nordenskiöld repeated the journey to the mouth of the Yenisei with the steamer
Ymer to prove that this route was not dependent on unusually favourable ice conditions.[23]
In 1878–1879 he was the first to complete the entire Northeast passage along the northern
coast of Eurasia. This he accomplished in the voyage of the Vega. Starting from Karlskrona
on 22 June 1878, the Vega doubled Cape Chelyuskin in August. Vega was initially
accompanied by the ships Lena, Fraser, and Express. The latter two parted way at the
mouth of the Yenisei and traveled upstream. Lena navigated up the River Lena to Yakutsk.
 At the end of September, Vega was frozen in near the Bering Strait and passed the winter
among the coastal Chukchi. By sailing through Bering Strait in July 1879, Vega completed
the Northeast Passage.[24]
In 1882–1883 – 2nd Dickson Expedition ("Den andra Dicksonska Expeditionen till
Grönland"[25]), he took Sofia to Disko Bay where, together with three Saami, he made an
expedition to the inland ice sheet. He expected the interior of Greenland to be ice-free and
perhaps covered in forests. Nordenskiöld quickly had to give up due to technical problems,
but the Saami penetrated 230 kilometres eastward before returning. On the east coast of
Greenland, the expedition penetrated the great ice barrier—as the first after 300 years of
attempts—and landed at Ammasalik (Kung Oscars Hamn) 65° 37' N, only slightly to the
north of where Wilhelm August Graah was forced to turn his Umiak expedition round in
1830.

Honours
Nordenskiöld Archipelago, an island group in the Kara Sea, off the Siberian coast
The Laptev Sea used to be called "Nordenskiöld Sea" (Russian: мо́ре Норденшёльда), in
honour of this Arctic explorer.
Nordenskiöld Fjord in Peary Land, Greenland
Nordenskiöld Bay, Novaya Zemlya
Nordenskiöld Glacier, East Greenland
Nordenskiöld Glacier, Northwest Greenland
Nordenskiöld Glacier, West Greenland
Nordenskiöld Glacier (Novaya Zemlya), a group of four glaciers
Nordenskiöldbreen, a glacier in Svalbard
Nordenskiöld Bay in Svalbard
Nordenskiöld crater on Mars
Nordenskiöld was the main motif for a Finnish commemorative coin of 2007, the €10 Adolf
Erik Nordenskiöld and Northeast Passage commemorative coin. The issue celebrated the
175th anniversary Nordenskiöld's birth and his discovery of the Northeast Passage.
Nordenskiöldinkatu (Nordenskiöld street), a street in Helsinki, Finland

References
1. af Forselles-Riska, Cecilia. "Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1832 – 1901)" (https://kansallisbiografi
a.fi/english/person/3569). National Biography of Finland. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
2. "Osa I (vuoteen 1859) - Mäntsälän kunta" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160214191854/htt
p://www.mantsala.fi/tietoa-mantsalasta/historia/adolf-erik-nordenskiold/osa-1). 2016-02-14.
Archived from the original (http://www.mantsala.fi/tietoa-mantsalasta/historia/adolf-erik-nord
enskiold/osa-1) on 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
3. "Alikartano Manor" (https://museo-opas.fi/en/alikartano-manor/). Uusimaa Museum Guide. 6
March 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
4. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nordenskiöld, Nils Adolf Erik". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 740–741.
5. "Sällskapet Idun - ARKEN" (https://arken.kb.se/l307). National Library of Sweden (in
Swedish). Retrieved 2022-03-20.
 6. Pekonen, Osmo (5 December 2016). "Martti Blåfield: Nordenskiöld. Suomalaissyntyisen
tutkimusmatkailijan ja tiedemiehen elämä" (https://www.savonsanomat.fi/paikalliset/302252
2). Savon Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 6 August 2024.
7. "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221002/http://ww
w.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists1832
2011.pdf) (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived from the original (http://www.rgs.org/
NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf)
(PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
8. Popular Science (https://books.google.com/books?id=6R8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Oskar+Dic
kson+%22&pg=PA511), August 1875, retrieved 27 May 2014
9. "The Geological Society of London". The Times. No. 36070. London. 20 February 1900.
p. 5.
10. "Nomination Database" (https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=4680).
www.nobelprize.org. April 2020.
11. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography with
Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries, trans.
Johan Adolf Ekelöf (Stockholm, 1889; reprinted, New York: Dover, 1973).
12. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing
Directions (https://archive.org/details/nordenskiold-periplus), trans. Francis A. Bather
(Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1897).
13. "The A.E. Nordenskiöld Collection" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090805040623/http://port
al.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D23237%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SEC
TION%3D201.html). UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 2008-06-05. Archived
from the original (http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23237&URL_DO=DO_TOPI
C&URL_SECTION=201.html) on 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
14. Leslie, Alexander (1879). The Arctic Voyages of A. E. Nordenskiöld. 1858-1879 (https://acce
ss.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000012D74). London: Macmillan and Co. pp. 45–47
– via British Library.
15. Leslie 1879, pp. 48–102
16. Leslie 1879, pp. 104–127
17. Leslie 1879, pp. 128–151
18. Leslie 1879, pp. 155–176
19. Bird, John; Goodrich, Cyrena; Weathers, Maura (1981). "Petrogenesis of Uivfaq Iron, Disko
Island, Greenland". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (B12): 11787–11805.
Bibcode:1981JGR....8611787B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JGR....8611787B).
doi:10.1029/JB086iB12p11787 (https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJB086iB12p11787).
20. Leslie 1879, pp. 182–277
21. Capelotti, Peter Joseph (2013). Shipwreck at Cape Flora: The Expeditions of Benjamin
Leigh Smith (https://press.ucalgary.ca/books/9781552387054). University of Calgary Press.
pp. 103–111. ISBN 978-1-55238-705-4.
22. Leslie 1879, pp. 278–319
23. Leslie 1879, pp. 320–339
24. Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1881). The voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe (https://ww
w.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/141412). Vol. 1, 2. Translated by Leslie, Alexander.
London: Macmillan and Co. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.141412 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.
141412).
25. Nordenskiöld, A.E. (1885). Den andra Dicksonska Expeditionen till Grönland, dess inre
isöken och dess Ostkust utförd år 1883 under befäl af A. E. Nordenskiöld (https://runeberg.o
rg/polexp1883/) [The second Dickson Expedition to Greenland, its inner Ice Desert and its
East Coast conducted 1883 under command of A. E. Nordenskiöld] (in Swedish).
Stockholm: F. & G. Beijers Förlag.
26. International Plant Names Index. Nordensk (http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?fi
nd_abbreviation=Nordensk.).

External links
Works by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/41050) at the
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Works by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL119696A) at Open
Library
Works by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26429) at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28s
ubject%3A%22Nordenskiöld%2C%20Adolf%20Erik%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Norde
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28%22Nordenski%C3%B6ld%22+OR+Nordenskiold%29%29+AND+%28-mediatype%3Aso
ftware%29%29%29)
Petri Liukkonen. "Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld" (http://authorscalendar.info/aenord.htm). Books
and Writers.
The A. E. Nordenskiöld Map Collection (http://www.nationallibrary.fi/services/kokoelmat/adolf
eriknordenskioldinkarttakokoelma.html) at the National Library of Finland
Digitized samples from Nordenskiöld's map collection (https://web.archive.org/web/2014010
9232339/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/76864)
The A. E. Nordenskiöld Collection (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-infor
mation/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/
registered-heritage-page-8/the-ae-nordenskioeld-collection/) at UNESCO's "Memory of the
World" site
"Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld" (https://blf.fi/artikel.php?id=3569). Biografiskt lexikon för Finland
(in Swedish). Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. urn:NBN:fi:sls-4800-
1416928957406 (http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4800-1416928957406).

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