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GCSE
PSYCHOLOGY
Paper 2 Social Context and Behaviour

Friday 26 May 2023 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes

Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you may use:
• a calculator. Section Mark
A
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. B
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. C
• Answer all questions. D
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside
the box around each page or on blank pages. TOTAL
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to
be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• Question 16 is a synoptic question in which you will be rewarded for your ability to draw together
different areas of knowledge and understanding from across the full course of study.
• Questions should be answered in continuous prose. You will be assessed on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

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Section A box

Social influence

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Only one answer per question is allowed, except where stated otherwise.

For each question completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

0 1 The following definition of ‘deindividuation’ is not complete.

Deindividuation happens when someone loses their .

This causes them to feel less responsibility for their actions.

You have been given four suggestions of what the missing words are.

Complete the definition by identifying the correct missing words.

Shade one box only.

[1 mark]

A ability to be anonymous

B cultural identity

C individuality and personal identity

D purpose and passion for life

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The ‘cost of helping’ affects bystander intervention.

Use an example to describe how the ‘cost of helping’ could affect bystander
intervention.
[1 mark]

0 3 Outline one factor that affects obedience.

[2 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 4 box
Read the following conversation between two psychology teachers.

Mrs Kaur: I have been thinking about giving my Year 11 students a group project.

Mr Clarke: I won’t be doing that with my students because I want to make sure they
all take part.

Mrs Kaur: That’s why I am going to set the project up so that I can easily identify
what each student has done.

What is meant by the term ‘social loafing’?

Refer to the conversation to support your answer.

[3 marks]

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0 5 box
Read the following information.

Researchers wanted to find out how personality traits affect whether or not people
will say something when they witness anti-social behaviour (eg littering or
vandalism).

Participants were given a questionnaire to rate themselves on a number of different

personality traits. The personality traits included confidence, extraversion, respect
and self-control.

Participants were also asked how likely it is that they would say something if they
saw someone doing something anti-social.

The researchers’ results showed a number of correlations between the likelihood of

saying something and the bystander’s dispositional factors.

0 5 . 1 Outline one strength and one weakness of using correlations in psychological

research.
[4 marks]

Question 5 continues on the next page

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Participants were asked to rate their confidence levels on a scale. box

The scale went from 1 (low) to 5 (high).

Participants used a similar scale to rate how likely they are to say something when
they see someone dropping litter.

The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Ratings for participants’ confidence and the likelihood of saying something
when witnessing littering.

Rating for the likelihood of saying

Participant Confidence rating 1–5
something when witnessing littering 1–5

A 5 4

B 3 3

C 2 1

D 4 3

E 4 5

F 1 1

G 3 2

H 5 5

I 2 3

J 4 4

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0 5 . 2 Use the results in Table 1 to sketch a suitable graph to show the ratings for box

participants’ confidence and the likelihood of them saying something when

witnessing littering.

Also include in your answer:

• a label for the Y axis

• a scale for both axes
• a suitable title for your graph.
[4 marks]

Title

Question 5 continues on the next page

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The researchers who carried out the described questionnaire would like you to do a
follow-up study.

The participants who took part in the questionnaire have also agreed to be
participants for your study.

You are also able to use the ratings they gave themselves for the different
personality traits.

Describe how you would design a field experiment to find out more about how
personality affects whether people would say something when witnessing
anti-social behaviour.

In your answer include:

• a description of the procedure you would use

• what your dependent variable would be.
[4 marks]

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0 6 Solomon Asch carried out his famous ‘line’ experiment in the 1950s. box

Discuss whether or not Asch’s study of conformity would be considered to be

ethical now.

Use your knowledge of the British Psychological Society guidelines on ethical issues
in psychological research to inform your discussion.
[6 marks]

25

Turn over for Section B

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Language, thought and communication

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

0 7 Which two of the following behaviours are examples of using ‘verbal communication’?

Shade two boxes.

[2 marks]

A A chat with your friend about what they are doing later.

B Crossing your arms to show you are feeling uncomfortable.

C Looking at the teacher to show you are listening to them.

D Sending a text message to arrange when you are meeting a friend.

E Waving when you see your friend on the other side of the street.

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0 8 Read the following article. box

It’s not just humans that let others know they have ‘crossed a line’!

Research has been carried out using a computer that is programmed to recognise
the sounds made by bats. They have discovered that more than 60% of bat
communication is an argument. Bats argue about four things: who gets to eat what,
who gets to sleep where, invasion of personal space and unwanted attempts
to mate.

Outline one function of animal communication.

Refer to the article to support your answer.

[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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0 9 box
Read the following conversation between two Year 11 students.

Brandon: I was working this weekend and my boss wanted to talk to me about
something. Even though he was standing the same distance away from me as you
are now, it felt like he was standing way too close.

Lane: That’s interesting. I have noticed that I feel like that when the Head Teacher
is talking to me at school. But I never feel uncomfortable with any of the Year 7
students standing that close.

Outline how status can affect personal space.

Refer to both Brandon and Lane’s comments in your answer.

[4 marks]

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1 0 . 1 Write a suitable alternative hypothesis for Yuki’s study of emoticons. box

[2 marks]

1 0 . 2 Describe the results of Yuki’s study of emoticons.

Suggest a possible conclusion that can be drawn from his results.

Justify your answer.

[5 marks]

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1 1 box
Describe and evaluate Piaget’s theory that language depends on thought.
[9 marks]

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25

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Section C box

Brain and neuropsychology

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 2 Read the following descriptions of two structures of the brain.

Write the correct letter A, B, C, D or E in the box next to each description.

[2 marks]

It is located at the back of the brain and looks like a mini-brain. It is only
about 10% of the brain’s total volume but has over 50% of the neurons.

It is located near the top and centre of the cerebral cortex (cerebrum).
It is above one lobe and between two others.

A Cerebellum

B Frontal lobe

C Occipital lobe

D Parietal lobe

E Temporal lobe

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1 3 box
Read the following information.

Adrianna and Jayla were at home watching a movie when they decided to make
some popcorn.

Adrianna thought the popcorn looked burnt so she tried some to see how it tasted.
It was hot and she burnt her lip. “Ouch, that hurt,” she said.

Jayla looked to see how far away the freezer was and knew she could reach for the
ice cubes from where she was standing. She grabbed a handful and tried to ignore
how cold they felt. “Your lip does look quite red,” she said, as she handed Adrianna
the ice cubes.

From the information, identify two examples of situations where the parietal lobe was
involved and identify two examples of situations where the occipital lobe was
involved.

Write your answers in the correct boxes.

[4 marks]

Parietal lobe examples Occipital lobe examples

Turn over for the next question

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Read the following conversation.

Arun: Today, we learned that the central nervous system is made up of the brain
and spinal cord. Did you know that even though the brain is only 2% of the total
body mass, it uses 20% of the oxygen that we breathe in?

Dad: I didn’t know that. What else did you learn?

Arun: We learnt that damage to the central nervous system can cause lots of
different problems including difficulty concentrating and making decisions. Other
signs of damage would be numbness and difficulties in moving the arms or legs.

Dad: It sounds like the central nervous system has some very important functions.

Briefly outline the basic functions of the central division of the human nervous system.

Refer to the conversation to support your answer.

[4 marks]

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Describe and evaluate the James-Lange theory of emotion.
[6 marks]

Turn over for the next question

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The psychologist Carol Dweck developed a theory about the way in which our mindset
affects learning. Donald Hebb was a neuropsychologist who developed the theory of
learning and neuronal growth.

Explain what Dweck means by ‘fixed mindset’ and ‘growth mindset’.

Briefly describe Hebb’s theory.

Discuss whether or not Hebb’s theory supports the idea that having a growth mindset
is an advantage when learning.
[9 marks]

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25

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Section D box

Psychological problems

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 7 The ‘One day at a time’ research study asked people with a diagnosed mental health
problem to regularly answer the question ‘What did you find difficult to deal
with today?’

On 6 days, spread throughout the year, people were asked to write about their day.

An analysis of the answers was carried out and the difficulties most commonly
mentioned by the participants were identified.

Many participants mentioned more than one of these common difficulties.

The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Difficulties most commonly mentioned by females and males.

Number of females who Number of males who

Difficulties
mentioned difficulty mentioned difficulty

Physical health issues 143 70

Relationship issues 95 43

Experiences of mental health services 105 60

Sleep issues 126 71

Experiencing stigma about their mental

128 67
health problem

Work issues 97

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1 7 . 1 box
One result is missing from Table 2.

Which of the following is the most likely estimate of the missing result?

Use the results from the rest of the table to help with your decision.
[1 mark]

A 15

B 45

C 75

D 105

1 7 . 2 The questionnaire was answered by 671 females.

What percentage of females mentioned experiencing stigma about their mental health
problem as a difficulty they had to deal with in their day?

State your answer using three significant figures and show your workings.
[3 marks]

Workings:

Answer %

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The researchers wanted to use the real-life stories they had collected to encourage
other people. The participants’ answers were made available on the internet for
anyone to read.

Identify one ethical issue that the researchers carrying out the questionnaire needed
to consider.

Describe how the ‘One day at a time’ researchers could have dealt with the ethical
issue you have identified.
[3 marks]

1 7 . 4 Outline one strength of using questionnaires to carry out psychological research.

[2 marks]

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Imagine you have been asked to carry out a follow up study to the ‘One day at a time’
research.

One of the individual effects of having a mental health problem is the negative impact
on physical wellbeing.

The researchers have asked you to find out more about how the negative impact on
physical wellbeing affects people with a mental health problem.

You have decided to carry out your study by doing a questionnaire. You plan to use
opportunity sampling to select your participants.

In your answer:

• explain how you will select your opportunity sample

• write one question that will help you to collect relevant quantitative data
• write one question that will help you to collect relevant qualitative data.

Write your answers in the correct spaces provided.

[3 marks]

How you will select your opportunity sample

Question for collecting quantitative data

Question for collecting qualitative data

Turn over for the next question

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1 8 box
Read the following information.

Research has found that an important factor affecting teenage drug use is whether
or not drug use is common within a teenager’s friendship group. Another important
factor is the way that the teenagers’ role models talk about drug use.

Briefly outline one psychological explanation of addiction.

Refer to the information in your answer.

[4 marks]

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Describe Wiles’ study of the effectiveness of CBT.
[4 marks]

Question 19 continues on the next page

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Evaluate Wiles’ study of the effectiveness of CBT.
[5 marks]

25

END OF QUESTIONS

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