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ac notes

The document provides key concepts related to Alternating Current (AC) for Class 12, including definitions, formulas for peak and RMS values, and the relationship between voltage and current in AC circuits. It covers topics such as impedance, power factor, resonance in RLC circuits, and the function of transformers. Additionally, it explains the behavior of AC in series and parallel circuits, as well as the significance of reactance.

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25 views2 pages

ac notes

The document provides key concepts related to Alternating Current (AC) for Class 12, including definitions, formulas for peak and RMS values, and the relationship between voltage and current in AC circuits. It covers topics such as impedance, power factor, resonance in RLC circuits, and the function of transformers. Additionally, it explains the behavior of AC in series and parallel circuits, as well as the significance of reactance.

Uploaded by

siddhigoswami1108
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are key points on Alternating Current (AC) for Class 12:

Alternating Current (AC) - Class 12 Notes

1. Alternating Current (AC):


o AC is the type of current where the flow of charge periodically reverses
direction.
o It is represented as a sinusoidal wave.
o The voltage and current in AC circuits vary with time and are described by
functions like I=I0sin⁡(ωt)I = I_0 \sin(\omega t) or V=V0sin⁡(ωt)V = V_0 \sin(\
omega t), where I0I_0 and V0V_0 are the maximum (peak) values, and ω\
omega is the angular frequency.
2. Peak Value (I₀ and V₀):
o The peak value of current and voltage is the maximum value reached by the
wave.
o In a sinusoidal AC wave, the peak value is denoted as I0I_0 (for current) or
V0V_0 (for voltage).
3. RMS (Root Mean Square) Value:
o The RMS value is the effective value of an alternating current or voltage,
which produces the same heating effect as a corresponding direct current
(DC).
o For current, the RMS value is Irms=I02I_{\text{rms}} = \frac{I_0}{\sqrt{2}},
and for voltage, Vrms=V02V_{\text{rms}} = \frac{V_0}{\sqrt{2}}.
4. AC Power:
o Instantaneous Power: The power at any given moment in an AC circuit is
given by P(t)=V(t)⋅I(t)P(t) = V(t) \cdot I(t).
o Average Power: The average power over a complete cycle is given by:
Pavg=Vrms⋅Irms⋅cos⁡ϕP_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{rms}} \cdot I_{\
text{rms}} \cdot \cos \phi where ϕ\phi is the phase difference between the
voltage and current.
5. Impedance (Z):
o In an AC circuit, impedance is the total opposition to current, which combines
both resistance RR and reactance XX.
o Formula: Z=R2+X2Z = \sqrt{R^2 + X^2}, where XX is the reactance (either
capacitive or inductive).
6. AC Circuit Components:
o Resistor (R): In an AC circuit, the current and voltage are in phase, meaning
there is no phase difference.
o Inductor (L): The voltage leads the current by 90°, causing a phase difference
of ϕ=+90∘\phi = +90^\circ.
o Capacitor (C): The current leads the voltage by 90°, causing a phase
difference of ϕ=−90∘\phi = -90^\circ.
7. Reactance:
o Inductive Reactance (X_L): XL=ωLX_L = \omega L, where ω\omega is the
angular frequency and LL is the inductance.
o Capacitive Reactance (X_C): XC=1ωCX_C = \frac{1}{\omega C}, where
CC is the capacitance.
8. Resonance in RLC Circuit:
o In a series RLC circuit, resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals
the capacitive reactance, i.e., XL=XCX_L = X_C.
o At resonance, the impedance is minimized, and the current is maximized.
9. LC Oscillations:
o An LC circuit, consisting of an inductor and a capacitor, can oscillate,
producing an alternating current.
o The frequency of oscillation is given by: f=12πLCf = \frac{1}{2\pi \
sqrt{LC}} where LL is inductance and CC is capacitance.
10. Power Factor (pf):
o Power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between the current and voltage
waveforms: Power Factor=cos⁡ϕ\text{Power Factor} = \cos \phi
o It represents the fraction of total power that is effectively used in an AC
circuit. A power factor of 1 means all the power is being effectively used.
11. AC in Series and Parallel Circuits:
o In series circuits, the same current flows through all components, and the total
impedance is the sum of individual impedances.
o In parallel circuits, the total impedance is given by the reciprocal sum of
individual impedances.
12. Transformer:
o A transformer is a device that changes the voltage level in an AC circuit.
o The primary and secondary coils are linked by electromagnetic induction, and
the voltage ratio is related to the turns ratio: V1V2=N1N2\frac{V_1}{V_2}
= \frac{N_1}{N_2} where V1V_1 and V2V_2 are the primary and secondary
voltages, and N1N_1 and N2N_2 are the number of turns in the primary and
secondary coils, respectively.

These are the key concepts related to Alternating Current in Class 12 Physics.

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