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Checklist of Nebraskan Bats
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Title: An Annotated Checklist of Nebraskan Bats
Author: J. Knox Jones
Olin L. Webb
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Most recently updated: January 6, 2021
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ANNOTATED
CHECKLIST OF NEBRASKAN BATS ***
An Annotated Checklist of
Nebraskan Bats
BY
OLIN L. WEBB and J. KNOX JONES, JR.
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 5, No. 21, pp. 269-279
May 31, 1952
University of Kansas
LAWRENCE
1952
University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson
Volume 5, No. 21, pp. 269-279
May 31, 1952
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1952
24-2965
An Annotated Checklist of Nebraskan Bats
BY
OLIN L. WEBB and J. KNOX JONES, JR.
HISTORY
The first mention of bats in Nebraska possibly was by Harrison Allen,
in his "Monograph of the Bats of North America" (1864:14, 20, 30,
35, 42), who listed Nycticejus crepuscularis [= Nycticeius humeralis],
Lasiurus borealis, Scotophilus carolinensis and Scotophilus fuscus
[both = Eptesicus fuscus], and Scotophilus noctivagans [=
Lasionycteris noctivagans], as collected in "Nebraska" (then
Nebraska Territory) by J. G. Cooper. Henry W. Setzer (in litt.) reports
that none of the bats collected by Cooper now exists in the United
States National Museum and that no data pertaining to any of them
are available except that a single specimen of Nycticeius humeralis
was traded to the British Museum in 1866. Cooper journeyed
through parts of the present state of Nebraska in the summer and
autumn of 1857 and, judging from Taylor's (1919:72-80) report of
Cooper's travels, this was the only time he entered any part of
Nebraska Territory. The writers are of the opinion that the specimens
in question probably were collected in Nebraska; but since Allen
listed no exact localities or dates of collection and since the
specimens and data pertaining to them are not now available, we
have not included them here as Nebraskan records.
In the first comprehensive account of Nebraskan mammals, Myron
H. Swenk (1908:137-139) listed six kinds of bats, Myotis evotis,
Myotis californicus ciliolabrum [= Myotis subulatus subulatus],
Lasionycteris noctivagans, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus borealis, and
Lasiurus cinereus, as occurring within the state. Zimmer (1913:665)
recorded Nyctinomus mexicanus [= Tadarida mexicana] from
Nebraska. Subsequently, Swenk (1915:854) reported Myotis
lucifugus lucifugus in the state and three years later (1918:411) he
reported Eptesicus fuscus pallidus for the first time. The report of M.
l. lucifugus seemingly was not substantiated by any actual
specimens. The addition of Myotis volans interior (Quay, 1948:181)
brought to ten the number of species and subspecies of bats
reported from the state.
In the present paper, Myotis keenii septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus
carissima, and Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus are reported from
Nebraska for the first time. Also, the first authentic record of Myotis
lucifugus lucifugus is presented, along with additional information on
previously reported species. A total number of 169 specimens from
Nebraska was available for the present study. This includes almost
all of the known specimens preserved in all collections as well as
material obtained by us in the past six years.
Nebraska has no natural caves or caverns; however, there are two
extensive man-made limestone caves near Louisville, in Cass and
Sarpy counties, where four kinds of bats have been found. Two of
these are here reported as new to Nebraska. The quarries, one on
either side of the Platte River Valley, are in a horizontal stratum of
limestone 40 feet in thickness, and are of the room and pillar type;
that is to say, the stone has been quarried away leaving rooms
having supporting pillars approximately every 50 feet. The average
temperatures in summer and winter within these tunnels, recorded
over a period of several years by the Ash Grove Lime and Portland
Cement Company of Louisville, are 65° F. and 50° F. respectively.
The Kiewit Stone Quarry, abandoned since 1936, is one-half mile
west of Meadow, Sarpy County, and has one remaining entrance
measuring approximately 30 by 30 feet. This quarry has an area of
approximately one-fifth square mile and is usually flooded with
several feet of water. The other man-made cave, known formerly as
the National Stone Quarry, is one mile northeast of Louisville, Cass
County. This quarry was abandoned in September, 1938, and until
the winter of 1948-1949 had eight or nine entrances and two air
shafts. It was approximately one-third square mile in area. All the
openings to this quarry were covered in late 1949. Bats were first
observed in the National Stone Quarry by one of us (Webb) as early
as 1939, less than a year after operations in the quarry ceased.
METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Records of Nebraskan bats are arranged in two
categories; specimens examined and additional records.
The latter refer to citations in the literature. Genera are
arranged according to Simpson (1945:59, 60), and species
are listed alphabetically under each genus. Specimens
examined are in the personal collection of the authors
unless otherwise indicated.
In connection with this study the authors acknowledge the
assistance of Drs. Edson H. Fichter, Department of
Biological Sciences, Idaho State College, and E. Raymond
Hall and Rollin H. Baker, University of Kansas Museum of
Natural History for critical assistance with the manuscript.
We are indebted to Mr. Richard B. Loomis, University of
Kansas, for aid in collecting specimens; to Dr. Henry W.
Setzer, United States National Museum, for providing
information on possible early Nebraskan records; and to
Mr. Fred Brammer, Ash Grove Lime and Portland Cement
Company, Louisville, Nebraska, for information on, and
permission to collect in, the quarries of that area. For the
loan of specimens we are grateful to Dr. William H. Burt,
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Dr. C. Bertrand
Schultz, University of Nebraska State Museum, Dr. Otis
Wade, University of Nebraska Department of Zoology, Miss
Lucille Drury, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Mr. W.
E. Eigsti, Hastings Museum, Hastings, Nebraska, and to
those in charge of the collections of the Nebraska Game,
Forestation and Parks Commission.
ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES
Myotis evotis evotis (H. Allen)
Long-eared Myotis
Vespertilio evotis H. Allen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 165:48,
June, 1864 (part), type from Monterey, Monterey Co.,
California.
Myotis evotis, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:78, October 16,
1897.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Pine Ridge area of
northwestern part of state.
Record of occurrence.—Specimen examined, 1, as follows:
Sioux Co.: Warbonnet Canyon, 1 (Univ. Nebr. State Mus.).
Remarks.—This specimen was taken by Merritt Cary on July 22,
1901.
Myotis keenii septentrionalis (Trouessart)
Eastern Long-eared Myotis
[Vespertilio gryphus] var. septentrionalis Trouessart, Catal.
Mamm. viv. foss., p. 131, 1897, type from Halifax, Halifax
Co., Nova Scotia.
Myotis keenii septentrionalis, Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 144:105, May 25, 1928.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Known from limestone quarries
in Cass and Sarpy counties. Probably in other parts of
extreme eastern Nebraska.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 35, as
follows: Cass Co.: 1 mi. NE Louisville, 4. Sarpy Co.: 1/2 mi.
W Meadow, 31 (some of these specimens have been
deposited in other collections as follows: Private Collection
of P. H. Krutzsch, 3; Private Collection of W. G. Frum, 2;
Nebr. Game, Forestation and Parks Comm., 1; Univ.
Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2; Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 7).
Remarks.—Although not so common as Pipistrellus in the limestone
quarries, hibernating bats of this species frequently are found there,
usually as solitary individuals either in drill holes or clinging to the
walls of the quarries; occasionally, however, two or three bats have
been found together in a single drill hole.
Myotis lucifugus carissima Thomas
Brown Myotis
Myotis (Leuconoe) carissima Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., (ser. 7), 13:383, May, 1904, type from Yellowstone
Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Myotis lucifugus carissima, Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 42:43,
October 3, 1917.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Known from a single record in
extreme northwestern Nebraska, but probably occurs
throughout Panhandle of state.
Record of occurrence.—Specimen examined, 1, as follows:
Sioux Co.: Agate, 1 (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.).
Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (Le Conte)
Brown Myotis
V[espertilio]. lucifugus Le Conte, McMurtrie's Cuvier,
Animal Kingdom, 1:431, June, 1831, type from Georgia,
probably from the Le Conte Plantation, near Riceboro,
Liberty County.
Myotis lucifugus [lucifugus], Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:59,
October 16, 1897.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Known only from the limestone
quarry in Sarpy County, but probably occurs over most of
eastern third of state.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 2, as
follows: Sarpy Co.: 1/2 mi. W Meadow, 2 (Univ. Kansas
Mus. Nat. Hist., 1).
Remarks.—Two bats of this subspecies were found in the quarry in
Sarpy County on December 30, 1949. None was found on
subsequent visits to the quarry, although three other species of bats
have been found there in large numbers. These specimens appear to
be the first actual records of M. l. lucifugus in the state, although
Swenk (1915:854, and in subsequent lists) reported it as
"uncommon eastwardly".
One of these bats, a male (KU 35076), possesses a peculiar dental
abnormality. Both of the second upper premolars (P3) are lacking,
although the mandibular dentition is normal. This condition has been
reported previously for this species by Frum (1946:176) in
specimens from West Virginia.
Myotis subulatus subulatus (Say)
Small-footed Myotis
Vespertilio subulatus Say, Long's Exped. to Rocky Mts.,
2:65 (footnote), 1823, type from the Arkansas River near
La Junta, Otero Co., Colorado.
Myotis subulatus, Warren, The Mammals of Colorado, G. P.
Putnam's Sons, New York, 1910. p. 275.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Northern and western
Nebraska.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 9, as
follows: Cherry Co.: Valentine, 1 (Univ. Nebr. Dept. Zool.).
Sheridan Co.: Rushville, 1; 15 mi. N Rushville, 2. Sioux Co.:
Agate, 1 (Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.); Monroe Canyon,
5-1/2 mi. N, 2-1/2 mi. W Harrison, 2 (Nebr. Game,
Forestation and Parks Comm.); Warbonnet Canyon, 2
(Univ. Nebr. State Mus.).
Additional records: Dakota Co.: Crystal Lake, 1 (Stephens,
1945:92). Dawes Co.: Chadron, 1 (Miller and Allen,
1928:169). Sioux Co.: Antelope Township, 1 (Quay,
1948:181); Sugarloaf Township, 1 (Quay, 1948:181).
Remarks.—This bat is common along the Niobrara River in the
northwestern part of the state. Stephens (loc. cit.) reports taking a
bat of this species in Dakota County in the northeastern corner of
Nebraska. This specimen was sent to Swenk at the University of
Nebraska for positive identification and was, according to Stephens,
deposited in the Swenk collection. No trace of the specimen can be
found at the present time. It is here assigned to M. s. subulatus.
M. s. subulatus has been observed frequently in the Pine Ridge area,
generally in association with Eptesicus fuscus pallidus. Two
specimens were shot by us from many that were seen flying over a
small clearing in the pines in northern Sioux County on August 2,
1949. Several Eptesicus were also obtained there. One of us (Webb)
took two of these bats from their daytime retreat in a barn north of
Rushville, Sheridan County, on September 5, 1951, where Eptesicus
was also found. They are known to inhabit hay barns at the Ft.
Niobrara Game Reserve, Cherry County, also in association with
Eptesicus. Swenk (1908:137) reports finding two of these bats under
a loose strip of pine bark in Sioux County.
Myotis volans interior Miller
Hairy-winged Myotis
Myotis longricus interior Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 27:211, October 31, 1914, type from
Twining, Taos Co., New Mexico.
Myotis volans interior, Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 144:142, May 25, 1928.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Badlands area of extreme
northwestern part of state.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 2, as
follows: Sioux Co.: Warbonnet Township, 8 mi. N Harrison,
2 (Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist.).
Remarks.—Quay (1948:181) reported finding a colony of
approximately 180 of these bats in northern Sioux County in the
summer of 1944. They were found in a crevice in a dry creek bed.
He examined several dozen, all females, two of which were saved as
specimens.
The authors, while engaged in field work in this approximate locality
in the summers of 1948 and 1949, were unable to locate any of
these bats.
Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte)
Silver-haired Bat
V[espertilio], noctivagans Le Conte, McMurtrie's Cuvier,
Animal Kingdom, 1:431, June, 1831, type from eastern
United States.
Lasionycteris noctivagans, Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss.
Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 648, 1865.
Distribution in Nebraska.—"Entire state, fairly common
during migrations but probably not breeding within our
limits" (Swenk, 1908:138).
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 2, as
follows: Clay Co.: Inland, 1 (Hastings Museum, Hastings,
Nebraska). Franklin Co.: Campbell, 1 (Hastings Museum,
Hastings, Nebraska).
Additional records (Swenk, 1908:138): Cuming Co.: West
Point. Douglas Co.: Omaha. Lancaster Co.: Lincoln. County
undesignated: "Platte River".
Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier)
Eastern Pipistrelle
V[espertilio]. subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 1:17, 1832, type from eastern United States,
probably Georgia.
Pipistrellus subflavus, Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90,
October 16, 1897.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Known from limestone quarries
in Cass and Sarpy counties; probably ranging throughout
eastern Nebraska.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 34, as
follows: Cass Co.: 1 mi. NE Louisville, 4. Sarpy Co.: 1/2 mi.
W Meadow, 30 (some of these specimens have been
deposited in other collections as follows: Private Collection
of P. H. Krutzsch, 3; Private Collection of W. G. Frum, 2;
Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 4; Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 4).
Remarks.—This bat is the most common of the four species that are
known to inhabit the quarries in Cass and Sarpy counties. Individuals
have been found both in drill holes and clinging to the walls of the
quarries. We have always found this bat to be solitary while in
hibernation.
Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois)
Big Brown Bat
Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois, Catal. Raisonné Mus. Peale,
Philadelphia, p. 18, 1796, type from Philadelphia,
Philadelphia Co., Pennsylvania.
Eptesicus fuscus, Méhely, Magyarország denevéreinek
monographiája (Monographia Chiropterorum Hungariae),
pp. 206, 338, 1900.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Eastern part of state.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 23, as
follows: Adams Co.: Hastings, 1 (Hastings Museum,
Hastings, Nebraska). Cass Co.: 1 mi. NE Louisville, 6;
Plattsmouth, 1 (Univ. Nebr. State Mus.). Sarpy Co.: 1/2 mi.
W Meadow, 15 (Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 7).
Remarks.—We have observed this bat hibernating in the limestone
quarries of Cass and Sarpy counties, where it was commonly found
in drill holes or clinging to the ceiling or walls. We have always found
this bat to be solitary while in hibernation, with one exception. On
January 31, 1949, a male and female were found in the same drill
hole in the Cass County quarry. The jolt of being knocked from the
hole separated the two bats, and upon examination the penis of the
male was noted to be extended and erected, indicating that the pair
might have been in the act of copulation.
Eptesicus fuscus pallidus Young
Big Brown Bat
Eptesicus pallidus Young, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 408, October 2, 1908, type from Boulder,
Boulder Co., Colorado.
Eptesicus fuscus pallidus, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
79:62, December 31, 1912.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Western half of state.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 34, as
follows: Cherry Co.: Ft. Niobrara Game Reserve, 19 (Nebr.
Game, Forestation and Parks Comm., 17); Valentine, 2
(Univ. Nebr. Dept. Zool.). Dawes Co.: 10 mi. S Chadron, 1
(Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Knox Co.: Niobrara, 1. Sheridan
Co.: 15 mi. N Rushville, 2. Sioux Co.: Glen, 1 (Univ. Nebr.
State Mus.); Monroe Canyon, 5-1/2 mi. N, 2-1/2 mi. W
Harrison, 1 (Nebr. Game, Forestation and Parks Comm.);
Warbonnet Canyon, 7 (Univ. Nebr. State Mus.).
Remarks.—A colony of approximately 100 of these bats was
discovered in the unused portion of a barn loft at Ft. Niobrara Game
Reserve on August 11, 1948. Although no temperature readings
were taken, it was estimated that the temperature was more than
100° F. in the loft. The bats were congregated on rafters at the
north end of the barn and when disturbed, only a few members of
the colony dropped from the rafters to fly. Most of the bats crawled
to new retreats between the rafters and the corrugated iron roof of
the building.
Lasiurus borealis borealis (Müller)
Red Bat
Vespertilio borealis Müller, Natursyst. Suppl., p. 20, 1776,
type from New York.
Lasiurus borealis [borealis], Miller, N. Amer. Fauna,
13:105, October 16, 1897.
Distribution in Nebraska.—State-wide in suitable habitat.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 14, as
follows: Lancaster Co.: Lincoln, 13 (Univ. Nebr. State Mus.,
11; Univ. Nebr. Dept. Zool., 1). Richardson Co.: 3 mi. SE
Rulo, 1 (Nebr. Game, Forestation, and Parks Comm.).
Additional records (Swenk, 1908:139): Cuming Co.: West
Point. Douglas Co.: Omaha. Lancaster Co.: Lincoln. Otoe
Co.: Nebraska City. Richardson Co.: Humboldt.
Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Beauvois)
Hoary Bat
Vespertilio cinereus (misspelled linereus) Beauvois, Catal.
Raisonné Mus. Peale, Philadelphia, p. 18, 1796, type from
Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., Pennsylvania.
Lasiurus cinereus, H. Allen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 17:21,
June, 1864.
Distribution in Nebraska.—State-wide in suitable habitat.
Records of occurrence.—Specimens examined, 11, as
follows: Clay Co.: Inland, 1 (Hastings Museum, Hastings,
Nebraska). Custer Co.: Broken Bow, 2 (Univ. Mich. Mus.
Zool.); Victoria Springs, 1 (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.). Furnas
Co.: Wilsonville, 1 (Hastings Museum, Hastings,
Nebraska). Lancaster Co.: Lincoln, 6 (Univ. Nebr. State
Mus., 5; Univ. Nebr. Dept. Zool., 1).
Additional records: Cuming Co.: West Point (Swenk,
1908:139). Douglas Co.: Omaha (Swenk, 1908:139). Gage
Co.: Beatrice (Swenk, 1908:139). Lancaster Co.: Lincoln
(Swenk, 1908:139). County undesignated: Loup Fork
(Miller, 1897:114).
Tadarida mexicana (Saussure)
Mexican Free-tailed Bat
Molossus mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Magasin de
Zoologie, Ser. 2, 12:283, July, 1860, type from Cofre de
Perote, 13,000 feet, state of Veracruz, Mexico.
Tadarida mexicana, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 128:86,
April 29, 1924.
Distribution in Nebraska.—Known only from Lincoln,
Lancaster County.
Records of occurrence.—Specimen examined, 1, as
follows: Lancaster Co.: Lincoln, 1 (Univ. Nebr. State Mus.).
Additional record (Zimmer, 1913:665): Lancaster Co.:
Lincoln.
Remarks.—The Mexican free-tailed bat is probably rare in Nebraska.
The single specimen examined by us was obtained on June 27,
1931, from a downtown business building in Lincoln. According to
the label on the specimen, it died in captivity on June 29 after giving
birth to one young on June 28. The bat reported by Zimmer (loc.
cit.) was also taken in the business district of Lincoln. It was
obtained on August 15, 1913.
In addition to the bats named above, six other kinds possibly occur
in Nebraska. These, along with an indication of the part of the state
in which each is to be looked for, are as follows:
Myotis grisescens Howell, southeastern part of state.
Myotis sodalis Miller and Allen, southeastern part of state.
Myotis thysanodes thysanodes Miller, northwestern part of state.
Nycticeus humeralis humeralis (Rafinesque), southeastern part
of state.
Corynorhinus rafinesquii pallescens (Miller), northwestern part
of state.
Tadarida molossa (Pallas), any part of state.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, H.
1864. Monograph of the bats of North America. Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., 165:xxiii + 85, June, 1864.
Frum, W. G.
1946. Abnormality in dentition of Myotis lucifugus. Jour.
Mamm., 27:176, May 14, 1946.
Miller, G. S., Jr.
1897. Revision of the North American bats of the family
Vespertilionidae. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:1-138, October 16,
1897.
Miller, G. S., Jr., and G. M. Allen
1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:viii + 218, May 25, 1928.
