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[Pg 22]
ELEGANT QUAIL (Callipepla elegans)
THE ELEGANT QUAIL
(Callipepla elegans)
Along the western slope of the Sierra Madre range in the state of Sonora,
Mexico, is to be found another member of the blue quail family whose habits
appeal strongly to the sportsman. This species, known as the elegant quail, is
one of the most handsomely marked of the group. From the blending of the
white throat of the bobwhite with the black one of the gambel, and the brown
of the back of the one with the blue of the other, together with a marked
resemblance in its call to that of the bobwhite, suggests the possibility of its
origin having resulted from a cross of the two genera. I may add that both the
gambel and a species of the Collinus, bobwhite, are found in this same section.
The elegant quail is generally found in and around the cultivated fields which
they seem to prefer to the open country. While the elegant quail will walk
leisurely in front of their pursuer until too closely approached, they can in no
sense be termed runners. When flushed they take to cover and lie closely. Like
all the quail of Mexico they have been hunted but little and need to be well
scared before they become properly educated to the gun. After a few days'
hunting I found them a very satisfactory game bird. Being found around the
fields, the grounds and cover were all that could be desired for excellent sport.
Color—Male—Plume straight, upright feathers about an inch and a quarter
to an inch and a half in length, varying in color—possibly on account of age—
from a light lemon to a dark reddish orange. The throat is finely mottled with
small black and white dots, giving it a dark gray appearance. The general color
of the back and the wing and tail coverts is a dark blue with about half of the
exposed portion of each feather tipped with a bright, rich brown. The breast and
abdomen is a light, ashy blue, profusely flecked with large, circular white spots.
Female—The plume is about two-thirds the length of that of the male, brown
in color and barred with black. The breast and abdomen are spotted like the
male but the back is much the color of the English snipe.
Nest and Eggs—The same as the other species of the blue quail.
Measurements—Same as the valley quail.
[Pg 26]
MASSENA QUAIL (Cyrtonyx montezuma)
THE MASSENA OR MONTEZUMA QUAIL
(Cyrtonyx Montezuma)
The Massena, or Montezuma quail, is a distinct genus from the blue quail
family. In many respects it resembles the bobwhite in color, though far more
fancifully marked. It is also nearly one-half larger, though in some parts of
Arizona and in New Mexico there is a smaller species of the same genus known
as fool quail. The Mexican bird is far from a fool, and although it roosts on the
ground like the bobwhite, it is resourceful enough to take care of itself in a
country where vermin of all kinds are very plentiful. Its range is from near the
northern boundary south through the larger portion of Mexico.
The Montezuma quail is emphatically a grass bird and inhabits the grassy
foothills and the cultivated fields, where it affords fine sport with a dog. It is
very cosmopolitan as to climate, for it is found at altitudes of from five to six
thousand feet, where considerable snow falls, as well as in the foothills of the
hot, tropical valleys of the lowlands, and thrives equally well in all sections. It is
a bird of peculiar habits. When startled by the approach of an enemy the bevy
at once huddles together, where the birds remain motionless until they are
approached to within from one to four feet, according to the cover they are in.
If they think that they have not been seen or that the object of their alarm is
going to pass by, there is not the slightest motion made by any one of them, but
when they decide to take wing for safety every bird in perfect unison springs
into the air to a height of about six feet and darts rapidly away. They are quick
on the wing and seem able to carry away a good deal of shot. The flight
generally is not more than one hundred yards, and when they alight they scatter
well and will then out-hide any bird that lives. I have both ridden and walked,
without a dog, for hours through a country where they were plentiful without
seeing a bird, except where I chanced to nearly step upon them, yet with a dog
I have found on the same grounds probably an average of fifteen bevies to the
square mile. For work with a dog I prefer them to any bird I have ever hunted.
They give out a strong scent, for points on bevies of from six to fifteen birds,
made thirty to forty yards away are no uncommon occurrence. Then when you
walk in front of your dog they never flush until you have almost stepped upon
them. A scattered bevy will lie securely hid until each individual is flushed.
Unlike the blue quail they never gather in large flocks, but always remain in
single broods until broken up in the spring for nesting purposes.
Color—Male—The head of these birds have a very bizarre appearance whose
strange black and white markings seem to have no more purpose or design than
the black and white chalk marks on a clown's face. The head of the male is
crested with semi-erectile feathers in the shape of a broad hood of dark
yellowish brown color, falling about half way down the neck; groundwork of the
back and of the wing and tail coverts is a dark ocher barred with a deep rich
brown; breast and flanks are nearly black, dotted with large white spots, and
from the throat to the vent is a stripe about five-eighths of an inch wide of a
dark rich chestnut.
Female—The female, with the exception of the white dots on the breast and
flanks is much the color of the female bobwhite.
Nest and Eggs—The nest is like that of the quail generally, simply a
depression in the ground, carefully hidden away in some thick matted grass or
bunch of brush, and generally higher up the hill-sides than they are found at
other times. Eggs, white, and of a china appearance, and from ten to fifteen in
number.
Measurements—While these birds are fully one-half larger than the blue
quail, the very short tail makes their total length not over 8 to 9 inches; wing, 5
inches, and bill, 5/8.
[Pg 28]
BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus)
THE BOBWHITE
(Colinus virginianus)
I have said that the voice of the bobwhite is heard in the land. This is true,
for the clear notes of his little throat awaken the morning echoes from eastern
Oregon to the islands of Puget Sound. This great little game bird, whose praise
has been recounted in volumes of prose and sung in the rhythmic measures of
countless lines of verse, is not a native of the coast, but he knew a good thing
when he saw it. When he was turned loose in the Pacific Northwest he cast his
bright little eyes about him and remarked to himself:
"This looks good to me. Bobwhite, get busy at once in raising big families
and settle up your new domain."
And he has done it, for now the sportsmen of the Pacific Northwest have
better bobwhite shooting than is to be found in any part of the eastern states.
The bobwhite roosts on the ground and always remains in single broods.
When startled they huddle together and flush in a bunch. They are good hiders
and lie well to the dog. They are seldom found far from water and rarely in
heavy brush. They are fond of stubble or corn fields and the grassy nooks along
the fences. Many efforts have been made to acclimatize this species farther
south in California but they have all proved failures on account of the dryer
climate and the lack of insects during the rearing season of their young. They
must have a damp climate where the vegetation remains green, thus furnishing
an abundance of insects during the early summer on which to feed their young.
For until a bobwhite is nearly grown it lives almost entirely upon insects.
Color—Male—General color of the upper parts, light buff, marked with
triangular blotches of brown; head and back of the neck, dark chestnut;
forehead, gray; light stripe from above the eye passing down the side of the
neck; throat, white or very light buff, faintly bordered with dark brown or black;
breast, light buff with the feathers tipped with brown; flanks chestnut mixed
with black and white.
Female—Generally lighter, and without the white throat and light breast.
Nest and Eggs—The nests are rude depressions on the ground beneath a
fence rail or fallen limb, or in a bunch of thick grass or brush. The eggs number
anywhere from fifteen to twenty and of a pure white color.
Measurements—Total length about nine inches; wing, 4 1/2 inches; bill, 5/8.
THE MASKED BOBWHITE
(Colinus ridgewayi)
A smaller species of the bobwhite, known as the masked bobwhite, were
reasonably plentiful along the border of southern Arizona and south through the
state of Sonora, Mexico. Like the typical bobwhite they were strictly a field and
grass bird. But through the heavy pasturing of that section, together with a
series of dry seasons denuding the whole country of such cover as would be
necessary for their protection from hawks and vermin, they have become nearly
if not quite extinct. They differed from the eastern bobwhite in that the male
had a black throat instead of a white one and a bright cinnamon breast. The
female differed also in having a light buff throat, and generally of a lighter color.
Order, GALLINAE
Family, TETRAONIDAE
Subfamily, PERDICINAE
Order, GALLINAE
Family, TETRAONIDAE
Subfamily, PERDICINAE
Genus Species Common Names Range and Breeding Grounds
Coast Range of California
pictus Mountain quail from Monterey Bay north
into Western Oregon.
Both sides of the Sierra
Nevadas from Central
Oregon south. Coast range
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus Mountain quail
valleys south from San
Francisco Bay into Lower
California.
Peninsula of Lower
Lower California California, inter-grading in
pictus confinis
mountain quail the northern part with the
pictus plumiferus.
Coast Range valleys of
californicus Valley quail California from San Francisco
Bay north into Oregon.
Both sides of the Sierra
Nevadas from Central
californicus Oregon south. Coast range
Lophortyx Valley quail
vallicola valleys south from San
Francisco Bay into Lower
California.
Southern Nevada,
Gambel quail
Southeastern California,
gambeli
Western Arizona and
Arizona quail
Northern Mexico.
Southern Arizona and
squamata Scaled quail
Northern Mexico.
Callipepla
elegans Elegant quail Southern Sonora, Mexico.
Montezuma quail
Southwestern Arizona and
Cyrtonyx montezuma
south into Mexico.
Messena quail
Northwestern Sonora,
ridgewayi Masked Bobwhite
Mexico.
Colinus
Introduced and acclimated in
virginianus Bobwhite Washington and Oregon and
the islands of Puget Sound.
THE WILD TURKEY
If there is any member of the feathered tribe entitled to the designation of
royal game bird, it is the wild turkey. This magnificent bird, whose size and
cunning challenges at once the admiration and the skill of the sportsman, is a
native of North and Central America, and found in its wild state in no other part
of the globe. The ocellated turkey, the Central American species, is even more
gaudy in plumage than the peacock, but as it is not found within the territorial
scope of these articles, I shall leave its resplendent colors to scintillate in its own
tropic sun, undescribed.
Of the North American turkeys the scientist recognizes four varieties. The
Meleagris sylvestris of the eastern states, except Florida, the Meleagris
sylvestris osceola of Florida, the Meleagris sylvestris elliotti of the Rio
Grande district of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, and the Meleagris
gallopavo of Arizona, New Mexico, part of Colorado, and west and south
through the larger portion of old Mexico. It is of this last species that I shall
write.
[Pg 32]
WILD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)
THE MEXICAN WILD TURKEY
(Meleagris gallopavo)
Outside of the progenitors of our common barnyard fowl, there is no wild
bird that mankind has domesticated whose distribution in its domestic state has
become so wide as that of the wild turkey, and none have been so highly prized
as an article of food. It is from the Mexican wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo,
that all of our domestic turkeys have descended. First captured in Mexico by the
early settlers of that country, they were taken to the West Indies and there
domesticated as early as 1527, for Oviedo, in his "Natural History of the Indias,"
speaks of the wild turkey having been taken from Mexico to the islands and
there being bred in a domestic state. From the West Indies they were taken to
Spain, France and England, and again brought back to America as domestic
fowls. In 1541 they must have been scarce yet in England, for in an edict
promulgated by Cranmer in that year, the "turkey cocke" was named as one of
"the greater fowles," and which "an ecclesiastic was to have but one in a dishe."
By 1573, however, they must have become quite plentiful, for in that year
Tusser mentions them as the most approved "Christmas husbandlie fare."
Inasmuch as there were no settlements of either English, French or Spanish
in America north of Mexico until 1584, or in that section of the country inhabited
by the eastern species of wild turkey until sixty years after the turkey is known
to have been introduced into England, the common belief that the eastern
species (Meleagris sylvestris) was the foundation of the domestic turkey is
clearly an error; but the ornithologist does not find it necessary to consult
history to determine the origin of the domestic turkey. That distinguishing
feature of the Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), the broad, light
sub-terminal of the rump feathers, is so strong that even after three and a half
centuries of domestication, changes in color through selection in breeding, and
possibly crossing to some extent with the eastern and Florida species, those
markings, peculiar to it alone, are unmistakably present even in the lightest-
colored varieties.
As a game bird the turkey has but few equals. Like most of game birds they
are comparatively tame and unsuspicious until after they have been hunted, and
learned that of all animals man is their greatest foe and most to be dreaded, for
whenever he is within sight he is within the range of his instruments of
destruction. I have seen the Mexican wild turkey constantly running or flushing
in front of us from morning till night as we traveled through their country for
days. They showed but little fear, for while we killed all we could eat, we were
constantly traveling, so that those that had been introduced to the white man's
methods of destroying were left behind us, and those in front of us had yet the
lesson to learn; but when the wild turkey has been hunted a little it becomes
about as wary, cunning and resourceful as any bird that flies.
The Mexican wild turkey is the largest of the race, and has been, and is yet,
the most plentiful. They are strictly mountain dwellers, not often found in
altitudes of less than twenty-five hundred to three thousand feet, and more
frequently from four to six thousand, and even up to eight thousand feet or
more. They are strictly timber dwellers, usually, if not always, living in the pine
forests, for I can not call to mind a single instance where I have found them
except where pines of some variety were the principal trees. In size, individuals
vary a good deal. So, also, will the general average be found to vary as much as
ten pounds in different localities. Generally the higher their habitat the larger the
birds, some of the old gobblers reaching forty pounds if not more. I remember
killing one in the Sierra Madres of northern Mexico that I carried about three
miles into camp over a very rough country. By the time I got him there I was
willing to bet my last "silver 'dobe" that he weighed a ton. I have also killed
some very large ones in the San Francisco mountains of Arizona.
The wild turkey, like the mountain quail, has an up and down mountain
migration. In the early spring the hens begin to work up the mountains and
seek the densest jungles, and of course the gobblers follow them. The gobblers
are polygamous, and have but little respect for their families. They will not only
destroy the nests, but even the young birds. For this reason the hens are very
secretive in nesting, taking as much care in hiding them away from the gobblers
as from their other enemies. As soon as the hens begin setting the gobblers
gather in flocks and remain by themselves until joined in the early fall by the
hens and their half-grown broods. After this the flocks soon begin their
migration to the lower hills and mountain openings, and congregate into
immense roosts. Places were once to be seen where they had filled the trees for
acres in such numbers as to break the limbs in many instances. In those times
and localities they were too tame and too plentiful to afford much amusement to
the man who hunted them for sport, but with the exception of some places in
Mexico that day has passed, and the sportsman who hunts these grand game
birds now will find a quarry worthy of his skill and affording him sufficient
exertion to whet his appetite for the delicious feast they furnish him.
Both the habits and the habitat of the wild turkey make the sport of hunting
them especially enjoyable. As soon as the gobblers are deserted by the hens
they become more wary, and the crack of a twig or the sight of a man, be he
ever so far away, and they at once seek cover. Then the keen eye and the
noiseless tread of the still hunter is called upon for his best and most careful
efforts, for the eyes of these gobblers are quick to catch the slightest move and
their ears acute to the faintest sound. The curiosity of a deer often makes him
hesitate long enough for the opportunity of a shot, but the gobbler, after the
hens have left him, is no longer lured by curiosity. His business is to keep out of
sight, and he can do it, after he has once learned the destructiveness of man,
just a little more successfully than any other bird or animal that I have ever
hunted.
There are no wild turkeys west of the Colorado river, nor on the peninsula of
Lower California; but there can be no reason to doubt that, had the mountains
of Arizona connected with the pines of the Coast range in San Bernardino
county or with the Sierras of Inyo or Kern, the mountains of California would
have been as well supplied with turkey as are its valleys with quail.
Color—The color of the wild turkey varies very much except in those that
are found in the higher mountains and far away from civilization. Domestication
of over three hundred and fifty years has not yet robbed the turkey of its love
for the wild and they are often seen long distances away from the farms feeding
contentedly. In countries where the wild turkey still existed these tame varieties
of various colors have mixed with them, often to such an extent as to change
the color very materially. I have seen flocks in Mexico ranging close to ranch
houses with turkeys among them so light-colored that they were no doubt tame
birds that had wandered away with their wild progenitors.
The wild turkey of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado is a dark
bronze bird with a light-colored rump, caused by the upper tail coverts being
tipped with a broad sub-terminal band of white, narrowly tipped with black. The
tail feathers are dark brown, spotted with black and tipped with white.
Nest and Eggs—The nest of the wild turkey is generally in a depression in
the ground, high up on the mountains, and carefully hidden away in some dense
thicket. I cannot call to mind ever seeing but two nests. One of these had but
seven eggs while the other had seventeen. The markings are the same as those
of the tame turkey.
Measurements—The total length varies from three to four and a half feet;
wing 18 to 24 inches.
[Pg 36]
MONGOLIAN PHEASANT (Phasianus torquatus)
THE MONGOLIAN PHEASANT
(Phasianus torquatus)
While the wild turkey is the only representative of the Phasianidæ found
native to the American continent, the Mongolian pheasant has been so
successfully acclimatized in Oregon and Washington that it must now be
recognized as an established resident species.
After it became an established fact that these pheasants were proving a
success in Oregon, there became a demand for their introduction into California,
and thousands of dollars were spent for a number of years in an unsuccessful
effort to acclimatize them.
The pheasant, like the grouse, is a cold country bird, and the mild and dry
climate of California does not appeal to their peculiar tastes or the requirements
of their physical being. Oregon, however, possesses the climatic, floral and
entomic conditions for which nature has fitted them. Green vegetation lasts
during the whole season in which they rear their young, thus furnishing them
with that abundance of insects necessary to the health and nourishment of the
young chicks. They are endowed with certain physical attributes for which the
cold of winter is necessary to preserve a continued healthful condition, and this,
too, they find in Oregon. In fact this constitutional demand for the cold of winter
has been by nature so strongly implanted within them that the rearing of thirty
generations in the comparatively mild climate of Oregon has not effaced it, and
obeying this primal instinct they have migrated through Washington and into the
better-loved and colder winters of British Columbia.
Therefore, while California undoubtedly may have an abundance of wild
turkeys, quail in unlimited numbers and of two or three more species than we
have at present, the timber and the plain tinamus of South America, and
possibly the sand grouse of southern Europe, she will never have pheasants
unless they be of the extreme southern varieties, and never have more than a
limited supply of grouse.
North of the mountains of southern Oregon and through Washington into
British Columbia pheasants are plentiful and furnish the principal sport of the
lovers of upland shooting of that section of the Pacific Coast. The Mongolian
pheasant as a game bird has his merits and demerits. As a large, beautiful
plumaged bird to grace the game bag the pheasant stands without a rival. As a
table bird the pheasant is only surpassed in delicacy of flavor by the wild turkey.
As an aggravating runner from the dog the pheasant is in a class by itself, and
as an evader of all pursuit when wounded, "the Chinaman," as they are
generally called in Oregon, can give odds to the gambel quail. Though the
pheasant is a large bird and able to carry off a good deal of shot, it starts so
slow to one accustomed to the rapid flight of the California quail that a
reasonably fair shot will find no difficulty in getting the limit with a sixteen
gauge.
They are slow starters, caused by their habit of rising at an angle of forty-
five to fifty degrees until they reach a height of about ten feet before their rapid
flight begins, but when once on the wing they are quite swift flyers.
While I have said that the pheasants are aggravating runners, this is
principally so in the latter part of the season. In the earlier parts they are
commonly found in the stubble fields, potato and other vegetable patches, and
usually in single broods. At such times I have found them to lie quite well to the
dog, not flushing until closely approached, and running but little except when
winged. They are then easy shooting, but the fine size of the bird and the
beautiful plumage of the cocks give a zest to the sport and a pleasant
distinctiveness which every sportsman will be pleased to add to the list of
upland shooting he has engaged in.
To those who wish to spend a season on these handsome birds, Oregon,
especially, offers an attraction which goes far beyond its good supply of
pheasants. During the open pheasant season the climate of Oregon is as near
perfect as one can ask. That season of the eastern states that has been
idealized in verse, and is known as Indian summer, finds its superlative in the
early fall of Oregon. The sun shines brightly, but with its rays softened by its
sub-equinoctial position; the air is mild, clear and invigorating, and the golden
hues of the stubble field, the yet bright green of the grassy pastures, the rich
tints of the dying autumn leaves, all framed in the blue-green fringe of the near-
by pines and firs, produce a picture strikingly beautiful and always enjoyed. It is
in this delightful season with such a picture on every side, heightened by an
occasional glimpse of some towering mountain peak with its crown of eternal
snows, that the sportsman of Oregon lays aside the cares of life and lives in an
elysium during his pheasant-shooting days. The setting of the stage is as much
to the play as the acting. So with our days after game. The invigorating air we
breathe, the beauty of the landscape, the stateliness of the forest, the rugged
grandeur of the mountains, the soul-inspiring picture of our dogs on point and
back, lends more to the real enjoyment of the day than does the size of the bag
we carry home.
Color—Male—The male of the Mongolian pheasant can not be confounded
with any other game bird in America. Its very long tail feathers—from fifteen to
twenty inches—will always prove a distinguishing mark. Its rich metallic colors of
black, cinnamon, chestnut and ocher give it a combination of hues surpassing
that of any other of our game birds.
Female—Nor should the female ever be mistaken for any other bird. It
partakes much of the general colors of the male, but much subdued and more
of a general ochreous hue, the plumage being buff mottled with brown. The tail,
however, is not more than one-fourth the length of that of the male.
Nest and Eggs—The nest is generally a depression on the ground, but
often in the hollow of some log. The eggs number from 12 to 18 and are of a
dark ochre in color.
Measurements—The measurements of a Mongolian pheasant are
practically useless on account of the larger portion of it being the tail, which
greatly varies in length.
[Pg 40]
BANDED WHITE-WINGED
MOURNING DOVE
PIGEON DOVE
(Zenaidura
(Columba (Melopelia
macroura)
faciata) leucoptera)
THE PIGEONS AND DOVES
The family Columbidæ is represented on the Pacific Coast by three genera
which are considered, to more or less extent, legitimate game, though they can
not be termed game birds in the generally accepted use of the term. Still as
they are hunted to a very considerable extent by the sportsmen of the Coast,
they rightfully belong in a work of this kind. I shall, therefore, give them a place,
and briefly treat each species that is pursued as game within the territory under
consideration.
THE WILD PIGEON
(Columba faciata)
The wild, or banded pigeon, is a mountain dweller, found principally in the
southern half of the territory covered by this work. They visit the valleys in the
fall and winter months to feed on the oak mast, and at such times they are seen
in large flocks in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and coast valleys of California.
They are found in good numbers in parts of Arizona, and are common along
both sides of the Sierra Madres of Mexico. When visiting the valleys they afford
good sport, as they are swift flyers and capable of carrying off a good deal of
shot. They have no migrations like the passenger pigeon once so plentiful in the
eastern states, nor do they congregate in such immense flocks.
Color—About the same as the darker colored tame pigeon; the tail is a trifle
longer than the tame bird and a little lighter than the rest of the plumage with a
dark band across the middle of it; a small patch of white feathers at the back of
the head. Both sexes are alike.
Nest and Eggs—The nest is built in the trees of small twigs and grass. Two
eggs are layed at a time, and a pair of young birds are produced about every six
weeks from April to August.
Measurements—A trifle more than the tame pigeon.
THE MOURNING DOVE
(Zenaidura macroura)
The mourning dove is a cosmopolitan species found in greater or less
numbers in all sections. They have a slight migratory movement from the higher
to the lower altitudes, but they cannot be called a migratory bird. A large
number of these birds begin their nesting season in the mountains at altitudes
of from 2000 to 4000 feet, raising one brood at that height, then moving down
and nesting again, and moving again until they reach the lower valleys, where
they remain all winter, congregating in certain places in flocks of hundreds.
Many, however, remain in the valleys all the year and nest around the fields and
along the streams.
The mourning dove is so well known in every country that a description of it
is unnecessary.
Nest and Eggs—The nest is generally built in the small trees and lined with
any soft article that they can find. The eggs number two and a pair of the young
birds are hatched about every six weeks from May to September.
THE WHITE-WINGED DOVE
(Melopelia leucoptera)
The white-winged dove is nearly one-half larger than the common mourning
dove. They range from Mexico through southern Arizona to the Colorado desert
in southeastern California. In some parts of Arizona and in Mexico they are
found in large numbers, and afford good shooting. Their habits are the same as
the common dove, both as to food and nesting, though in parts of Mexico it
nests in the pitahaya plants—a species of cactus—of whose fruit it is very fond.
This species can easily be distinguished from any other member of the dove
family by the broad patch of white on the wings.
Order, GALLINAE
Family, TETRAONIDAE
Subfamily, TETRAONINAE. (Grouse)
Range and
Genus Species Common Names Breeding
Grounds
Western
Oregon and
Washington
umbellus sabini Oregon ruffed grouse
and
Northwestern
California.
Bonasa
Eastern sides
of Cascade
Mountains in
umbellus togata Canada ruffed grouse
Oregon and
Washington,
thence East.
Northeastern
California,
Nevada and
Centrocercus urophasianus Sage hen
the sage lands
of Oregon and
Washington.
