Unit 3

Forces
and
energy
3.1 Forces and motion
L.o.: Describe what is meant by balanced forces in terms of size and direction
Understand that forces can be acting on an object that is not moving.
Recognize when forces are unbalanced
List some effects of unbalanced forces

Keywords: Balanced, direction, changing direction, force, opposite, slow down,

unbalanced

Definitions of keywords
balanced: forces that are equal and opposite, so they cancel out
change direction: a bend in path taken by an object
direction: path taken by moving object
force: an interaction which, if unbalanced, will change shape or movement of
object opposite: acting against something
slow down: decrease speed unbalanced - forces not canceling out

Unit of force: newton (N)

Net force
Net force is the total of all forces acting on an object.

• If the net force is zero, the forces are balanced and the object is holding still.

• If the net force is not zero, the forces are unbalanced and the object is in motion.

• Balanced forces: When two or more forces acting on an object are equal in
all directions.
• Results in no movement

• Unbalanced forces- When two or more unequal forces act on an object.

• Moves in the direction with more force.
• Net force is the difference between these forces.
Newton (N)

The person applying So N

↑ son EI
force towards right.

yes
3.2 Speed
L.o.: Understand what is meant by speed
Learn about the unit of speed
Be able to calculate speed

Keywords: Average speed, calculate, constant, m/s, metre, metres per second,
per, second, speed

What is speed? Speed is the measure of how fast something moves or the
distance it moves in a given amount of time.

Speed= distance / time

meters per second M/S or-ms"(y)

km/h
-
 u -

M/S
+ = 255a
d = Som

=Mean a

100 + 20 =
5 m/S

450km Sh

↑ So S 50

Zoom 253
200 25 g

750m 35
750 3 250
 3 = + = D = 3xt

to x3 = 10 120 km

50 - 6 = 90 90km/h

20 : 4 = 5 5km/h

376 : 6 =
9696km/h yes he
broke the speed limit

1842 = 3636km
 S =
&
t

100 : 10 = 10

omdistance : time

35m/S
↑goM
distance = So
0
um
.

Su

(s)Averageken(s) speed
taken
Hight (m) Time
cms)

TT2 The

10 cm
1 15 0 96 0 9970 1 m/s
.
. 0 .
88 . .

1Scm 0 53 .
0 59 .
0 55 .
0 54 .

0 28 m/S.

20 cm 0 31 .
0 31 .
0 36 .
0 33 .
0 .
612m/S

25cm 0 15 .
0 1 .

0 16
. 0 153
. 1 .
63 M/
3.3 Describing movement
L.o.: Learn how to use graphs to describe movement
Understand what a distance/time graph shows
Speed = Distance
Learn to draw a distance/time graph

Keywords: at rest, distance/time graph, safety precautions, sketch, stationary

• Scientists use graphs to describe how two variable are related

• Speed is the distance an object travels per unit of time
• You can graphically represent the speed of an object using a distance-time
graph
• Motion is the action of movement
Important keywords
Stationary = not moving

Constant speed = moving at the same speed

Accelerating = speeding up

Decelerating = slowing down

 speed is constant

1
Distance

(M) 100

So

o
stime(s)]

constant speed

>

stationary
1

Time is
changing
> is
Distance not
changing >
-
object is
stationary (not moving
 speed

constanto my

Distance faster
returning
to
(m) start
no movement
speed
constant
20m/
A
B
Time (s)

acceleration deceleration
 40 m/S

Steeper

less Steep
30
M/S
p p

=
-
> X

3 =
100 S =
200 comp
S = 10m/

X . . .
3.4 Turning forces
L.o.: Recognise when a force causes something to turn
Know how to use the term moment
Be able to calculate the moment caused by a force

Keywords: Lever, moment, newton metres, pivot, turn

• If a force is applied to an object in a system with a pivot, the object will

experience a turning effect, called a moment
• The moment (turning effect) could be clockwise or anticlockwise

Moment = force x distance

(Nm) N M

M = F x D (from pivot)

• The moment of a force describes its turning effect

• The moment of a force depends on:
○ The size of the force (the bigger the force, the bigger the moment)
○ The distance between the position where the force is applied and the pivot
(the greater the distance,the greater the moment)
• The moment of a force can be calculated using the following formula:
Moment = force x distance
• Distances in the equation refers to the distance from the pivot to where the
force is acting
• The unit of force is the Newton and the unit for distance is the meter, so the
unit for a moment is a Newton meter (N m)
f = 10
d= 0 .
25

m= S

600x2 = 1200

1200 : 800
=
1 5
.

1 5
.
M
600x2 = 1200
1200 + 800 : 1 5
.
= 1 5
.
 the turning effect of a
force

Moment= force x distance

(Nm)

Because the nut must turn right

and when you push at A it will turn right

M + xd
=

d = 0 12 .
&0 . 12 M = 0 48 .

f 4
= 0 48 Nm
.

20 == d = 00
Nm = 1 8 .
ZoN
 673
450x1 3 =
1 35m
.
.

= 1 . 35
3.5 pressure between solids
L.o.: Recognise that forces can cause pressure on an area Pressure= For
Understand what affects pressure
Be able to calculate the pressure caused by a force on an area AName
Keywords: Newtons per metre squared, point, pressure, sharp, surface area

Pressure: pushing effect of a force

Force increases = pressure increases
Less surface area in contact; area decreases = pressure increases
Unit of force: Newton
Unit of area: metre squared
Unit of pressure: Newton per metre squared (Newton per centimetre squared for
small areas)
 area is in contact[
large surface

witsund= less pressure a

an

p= Pressure

↑↑ += force
p =
A =
Area
-y
Ph fig Ar
,

P =
F F = PXH
=

7
 + = 500

1000 So

A= 5

+ = 50, 000 N

So ,
100:
200 100
N/m2
p =
f = PXA
= 5x 1 5 .

= 75N

P=
has to be small as
Because the area
amount of pressure
there
will be a large
Possible so

Because the larger the area the smaller amount of pressure

N/m2 N/cm2 N/mm2

120N/m2 P == 120

⑧
2000 PBN
13 .
3 N/cm2

F = PXA 20 = 10x0 S
.

20N
a = 0 S
.

p = 40
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
Key terms:
Altitude: height, usually measured vertically from sea level
Atmospheric pressure: the force exerted by the air around us on a 1 m2 area;
atmospheric pressure varies slightly, but at sea level is approximately 100 000
N/m2
Collide: to hit into something
Container: an item that is used to hold other things, such as a beaker that
contains water
Depth: the distance from the bottom of something to the top
Sea level: the position of the surface of the oceans, usually taken mid-way
between high tide and low tide
• as the climber moves up through the atmosphere, the pressure decreases
• Particles in the atmosphere are attracted to earth’s gravity, so there are
fewer particles higher up
• At higher altitudes the weight of the air particles above the climber is less
and the air is thinner, meaning the particles in the air are further apart
• This means that the particles collide with the climber less frequently

Pressure in liquids
• pressure in a liquid acts in all directions
• If you apply pressure on a liquid, the liquid can transfer the pressure
somewhere else
• pressure increases with depth
• Dam walls hold back a large volume of water. Because pressure increases
with depth, the walls of the dam are much thicker at the bottom.
• Divers have to be very careful when deep diving. As they descend, the
weight of the water above them increases. This means the pressure exerted
on their body increases.
Pressure in gases
• Particles far apart
• Particles move randomly
• No definite shape - will fill a container
• Very weak forces between particles
• Gas pressure is caused by the gas particles hitting the sides of their
container.
• With each collision, the particles exert a force on the container walls.
• Pressure is the force exerted by the particles per m2.
• Adding more particles increases pressure
• When you pump up a tyre, you are putting more gas particles into the tyre
and are increasing the pressure inside the tyre.
• Changing temperature affects pressure
• Low temperature = Low pressure
• High temperature = High pressure
• As the temperature of a gas increases, the speed of the particles in the gas
increases
Atmospheric pressure
• ● As with liquids, the pressure of a gas increases with depth.
○ Most people on Earth live at low altitude. Altitude is height above sea level.
○ The Earth's atmosphere, which we call air, is made from gases. The
atmosphere extends to a height of about 400 km above sea level.
○ Sea level is, therefore, where the atmosphere is at its deepest. So, at sea
level, atmospheric pressure is highest.
○ As you go higher in the atmosphere, two variables that affect atmospheric
pressure change:
■ the number of particles in 1 m3 of air decreases, so the concentration of gas
particles decreases
■ there is less air above you, so the weight of air above your current position
decreases
 *

There is much greater force

~ water
~ Pushing the
will travel
water out so
the
the

further

/
 deeper the submarine goes
Because the
the pressure increases
To withstand the pressure and not be
damaged

air Particles inside the

ball colliding with the inside
surface of the
more partiles > so ball
no . of air more
-

collisions
Place taking

Because the
higher
the
temprature the
higher the pressure
because the
particles
There
are no gas particles more faster
will have
collisions With inside
to collide more
force
Particles collide from the outside
ofcontainerforce and pers are

than
inside
 = - = 7 .

55 = 7 55
.

moment +
350x2 = 700 700 : 250 = 2 8
.
= 28m
.
cleft momenta

P= + = PXa 500x0 002 = IN

.
3.7 Particles on the Move (Diffusion)
• Concentration: a measure of how many particles there are in a particular
space; more particles in a space is a higher concentration than fewer
particles in the same space
• Diffusion: the random movement of particles from an area where they are in
high concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration
• The movement of particles from a high to low concentration.
• In order for diffusion to happen, there needs to be a difference in
concentration (a concentration gradient).
• Big difference in concentration = Fast rate of diffusion
• Small difference in concentration = Slow rate of diffusion
• The particles in a gas move randomly. Both the speed of the particles and
the direction of the particles are random.
• Diffusion means the overall random movement of particles from an area
where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower
concentration.
• Concentration is the number of particles in a particular volume.
• Diffusion is the reason you can smell food when it is cooking.
• When food is heated, some particles in the food change state and become
gas. The gas particles from the food move randomly and so spread out
through the air by diffusion.
• Diffusion also happens in liquids, because the particles in a liquid also move
at random.
• what happens when blue ink is added to water. The blue ink moves from the
area of high concentration to the areas of low concentration, until it is
completely diffused throughout the water.
• The speed at which diffusion happens depends on several factors. These
include:the difference in concentration of the particles
• The bigger the difference in the concentrations of the particles, the faster the
diffusion.
• temperature
• The higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion. Higher temperature
makes particles move faster, so they spread out faster.
O

gas
concentration a

B is more concentrated than a

 TheParticles diffuses
Orange

Sofia isn't correct

because the particles
do not stop
moving

O
O