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History of cricket
.
- Game of cricket has h yy historohy spanning from 16th century to the present day,
with international sqkw played since 1844.
- 1877 the official history of international test cricket began.
- Game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played
professionally in most commonwealth nations.
- It started as children’s game in south east England in an area across Kent and
Sussex in a place called weald, an area of dense woodlands and clearings. Weald
was populated by small farming and metal working communities.
- It wase
cricket in Kenya I
- Cricket was brought to Kenya by colonial settlers.
- Before independence British dominated cricket playing.
- Later Asians formed many the current clubs.
- 1899 first match was played in Mombasa between the east African protectorates
against the rest of the world
- 1910 a three day fixture between offiicials and settlers started.
- 1919 first international competition wax played when tkneels irShothe itmm from
Kenya played at Ente iZXxbbe Luganda's and Kenya Defeated Uganda by 5
tickets.
- 1921 Asians forimed an Asian sports and to manage cricket among other sports.in
- 1921 Europeans formed their club culled kongonis cricket club to manage and
control the game XZ their own behalf.
- 1950 Kenya cricket umpires association to control the officiating of the game in
Kenya.
- 1953 Kenya cricket association was formed to manage the game in the country.
- 1966 a quadrangular tournament involving countries of Kenya, Uganda and
Tanganyika and Zambia was inaugurated in Kampala.
- 1970 Kenya cricket association league was started and was first won by sir-Ali
Muslim club.
- 1979 Kenya took part in I.C.C trophy competition in U.K but did not qualify for
world cup.
- 1981 Kenya was elected associated member of international cricket conference
- 1982 Kenya made its debut in the inte!rnational cricket conference trophy
tournament but did not qualify this tournament was won by Zimbabwe.
- 1986 Tom Tikolo the first African captain led the national team on a tour to
Britain.
- In March 2003 Kenya became the first African country.to reach the super six and
semifinal stage during the world cup competition in down ft.South Africa.
- In 2003 Kenya hosted the world cup and reached the semi-finals
- In 2006 the K.C.A was replaced by cricket Kenya and the rebuilding process
began.

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Field of play

- Cricket field consist of a large circular or oval shaped grassy ground.

- The field has no fixed dimensions but its diameter usually varies between 137-150
meters(i.c.c ) minimum 130m
- No fixed shape, a rope is used to demarcate the boundary or perimeter of the field.
- In the centre of the field is the pitch a carefully prepared rectangle of closely
mowed and rolled grass over hard packed earth.rr
- It’s marked with white lines called creases

- a wicket consists of 3 stumps that are placed into the ground and topped with two
bails
- Protected area is the central position of the pitch, a rectangle running down the
middle of the pitch, 2 feet wide and beginning 5 ft from popping crease.

- A bowler must avoid running on this area during his follow through after
delivering the ball.

- The ball normally bounces on the pitch within this region (if the bowler steps in
this area he can gain advantage)

- Rule does not prevent the bowler or any other fielder from running on the
protected area in an effort to field the ball.

- Bowler runs in past one side of the wicket at the bowlers end, either over the
wicket or round the wicket.

- Creases are lines painted on the pitch, used to adjudicate the dismissals of
batsman and also to determine whether the delivery is fair.

Equipments@
Cricket ball

- White balls in colour for visibility in games played at night.

- Hard, cork and string ball covered with leather.

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- Circumference 22.4-22.9 cm

-
- Ball
weighs
156-163
grams

Cricket
bat

- Blade
made of
willow,
flat on one
side
humped on the other for strength attached to a sturdy cane handle. maximum
width of blade 10.8 cm(4.25 inches)
- whole bat has a maximum length of 9.65 m (38 inches)

Wicket

There are two wickets - wooden structures made up of a set of three stumps
topped by a pair of bails. These are described below.
Stumps:
Three wooden posts, 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter and 81.3 cm (32 inches) 2high.
They have spikes extending from their bottom end and are hammered into the
ground in an evenly spaced row, with the outside edges of the outermost stumps
22.8 cm (9 inches) apart. This means they are just close enough togethhbvv ,,er
that a cricket ball cannot pass between them.
Bails:
Two wooden crosspieces which sit in grooves atop the adjacent pairs of

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Player’
- wear gloves
- Shin pads on the outside.

Batsman protective gear.

- shin protector
- groin protector(boxes)

- chest protector

- helmet

- face guard

Shoes

- Leather shoes, usually with spiked soles for grip on the grass.

Clothing

- long pants/shirts(long or short sleeved depending on the weather)

- Players/wear uniforms in solid team colours.

- Hat or cap to keep the sun off.

- No regulations regarding identifying marks or numbers on clothing.

Team composition
- Cricket is played by both men and women
- A match is played between two sides

- A team consist of 11 players during a cricket match and a substitute referred as a

12th man who is not allowed to bowl,bat,wicket keep or captain of the team his
sole duty is to act as a fielder.

- Teams have specialized batsmen and bowlers similar to pitcher in baseball.

- Almost every team has a specialized wicket keeper.

Start of the game

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- An official tosses the coin and the winning captain decides whether to bat or field
first.
- One team will bat while the other will bowl and field.

- Aim of batting is to score runs

- While the fielding team is to bowl ten players out and close the batting team
innings.

Match
- Cricket match may be either a one day match or a test match.
- One day match consist of one inning for each team.

- An inning will last until ten of the eleven players on the team get out or until the
team goes through the full 50 overs

- An over is a set of six balls to a batter

- Once the first team has gone through their 50 overs, the other has its chance to
score more runs.

- Within each team inning a players period of scoring runs is called an inning. Each
player’s inning is combined to make up the team inning.

- A test match is similar to one day but is played over the course of five days each
team get two innings each to score their runs and the team alternate innings.

- At the end of innings the team with most runs wins.

- Cricket match is finished when one team score more runs than the other team or if
a team gets the other team batsmen out before they accumulate more runs.

Scoring
Can happen in several ways,

runs- two batsmen run to opposite ends of the pitch between the popping creases
crossing over midway between them, this counts as one run, they can continue running
back and fourth until the fielder fields the ball and throws it back to the wicket
keeper(who is like a catcher in baseball)

1. 4 runs-when a batsman hits the ball along the ground and crosses the
boundary, which is the edge of cricket playing field

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2. 6 runs-when a batsman hits the ball in the air over the boundary (before it hits
the ground).N.B a ball that passes the boundary the batsmen cannot score
through running, they will only score 4 or 6 runs.

3. 1 run /extra -this is awarded due to infringements of the rules by the bowler
during pitching e.g. no balls, wide balls, byes etc (but runs scored this way are
awarded to batting team but not to individual batters)

No ball-if the bowler bowls the ball from the wrong place (ball is declared
dangerous when bowled at the batmen’s men body on the full-

- Bounces the ball more than twice or rolls before reaching the batsman.

- If fielders are standing in illegal positions. N.B a batsman can hit a no ball and
score runs but cannot be put out except if he commits an infringement.

Wide ball-declared if the umpire thinks the batman did not have a reasonable
opportunity to score off the delivery.

Leg bye-where runs are scored by hitting the batsman, but does not bat and
the ball is not a no ball or wide-however no runs can be scored if the striking batsman
did not attempt to play a shot or if he is avoiding the ball.

Bye-is where a ball that is not a no ball or wide, hui hui hui z striking batman
and runs are scored without the batsman hitting the ball and the wicket keeper fails to
catch the ball.

Batting
- Act or skill of hitting the ball with a cricket bat to score runs or prevent the loss of
ones wicket.
- Players batting are referred as batsman.

- The act of hitting the ball is called a shot or stroke l.p.

- The order in which batsmen come into bat in an inning is not fixed; the order may
be changed by the team captain at any time.

- The order does not have to be same in each innings.

- During an innings two batsmen from the team bat, the batsman facing the current
delivery is denoted as the striker while the other one is non-striker.

- Batsmen carry their bats as they run and turning for another run is accomplished
by touching the ground beyond the crease with an outstretched bat.

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- The batsman do not have to run at any time they think its unsafe, its common to
hit the ball and choose not to run.

- When batsmen are out he is replaced by a team mate.

- When a batsman gets out, no matter what method his wicket is said to have fallen
and the fielders are said to have taken a wicket.

When is the batman put out-wicket to bowling team

1. Ball caught in the air-when batsman hits or touches the ball and is caught
in the air by the fielders, wicket keeper or bowlers.
2. Leg before wicket (L.B.W) if the ball is bowled and it hits the batman
first without the bat hitting it especially if the ball would have hit the
wicket.

3. Stumped out-when a wicket keeper puts down his wicket while the batter
is out of his crease and not attempting to run.

4. Run out-if no part of his bat or body is grounded behind the popping
crease while the ball is in play and the wicket is fairly put down by the
fielding side.

5. Hit wicket-if a batsman hits his wicket down with his bat or body after the
bowler has entered his delivery stride and the ball is in play, and then he is
out.

–striking batsman is also out if he hits his wicket down while setting off for
his first run

6. Handled the ball-if the batsman willingly handles the ball with the hand
that’s not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition.
7. Timed out-an incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball or be at non
strikers end within three minutes of the out going batsman being
dismissed.

8. Hitting the ball twice-if he hits the ball other than for the purpose of
protecting his wicket or consent from the opposition he is out.

9. obstructing the fielder-a batsman is out if he willingly obstructs the

opposition by word or action

10. Ball hits the wicket-ball hits thereuu wicket and one bail is removed by
the ball it does not matter whether the ball has touched batsman bat,

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gloves, body or any other part of the batsman but not the umpire or
another player.x

Bowling
- bowler is a player whose specialty is to deliver the ball to the batter(pitcher in
baseball)
- a bowler who is good at batting and bowling is called all rounder

Rules to be observed by the bowler

- should bowl with his front most foot behind the popping crease, if he
oversteps this mark, he is considered to have bowled a no ball.- if he
oversteps (batting team is awarded an extra run)and added a ball in an over.
- Bowler back foot must be within the area between the return creases

- Ball should not be far wide.

- Ball should not be batted over the head of batmen

- Bowlers arm must be straight when the ball is bowled (no throwing is
allowed)

- Ball must be bowled over arm not under arm.(difference between throwing
and bowling) in throwing-the elbow is cocked and used to impart energy to
the ball by straightening/ bowling-in bowling the elbow joint is held and
extended through out-all energy is imparted by rotation of the arm around the
shoulder and possibly a little wrist action.

- Bouncing of the ball on the pitch is not mandatory it’s done because the
movement of the ball is much harder to hit.

- A toss or bowled ball should be below the hips

- Ball should be bowled away from the body of the batsman.

- If the bowler infringes the rules for the above two he is warned, after two
warnings then he is barred from bowling

- Bowler may bowl from either side of the wicket. but must inform the umpire
and batsman if he wishes to change sides

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- Bowling with the bowling arm closest to the wicket is called over the wicket
and is most common.

- Bowling with non-bowling arm closes to the wicket is called around the
wicket.

- The fielding team must not touch the ball until the striker either hits, misses
or declines to do so.

- A bowler may abort his run up or not, let go of the ball if he looses his
footing or timing for any reason, the umpire will signal dead ball and the ball
must be bowled again.

- A delivery may also be aborted by the striker stepping away from his stumps
if distracted by an insect or dust in the eye.

Fielding

- Is the action of the fielders collecting the ball after it’s struck by the
batsman?
- To limit the number of runs that the batsman scores

- To eliminate the batsman by catching the ball in flight.

- Running the batsman out

- Two crucial players in fielding team is the wicket keeper(catcher) and the
bowler (pitcher)

- Field placement in cricket are not standardized, captain uses different

combination for tactical reasons, so that any position in which a fielder stands
can be described

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--------------------------------- 1 wicket keeper

/ \ 2 first slip
/ E h \ 3 second slip
/ \ 4 third slip
/ \ 5 gully +
/ \ 6 point +*~
/ \ 7 cover +
/ 2 j \ 8 extra cover +
| 43 1 d | 9 mid-off +*
| 5 | a mid-on +*
| 6 # I c | b mid-wicket +
| | c square leg +~
| 7 # b | d leg slip
| 8 | e third man
| | f long off
\ 9 a / g long on
\ / h fine leg
\ / I bat-pad
\ / + deep (near boundary)
\ / * silly (near batsman)
\ F g / ~ backward (more 'up')
\ / eg.
--------------------------------- J deep backward square leg

- Sometimes fielders close to the bat wear helmets for safety (when helmet not
in use, the helmet or other loose equipments may be placed on the field
behind the wicket keeper, where its unlikely to be hit by the ball. if any such
loose fielding equipments is hit with the ball, five runs are scored either to the
batsman who hit the ball or as the appropriate form of byes.

Injuries and substitutions

 Incase of injury substitute may replace any number of fielders
 A substitute may only field; he may not bowl nor bat.

 May not keep wicket.

 A substituted player must return to the field as soon as he is able to

resume playing without danger.

 If batsman is injured, he may retire and resume his innings when fit
again as long as his team’s innings is not over.

 If a batsman cannot be able to bat then he can forfeit his innings.

 If a batsman is able to bat but not able to run, then another player may
run for him(the runner must wear the same equipment as the batter
and performs all his running)

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 The injured non-runner must remain behind his crease at all times
when the ball is in play or risk being run out.

 If a bowler is injured during an over and cannot complete it, another

bowler must bowl the remaining deliveries in that over, the one
chosen to finish must not be the bowler who bowled the previous over
or must not bowl the over immediately.

Match officials
Umpires

 Two umpires are responsible for making decision and notifying the scorers of
these decisions.
 Should be present at the ground at least 2 hours before the scheduled start of the
first days play.

 Should not be from the same country as the participating teams.

 Control the game as required by laws

 Their decision is final.

 One umpire stands behind the non-striker wicket ready to make judgment on
L.B.W.

 The other stands in line with the strikers popping crease about 10 meters ready to
judge on stumpings and run outs at his end.

 They swap their roles at every over.

 If the ball hits an umpire it’s still live and play continues.

 If the ball lodges in an umpires clothing then its dead

 If in doubt about a decision the umpire must rule in favour of the batsman.

Third umpire/T.V/video umpire

 He is off the field and is in charge of video decisions; he can be requested to

make decision where the call is too close especially on stumps and run outs.

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Match referee

 Watches from outside the field.

 Makes no decisions of relevance to the outcome of the game.

 Determines the penalties for breaches of various rules and misconduct (in
professional games these penalties are monetary fines on individuals)

Skills
 Batting
 Bowling

 Catching

 Running

 Throwing

Bowling
 Ball is gripped tightly in the palm of the dominant hand.
 Held by the first two fingers.

 The thumb is under the ball

 Keep the wrists loose and flexible

 The ball must be bowled over arm not under arm.

 Arm must be straight.

 Elbow joint is extended through out

 Rotation of the arm around the shoulder.

 Right foot is planted on the ground with instep facing the batsman

 Left foot comes down on the popping crease as the bowler’s

momentum carries him forward.

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 Standing on the left side on to the batsman

 Weight transfer to the left foot.

Betting
It starts with correct trip, stance, and back lift, contact and follow through.

Ground fielding
 Stopping a rolling ball
 Eyes on the ball all the time.

 Move body behind the ball, feet together, knees bend until the
fingers touch the ground

 Fingers point down

Catching
 Eyes on the ball through out.
 Body should be in line with the ball.

 Fingers form a cup shape with palms facing the direction of the
ball.

 For high ball arms are extended in a relaxed manner above the
head

 Hands are brought together, thumbs crossed and tips of index

fingers together.

 As the ball is received, the hands are relaxed and brought in

towards the body.

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