11. J. Fu, M. Schamschula, and H.J. Caulfield, Modular solid optic the FBG.

the FBG. Both sides of the FBG are glued with epoxy to cylindrical
time delay system, Opt Commun 121 (1995), 8–12. ferrules tubes that in turn is inserted and glued to a cylindrical copper
12. D. Dolfi, P. Joffre, J. Antoine, J.-P. Huignard, D. Philippet, and P. tube. As the high thermal expansion coefficient of the cylindrical copper
Granger, Experimental demonstration of a phased-array antenna tube pulls both sides of the FBG, the temperature sensitivity is improved
optically controlled with phase and time delays, Appl Opt 35 3.3-fold when compared to that of a bare FBG. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals,

(1996), 5293–5300. Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1669–1671, 2011; View this article
13. R.W. Boyd, D.J. Gauthier, A.L. Gaeta, and A.E. Willner, Maxi- online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26032
mum time delay achievable on propagation through a slow-light
medium, Phys Rev A 71 (2005), 023801.
14. G.S. Qin, H. Sotobayashi, M. Tsuchiya, A. Mori, T. Suzuki, and Key words: fiber Bragg grating; temperature sensor; copper tube;
Y. Ohishi, Stimulated brillouin scattering in a single-mode tllurite enhanced; temperature sensitivity
fiber for amplification, lasing, and slow light generation, IEEE J
Lightwave Technol 26 (2008), 492–498. 1. INTRODUCTION
15. Y.H. Chen, X.P. Zhang, and R.T. Chen, Substrate-guided-wave holo- Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has recently been receiving much
gram based continuously variable true-time-delay module for micro- attention and is regarded as one of the key approaches for future
wave phased-array atennas, Proc SPIE Opt Int 4652 (2002), 249.
optical devices, due to its in-fiber nature, simple fabrication, and
16. Y.H. Chen and R.T. Chen, A fully packaged true time delay mod-
ule for a K-band phased array antenna system demonstration, IEEE
versatility for wavelength-encoding applications. Readily made
Photonic Technol Lett 14 (2002), 1175–1177. by controlling the period, length, amplitude, apodization, and
17. Y.H. Chen and R.T. Chen, K-band phased-array antenna system chirp of a fiber grating, FBGs have already been used in impor-
demonstration using substrate guided wave true-time delay, Opt tant wavelength division muiltiplexer (WDM) optical communi-
Eng 42 (2003), 2000–2005. cation devices [1, 2] and optical fiber sensors for measuring
18. K. Horikawa, I. Ogawa, T. Kitoh, and H. Ogawa, Photonic inte- temperature [3–8]. FBG sensors offer a high sensitivity, as well
grated beam forming and steering network using switched true- as other important advantages, such as electromagnetic interference
time-delay silica-based waveguide circuits, IEICE Trans Electron (EMI) immunity, multiplexing capability, electrically passive opera-
E79-C (1996), 74–79. tion, real-time processing, and long-term stability. However, due to
19. S. Yegnanarayanan, P.D. Trinh, F. Coppinger, and B. Jalali, Com-
the small thermo-optic coefficient of silica and its small thermal
pact silicon-based integrated optic time delays, IEEE Photon Tech-
nol Lett 9 (1997), 634–635.
expansion coefficient, a wavelength resolution of 10–11 pm (at
20. S. Tang, B. Lin, N. Jiang, D. An, Z. Fu, L. Wu, and R.T. Chen, Ultra- 1.5 lm) is required to resolve a temperature change of 1  C.
low-loss polymeric waveguide circuits for optical true-time delays in Therefore, the ability to resolve temperature changes in this order
wide-band phased array antennas, Opt Eng 39 (2000), 643–651. using small-packaged electro-optics units remains a challenge, and
21. B. Howley, Y.H. Chen, X.L. Wang, and R.T. Chen, 2-bit reconfig- has been the focus of considerable research in the temperature sen-
urable true time delay line using 2
2 Polymer waveguide switches, sor field [9]. To improve the temperature sensitivity of FBG sen-
IEEE Photon Technol Lett 17 (2005), 1944–1946. sors, techniques like cladding-etching [3, 4], polymer packaging [5,
22. B. Howley, X. L. Wang, M. Chen, and R.T. Chen, Reconfigurable delay 6], and others [7, 8] have all been investigated. Coating the fiber
time polymer planar lightwave circuit for an X-band phased-array cladding of FBG with temperature-sensitive materials has also been
antenna demonstration, IEEE J Lightwave Technol 25 (2007), 883–890.
found to significantly improve the thermal sensitivity when using
23. A.A. Szep, Polymer-based integrated optical waveguide true time
delay for wide-band phased array antennas, Ph.D. dissertation, Uni-
materials with a large thermal expansion coefficient, like metals or
versity of Southern California, (2002). polymers [5, 6].
24. J.D. Love and F. Ladouceur, Excess loss in singlemode right-angle For most single-mode fibers, a polymer dual-coating structure
X junctions, IEEE Electron Lett 28 (1992), 221–222. is adopted, where the coating in direct contact with the glass,
25. A. Yeniay, R. Gao, K. Takayama, R.F. Gao, and A.F. Garito, known as the primary coating, acting as a buffer against external
Ultra-low-loss polymer waveguides, IEEE J Lightwave Technol 22 forces that can cause microbending. Thus, the primary-polymer
(2004), 154–158. coating is designed to be soft, and then covered by a hard sec-
26. K.K. Tung, W.H. Wong, and E.Y.B. Pun, Polymeric optical wave- ondary-polymer coating for protection against external forces.
guides using direct ultraviolet photolithography process, Appl Phys The induced axial strain due to thermal stresses related to the
A 80 (2005), 621–626.
thermal expansion of the coating-polymer changes the refractive
index of the fiber core and fiber length, thereby improving the
V
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
thermal sensitivity. Hence, a coating-polymer with a larger ther-
mal expansion coefficient is an important factor for improving
ENHANCED TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY the thermal sensitivity. Yet, since coating-polymers with a larger
OF FIBER BRAGG GRATING thermal expansion coefficient are very soft and only weakly
TEMPERATURE SENSOR USING bonded to the fiber core glass, they are unable to induce strong
THERMAL EXPANSION OF COPPER TUBE axial thermal stress and even create microbending loss. It is
widely accepted that increased transmission losses with coated
Cherl-Hee Lee,1 Min-Kuk Kim,2 Kwang Tack Kim,2 optical fibers are the results of mechanical imperfections along
and Jonghun Lee1 with mismatches of the thermal expansion properties of the fiber
1
Hybrid System Research Team, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of
and coating materials, assuming that material and geometric
Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea; Corresponding author:
[email protected] asymmetries lead to microbending of the fiber.
2
Department of Optoelectronics, Honam Unversity, Gwangju, Accordingly, this paper presents a new FBG temperature sen-
Korea sor that uses an epoxy-bonded metal tube with a large thermal
expansion to solve the weak bonding strength and microbending
Received 27 September 2010 of coating-polymer materials and improve the thermal sensitivity
and shielding from external forces. Both sides of the FBG are
ABSTRACT: The temperature sensitivity of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) glued to a hard cylindrical ferrule tube that in turn is inserted
temperature sensor is enhanced when using a copper tube to jacket of and glued to a metal tube.

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 7, July 2011 1669
 Figure 2 Experimental setup for temperature sensitivity measurement

1 DkB
¼ 0:78
106 le1 (4)
kB De
Figure 1 Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor
Here, the Poisson ratio (m) is 0.17 and the photo-elastic coeffi-
Thus, when the temperature increases or decreases, the axial cient (pe) and effective index (neff) of the fiber core, p11, and p12
strain of the FBG increases or decreases according to the ther- is 0.22 and 1.448, and 0.121 and 0.271, respectively. For a com-
mal expansion and contraction of the metal tube. When using mon bare FBG, the normalized Bragg wavelength shift per strain
the copper metal tube, the temperature sensitivity of the jacketed at a constant temperature is 0.78
106/lstrain, so at 1550 nm
fiber was found to be 3.3 times higher than that of the bare fiber the Bragg wavelength shift per lstrain (strain sensitivity) is 1.209
and 1.15 times higher than that with a ceramic tube. Therefore, pm/lstrain. Figure 2 shows the experimental setup used to measure
the use of a metal tube with a much larger thermal expansion the temperature sensitivity of the proposed FBG temperature sen-
coefficient can significantly improve the thermal sensitivity. sor, which was connected between a broadband source (Agilent,
83437A) and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) (Ando,
AQ6315A), and immersed in a water-filled metal container on a
2. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS hot plate. The temperature of the water was varied from 25 to
Figure 1 shows the proposed FBG temperature sensor. Both 70  C in a controlled manner using the hot plate.
sides of the FBG were glued to a cylindrical ferrule tube with a
length of 10.5 mm (d1) and outer diameter (OD) of 2.5 mm,
which in turn was then inserted into a copper tube and glued
with an epoxy. Here, an optical alignment sleeve (split sleeve)
made of copper was used as the copper tube. The length (d2)
and OD of the copper tube was 11 mm and 3 mm, respectively,
the length of the cylindrical ferrule tube inserted into the copper
tube (d3) was 3.5 mm and the distance between the two cylindri-
cal ferrule tubes was 4 mm. No other space-filler was used
between the Bragg grating and the copper tube, except air. A
Bragg grating is a periodic structure fabricated by exposing a
photosensitized fiber core to ultraviolet light. When light from a
broadband source interacts with a grating, a single wavelength,
known as the Bragg wavelength, is reflected.

kB ¼ 2neff K (1)

As the Bragg wavelength (kB) is related to the grating period

(K) and effective refractive index (neff) of the single-mode fiber
core, the strain and temperature applied to the fiber core can
induce a Bragg wavelength shift. While the strain produces a
physical elongation of the grating period and refractive index
change of the fiber core due to a photo-elastic effect, the tem-
perature produces a thermal expansion of fiber material and re-
fractive index change of the fiber core. In the case of silica
fibers, the thermal response is dominated by the refractive index
change, rather than the thermal expansion of the fiber material,
accounting for ~95% of the observed shift [9]. As the normalized
Bragg wavelength shift per temperature at a constant strain is
6.67
106/ C, at 1550 nm the Bragg wavelength shift per
temperature (temperature sensitivity) is 0.01 nm/ C. However,
with the proposed FBG temperature sensor, the thermal strain
(e) induced by the thermal expansion of the copper tube is the
dominant factor, rather than the temperature. Therefore, the
Bragg wavelength shift (DkB) is given by

DkB ¼ kB ð1  pe ÞDe (2)

Figure 3 Spectral response of proposed FBG temperature sensor: (a)
n2eff ceramic tube; (b) copper tube. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
pe ¼ ½p12  mðp11 þ p12 Þ: (3)
2 issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1670 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 7, July 2011 DOI 10.1002/mop
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the basic research program of the
Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.

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As the induced thermal stress in the FBG fiber core is deter- V
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

mined according to the thermal expansion coefficient of the tube

material holding both sides of the FBG fiber, the Bragg wave- A NOVEL X-BAND BROADBAND
length shifts with the copper tube was 1.15 times larger than BANDSTOP FILTER WITH SHARP
that with the ceramic tube. Thus, when using a tube with a
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY USING EBG
higher thermal expansion coefficient, the shift was much better.
Figure 4 compares the Bragg wavelength shift as a function
DUAL-EAR STRUCTURES
of temperature for the proposed FBG temperature sensor with a J.-M. Huang,1,2 H. Z. Zhu,1 K. Han,1 and H. Guo1
copper or ceramic tube and a bare FBG. When using the copper
1
tube, the Bragg wavelength shift was 1.6 nm at temperatures of School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and
25–75  C and the temperature sensitivity was 0.033 nm/ C, Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China; Corresponding
author: [email protected]
which was almost 3.3 times higher than that of the bare FBG. 2
Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications
Meanwhile, with the ceramic tube, the Bragg wavelength shift (BUPT), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China
was 2.5 nm and the temperature sensitivity was 0.028 nm/ C,
which was almost 2.8 times higher than that of the bare FBG.
Received 27 September 2010
Thus, when using the metal tube with a higher thermal expan-
sion coefficient, the proposed FBG temperature sensor exhibited
ABSTRACT: A novel X-band broadband bandstop filter (BSF) with
an enhanced thermal sensitivity. sharp cut off frequency is presented, using novel design of periodic
electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) dual-ear (DE) structures on coplanar
3. CONCLUSION waveguide (CPW) transmission line. An equivalent lumped circuit is
To improve the temperature sensitivity of an FBG temperature introduced to model the BSF with EBG-DE structures. The stopband of
sensor, an FBG encapsulated with a cylindrical copper tube was this filter is ranged within X-band to have sharp selectivity and deep
extended using the induced thermal strain of the copper tube. attenuation levels. The 3-dB bandwidth of the BSF is 4.2 GHz, from 8.6
to 12.8 GHz and the center frequency is 11.5 GHz. The 20-dB
The Bragg wavelength shift of the proposed FBG temperature
bandwidth is 2 GHz, from 9.9 to 11.9 GHz. In 20-dB stop-band range,
sensor was then measured when using a copper and ceramic
the ripple of return loss is less than 0.05 dB.The proposal BSF is
tube, respectively. With the copper tube, the temperature sensi- fabricated using the surface micromachining, and the measurement and
tivity was 0.033 nm/ C, which was almost 3.3 times higher than simulation results coincided well. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
that of a bare FBG. Meanwhile, with the ceramic tube, the tem- Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1671–1674, 2011; View this article
perature sensitivity was 0.028 nm/ C, which was 2.8 times online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26031
higher than that of a bare FBG. Thus, when using a metal with
much larger thermal expansion coefficient, the thermal sensitiv- Key words: Band-stop filters (BSF); electromagnetic bandgap (EBG);
ity of the proposed FBG temperature sensor was enhanced. coplanar waveguide (CPW); broadband; insertion loss

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 7, July 2011 1671