Fluid Mechanics

1. Which assumption is NOT valid in Bernoulli’s equation?

A) Steady flow
B) Compressible fluid
C) Incompressible fluid
D) No heat transfer

2. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation is valid for:

A) Turbulent flow in pipes
B) Laminar flow in pipes
C) Both laminar and turbulent flows
D) Flow over flat plates

3. The primary difference between laminar and turbulent flow is:

A) Density variation
B) Pressure variation
C) Flow velocity fluctuations
D) Fluid type
4. The Buckingham π theorem states that:
A) The number of dimensionless parameters equals the number of variables
minus the number of fundamental dimensions
B) Dimensional analysis applies only to incompressible flows
C) The Reynolds number depends on viscosity alone
D) The velocity field must be irrotational
5. In supersonic flow, a shock wave is characterized by:
A) A continuous increase in pressure
B) A discontinuous jump in pressure, temperature, and density
C) A decrease in entropy
D) Conservation of stagnation pressure
6. The Strouhal number is important in analyzing:
A) Steady-state flow
B) Flow past oscillating bodies
C) Supersonic flow
D) Fully developed pipe flow
7. A Rankine vortex has:
A) Constant circulation and irrotational core
B) Constant angular velocity and irrotational outer region
C) Zero vorticity everywhere
D) Uniform vorticity throughout

8. The Froude number in fluid flow represents the ratio of:

A) Gravitational force to inertial force
B) Inertial force to gravitational force
C) Viscous force to inertial force
D) Pressure force to viscous force

9. For laminar flow in a pipe, the maximum velocity is how many times the average
velocity?
A) 1
B) 1.5
C) 2
D) 2.5

10. For incompressible, fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe, the velocity
distribution follows:
A) A logarithmic profile
B) A linear profile
C) A parabolic profile
D) A cubical profile
 Heat Transfer
1. In transient heat conduction, the Biot number should be:
A) Greater than 1
B) Less than 1
C) Equal to 1
D) Any positive value
2. The temperature distribution in a semi-infinite solid during heat conduction is
governed by:
A) Laplace equation
B) Fourier equation
C) Heat diffusion equation
D) Navier-Stokes equation

3. The shape factor (view factor) in radiation depends on:

A) Surface emissivity
B) Surface geometry and relative orientation
C) Temperature difference between surfaces
D) Reflectivity of surfaces

4. In forced convection, which property of the fluid significantly affects heat

transfer?
A) Surface emissivity
B) Viscosity and thermal conductivity
C) Velocity only
D) Specific heat capacity only
Answer: B
5. In condensation heat transfer, film condensation results in:
A) Lower heat transfer coefficient than dropwise condensation
B) Higher heat transfer coefficient than dropwise condensation
 C) Uniform heat transfer rate across the surface
D) Constant surface temperature
6. For a gray body, emissivity is:
A) 0
B) Between 0 and 1
C) 1
D) Greater than 1
7. In radiation, the emissivity of a black body is:
A) 0
B) Between 0 and 1
C) Exactly 1
D) Greater than 1
8. The Biot number represents the ratio of:
A) Internal thermal resistance to external thermal resistance
B) External thermal resistance to internal thermal resistance
C) Convective heat transfer to radiative heat transfer
D) None of the above
9. In forced convection, the Nusselt number depends on:
A) Reynolds and Prandtl numbers
B) Grashof number only
C) Fourier number
D) Stefan-Boltzmann constant
10. The critical thickness of insulation is related to:
A) Minimizing heat transfer
B) Maximizing heat transfer
C) Achieving a steady temperature
D) Both A and B
 Numericals on Fluid Mechanics

Problem 1: Hydrostatic Pressure

A tank is filled with water up to a height of 5 meters. What is the pressure at the bottom of the
tank due to the water?
(Take the density of water, ρ=1000 kg/m3, g=9.81m/s2)

Problem 2: Continuity Equation

Water flows through a pipe of diameter 0.2 m with a velocity of 3 m/s. The pipe narrows to a
diameter of 0.1 m. Find the velocity of water in the narrower section of the pipe.

Problem 3: Bernoulli's Equation

Water flows through a horizontal pipe. At one section of the pipe, the velocity is 2 m/s, and
the pressure is 300 kPa. At another section, the velocity is 4 m/s. Find the pressure at the
second section.
(Take ρ=1000 kg/m3)

Problem 4: Reynolds Number

A fluid with viscosity μ=0.001 Pa and density ρ=800 kg/m3 flows through a pipe of diameter
0.05 m at a velocity of 1 m/s. Calculate the Reynolds number of the flow.

Problem 5: Force on a Submerged Plate

A rectangular plate (2 m wide and 3 m high) is submerged vertically in water, with its top
edge at the water surface. Calculate the total hydrostatic force on the plate.

Problem 6: Discharge Through an Orifice

Water flows out of a tank through a small circular orifice of diameter 0.05 m located 2 m
below the water surface. Calculate the discharge rate.
(Assume g=9.81 m/s2 and neglect frictional losses.)

Problem 7: Dynamic Pressure

Air flows at a velocity of 50 m/s. Calculate the dynamic pressure of the air.
(Take the density of air, ρ=1.2 kg/m3)

Problem 8: Buoyancy
A solid cube of side 0.2 m is submerged fully in water. The density of the cube material is
800 kg/m3. Calculate the buoyant force acting on the cube.
(Take ρwater=1000 kg/m3 ,g=9.81m/s2)

Problem 9: Pressure Drop in a Pipe

A fluid flows through a horizontal pipe with a length of 50 m and diameter of 0.1 m. The
Darcy friction factor is 0.02, and the average velocity of the fluid is 2 m/s. Calculate the
pressure drop across the pipe.
(Take ρ=1000 kg/m3)

Problem 10: Lift Force

A flat plate with an area of 2 m2 is exposed to an airflow at a velocity of 10 m/s parallel to the
plate. The coefficient of lift for the plate is CL=1.2 Calculate the lift force.

Numericals on Heat Transfer

Problem 1: Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

A wall of thickness 0.5 m and thermal conductivity 1.2 W/m·K has a temperature difference
of 30 K across its faces. Calculate the heat flux through the wall.

Problem 2: Heat Transfer in a Rod

A rod of length 2 m2 and diameter 0.05 m has its ends maintained at 150 °C. The thermal
conductivity of the rod is 200 W/m·K. Determine the heat transfer rate through the rod.

Problem 3: Convective Heat Transfer

Air flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 5 m/s. The surface temperature of the plate is 60 °C,
and the air temperature is 20 °. The heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2K. Calculate the heat
transfer per unit area.
Problem 4: Stefan-Boltzmann Law
A surface has an emissivity of 0.8 and an area of 2 m2. If the surface temperature is 400 K,
calculate the total radiation emitted by the surface.
(Take σ=5.67×10−8 W/m2K4)

Problem 5: Lumped Capacitance Model

A steel sphere of radius 0.05 m is heated to 200 °C and then placed in air at 25 °C with a heat
transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2K. Calculate the time required for the sphere's temperature to
drop to 100 °C.
(Take density of steel ρ=7850 kg/m3, specific heat c=500 J/kg·K)

Problem 6: Heat Exchanger Effectiveness

In a parallel flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 150 °C, and cold fluid enters at 50 °C.
The exit temperatures are 100 °C and 70 °C, respectively. Calculate the effectiveness of the
heat exchanger.

Problem 7: Fin Efficiency

A rectangular fin of length 0.1 m, width 0.02 m and thickness 0.005 m is exposed to an
environment at 30 °C. The base of the fin is at 100 °C, and the thermal conductivity is
200 W/m·K. If the heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2K, determine the efficiency of the fin.

Problem 8: Thermal Resistance

A composite wall consists of three layers of materials with thermal resistances 0.1 K/W,
0.2 K/W, and 0.15 K/W. If the temperature difference across the wall is 40 K, calculate the
total heat transfer rate.

Problem 9: Prandtl Number

The thermal conductivity of a fluid is 0.026 W/mK, its specific heat is 1000 J/kg·K, and its
dynamic viscosity is 0.001 Pa·s. Calculate the Prandtl number of the fluid.

Problem 10: Boiling Heat Transfer

Water at atmospheric pressure is boiled using a surface at 120 °C. The heat flux is
100000 W/m2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
(The boiling temperature of water is 100 °C)
 Aptitude Questions
1. Between which two months was there the smallest proportional increase or decrease in the
mileage of Surveyor 1 in comparison to the previous month?

A) Months 1 and 2
B) Months 2 and 3
C) Months 3 and 4
D) Months 4 and 5
E) Cannot say

2. Find the two words that best complete the following sentence: Although she appeared
_______, Susan was actually quite _______ in the meeting.
A) timid, vocal
B) confident, shy
C) aggressive, passive
D) happy, disappointed

3. Look at the sequence of images. Then pick the image that goes with Z the same way that Y
goes with X.

4. A dress was initially marked at $150, and a pair of jeans were priced at $50. If Emily
got a 40% discount off the dress and a 20% discount on the jeans, what was the total
percentage she saved on her purchases?
a)27 %
b)35 %
c)45 %
d)50 %
e)60 %

5. What is the next logical image in the sequence?

6. Company spokesmen report exclusively to the PR manager, unless the company is
small, in which case they report directly and exclusively to the CEO. When company
spokesmen report to the CEO, they sleep well at night.
Conclusion: Only those who sleep well at night are company spokesmen who work in
small companies.
A. Conclusion follows
B. Conclusion does not follow

7.A sum of money is divided among A, B, and C in the ratio 2:3:5. If C gets 500 ₹, what
is the total amount?
A) 1000₹
B) 1500₹
C) 2000₹
D) 2500₹

8. If the ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3:2 and there are 40students, how many boys are
there?
A) 16
B) 20
C) 24
D) 28

9. A box contains 5 red balls and 3 blue balls. If one ball is picked at random, what is the
probability of getting a red ball?
a)3/8
b)5/8
c)5/3
d)1/2
10. If 15% of a number is 60, what is the number?
A) 300
B) 400
C) 500
D) 600