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23EC4103
Microcontrollers
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Analyse
and CO1: Analyse and elucidate the internal
elucidat architecture of the8051 Microcontroller.
e

CO2 : Develop assembly and C-language

Develop programs to manipulate data efficiently on
microcontrollers.

Course
Objectives Develop
CO3: Develop programs to configure and utilize
on-chip peripherals of 8051 microcontroller.

CO4: Interface memory and peripheral devices

Interface with 8051 microcontroller.
 Microprocessor 3

 A microprocessor is a
programmable device that
performs arithmetic, logic,
control, and input/output
operations.
 4
Evolution of Microprocessor

 Fairchild Semiconductors,
founded in 1957, invented the first
IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan
Moore, Andrew Grove resigned
from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company
Intel ( Integrated Electronics.
 Intel grown from 3-man start-up in
1968
 Evolution of Microprocessor 5
1971 1972 1974 1976

4004 – 4bit 8008 – 8bit 8080 – 8bit 8085 – 8bit

1989 1986 1982 1982 1978

80486 – 32bit 80386 – 32 bit 80286 – 16 bit 80186 – 16bit 8086 – 16bit
32-bit processor
Pentium III – 1999
1993 1995 1997 Pentium IV – 2000
64-bit Processor
Intel Core 2 – 2006
Intel i3 – 2010
Intel i5 – 2009
Pentium – 32bit Pentium Pro Pentium II
Intel i7 - 2008
Microprocessor Based System 6

CPU
External RAM, ROM, I/O
(No internal RAM, ROM, I/O ports in the CPU)
 7

Von Neumann architecture vs Harvard architecture

Harvard Architecture
8

In Harvard Architecture the data and instructions are

stored in separate memory units each with their own bus.

Advantages:

Speeding up the data transfer rate,

Permits the designer to implement different bus widths

and word sizes for program and data memory space.
Microcontroller
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A smaller computer on a CHIP

On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, Timer, Serial Controller…

Example: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Atmel 32

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
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Microprocessor Microcontroller
 CPU is stand-alone, RAM,  CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are timer are all on a single
separate chip

 Designer can decide on  Fixed amount of on-chip

the amount of ROM, RAM ROM, RAM, I/O ports df
and I/O ports. dfdfdfdfdfdfdf

 Expansive  Not Expansive

 Versatility  Single-purpose

 General-purpose  Special Purpose.

C based Embedded 11

Systems

Special purpose Has specific Cost reduction Different design

computer system requirements and compared to criteria
usually completely performs pre- general purpose
inside the device it defined tasks processor
controls
Performance
Reliability
Availability
Safety
 12
Intel
Microcontrollers
 Intel also created many significant
Microcontrollers besides producing
the world’s first ever microprocessor
 The important ones produced by
intel are 8048 and 8051
microcontroller.
 8048 was introduced in 1976. it was
used as the processor in the PC
keyboard of IBM.
 8051 was introduced in 1980
8051 CPU 13
Operation
1. Features
2. Pin Diagram
3. Block Diagram
8051 14
Microcontroller

 Intel introduced 8051, referred as

MCS- 51, in 1980.

 The 8051 is an 8-bit processor

 The CPU can work on only 8
bits of data at a time

 The 8051 became widely

popular after allowing other
manufactures to make and
market any flavor of the 8051.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Features of 8051 15

128 Bytes Internal

8-bitProcessor 4kB Internal ROM
RAM

On Chip Full
Four 8 BIT I/O PORTS Two 16 Bit Duplex UART for
(32 I/O LINES) Timers/Counters Serial
Communication

16-bit Address bus

5 Vectored Interrupts
( 2 External, On Chip Clock • 64k External Code
Memory
3 Internal - Oscillator • 64k External Data
Timer0,Timer1,Serial) Memory

16-bit program
16-bit Data Pointer 32 General
counter to access
to access external Purpose Registers
external Code
Data Memory each of 8 bits
Memory and
 8051 Family 16

 The 8051 is a subset of the 8052

 The 8031 is a ROM-less 8051
 Add external ROM to it
 You lose two ports, and leave only 2 ports for I/O operations
 17

Pin
Diagram
Block Diagram of 8051 18
 XTAL1 and XTAL2 19

 The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external crystal

to run it
 A quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin19) and
XTAL2 (pin18)
 The quartz crystal oscillator also needs two capacitors of 30 pF value
 The original 8051 operates at 12 MHZ
 XTAL1 and XTAL2 ….. 20

 If you use a frequency source other than a crystal oscillator, such

as a TTL oscillator:
 It will be connected to XTAL1
 XTAL2 is left unconnected
 RST 21

 RESET pin is an input and is active high (normally low)

 Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will
reset and terminate all activities
 This is often referred to as a power-on reset
 Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in the
registers to be lost
  EA’, “external access’’, is an input
pin and must be connected to
Vcc or GND

 The 8051 family members all come

with on-chip ROM to store
programs and also have an
EA external code and data memory.

 Normally EA pin is connected to

Vcc (Internal Access)

 EA pin must be connected to

GND to indicate that the code or
data is stored externally.

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PSEN’ and ALE 23

 PSEN, “program store enable’’, is an output pin

 This pin is connected to the OE pin of the external memory.

 For External Code Memory, PSEN’ = 0

 For External Data Memory, PSEN’ = 1

 ALE pin is used for demultiplexing the address and data.

Pin Description Summary 24
PIN TYPE NAME AND FUNCTION
Vss I Ground: 0 V reference.
Vcc I Power Supply: This is the power supply voltage for normal,
idle, and power-down operation.
P0.0 - P0.7 I/O Port 0: Port 0 is an open-drain, bi-directional I/O port. Port
0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus
during accesses to external program and data memory.
P1.0 - P1.7 I/O Port 1: Port I is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.

P2.0 - P2.7 I/O Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O. Port 2 emits the
high order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16 bit addresses.
P3.0 - P3.7 I/O Port 3: Port 3 is an 8 bit bidirectional I/O port. Port 3 also
serves special features as explained.
Pin Description Summary 25
PIN TYPE NAME AND FUNCTION
RST I Reset: A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running, resets the device.
ALE O Address Latch Enable: Output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during an access to external memory.
PSEN* O Program Store Enable: The read strobe to external program
memory. When executing code from the external program
memory, PSEN* is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN* activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA*/VPP I External Access Enable/Programming Supply Voltage: EA*
must be externally held low to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations. If EA* Is
held high, the device executes from internal program
memory. This pin also receives the programming supply
voltage Vpp during Flash programming. (applies for 89c5x
MCU's)
General Block Diagram of 8051
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Interrupt 4K 128 B Timer 0

Control ROM RAM Timer 1

CPU

Bus Serial
OSC 4 I/O Ports
Control Port

TXD RXD
P0 P1 P2 P3
27
Detailed Block Diagram 28

Dr Shaik Fayaz Ahamed, ECE Dept., V R Siddhartha Engg College

Program Status Word 29

[PSW]

C AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P
Carry Parity
Auxiliary Carry User Flag 1

User Flag 0 Register Bank Select Overflow